Ignaz Pickel

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Portrait of Ignaz Pickel, before 1818
Ignaz Pickel's tombstone in the East Cemetery of Eichstätt

Ignaz Pickel (also: Johann Igna (t) z Balthasar Pick (e) l; baptized on July 30, 1736 in Eichstätt ; † September 17, 1818 in Eichstätt) was a Catholic clergyman ( Jesuit / Ex-Jesuit), astronomer , primal and Early history researcher , mathematician and textbook author.

Life

education

Pickl was the youngest of three children of the eichstättisch-princely pay office clerk Bartholomäus Biggel / Pickel (* around 1674; † 1747) and his wife Maria Franziska nee. Knight from Wemding (* around 1698; second marriage from 1748 in Eichstätt to Albert Anton Sartori; † 1750). In Eichstätt he attended, from 1750 orphans, from 1746 to 1752 the Jesuit-run grammar school and from 1752 to 1754 the Jesuit lyzeum . In 1754 he entered the order of the Society of Jesus in Landsberg . From 1756 to 1759 he studied philosophy at the University of Ingolstadt , where he was particularly concerned with mathematics, physics and metaphysics . He completed his studies with a master's degree .

Teaching, research and collecting activities

He then taught the lowest courses at schools in Augsburg (1759/60), in Freiburg im Breisgau (1760–1762) and in Munich (1762/63). In 1763 he came back to Ingolstadt to study theology . At the same time, he gave lessons in logic (1763/64), in physics (1764/65), in metaphysics (1765/66) and in mathematics (1766/67) as a tutor in the Jesuit convict. At the same time he dealt with astronomy.

On June 13, 1767, he was ordained a priest in Eichstätt . In 1767/68 he stayed in Ebersberg for the usual probation year . He was then called back to Ingolstadt to teach mathematics there and to expand the astronomical observatory . In 1769 he became professor of logic in Regensburg and in 1770 professor of mathematics and Hebrew at the University of Dillingen ; at the same time he was head of the observatory and the physical museum of the Jesuits. In 1771 and 1772 his first major work appeared in Dillingen, a two-volume Latin textbook on mathematics. In 1772 a paper on practical astronomy was being printed by him.

When the Jesuit order was abolished in 1773 by the papal Breve Dominus ac Redemptor Noster , Pickel returned to Eichstätt, now without a job; He turned down offers from Mannheim to lead the emerging observatory and from Munich to teach there as an astronomer. In Eichstätt, Prince-Bishop Raymund Anton Graf von Strasoldo appointed him to the chair of mathematics at his lyceum and entrusted him with the establishment of a physical-mathematical armarium (collection of instruments), which was built together with his astronomical observatory from 1773 to 1777. He was responsible for a glass grinder for optical lenses, which had his workshop next to the observatory. The Royal Academy of Sciences in Munich accepted him as a full member in 1773, and from 1807 he was an external member of the academy.

The ex-Jesuit remained in Eichstätt until the end of his life; as twice before, in 1774 he turned down another call, this time to Canton in China . In addition to expanding the armarium, he set up a natural history cabinet with petrefacts and minerals and added to the collection for three decades. When after the secularization the collection items pickles for the most part to the 1808 mining authority has been brought to Munich, it filled 43 boxes; the corresponding (no longer preserved) description consisted of 24 quarto volumes. The occupation with the approximately 20 scales in his armarium led to a treatise by Pickel in 1814, which appeared in print at the Royal Academy of Sciences in Munich. He also collected coins and set up a museum of Roman and "old German" objects from his prehistoric excavations , which also migrated to Munich in 1808, with some things being lost. In 1782 he published his work on the improvement of sight rods for measuring barrels, which he sent to the Churmainzische Academy of Useful Sciences in Erfurt , which immediately made him a full member. From 1800/1801 Pickel also taught physics at the Eichstätter Lyceum.

When the Eichstätter Lyceum was abolished by the state on October 1, 1807 (it was not re-established until 1843), Pickel was retired, but continued to teach privately until his death. He did not stop publishing until the end of his life. In execution of a government commission from 1806 he dealt with the reduction of the approx. 150 different grain sizes customary in the Altmühl district at that time to the "Bavarian measure", about which a paper from his pen appeared in 1813. A draft tariff drawn up by him for bakers and millers was published without mentioning his name.

Other fields of interest

In addition to teaching at the Eichstätter Lyceum, he made his knowledge available to the prince-bishop in other areas as well. So he took from 1785 on behalf of Prince-Bishop Johann Anton III. von Zehmen, as assessor of a newly formed forestry commission, surveyed and marked the Hochstift forest; The aim was to introduce a systematic forest management system. Pickel's forest and wood surveying methods were printed in Augsburg that same year.

In 1780, he also made suggestions to the bishop for optimizing the prince-bishop's ironworks in Obereichstätt and finally managed the iron ore smelting process there himself in 1796/97 in order to test his suggestions for improvement in practice. As a result, these were prescribed by an episcopal order to the court and chamber councilors for the continued operation of the smelter in 1797. Even after the secularization, Pickel, who had been a canon at the St. Willibaldschorstift since 1803 and “frequenting Hofkammerrath”, took care of the Obereichstätter plant until 1807. Since 1804 he was also, but probably only for a short time, one of three teachers of a newly founded forestry teaching institute with a two-year course in the rooms of the Armarium.

He was also interested in archeology . He researched the Limes and in 1788 he carried out the first excavations on the Roman Burgus near Burgsalach . Pickl is one of the first to compile exact excavation documents for the Raetian Limes. He opened about 100 prehistoric burial mounds , described the finds (published in print in 1789) and put together a corresponding collection. His archaeological methods "were in some cases 150 years ahead of their time - reason enough to consider him a co-founder of prehistory and early history."

His Greek dictionary, which he had self-published in 1792, shows that he also had philological interests, as well as teaching Hebrew in Dillingen.

Honors

  • Member of the Academy of Non-Profit Science in Erfurt (1872).
  • Full member of the Academy of Sciences in Munich (philosophical-historical class) (1773)
  • Member of the Academy of Sciences in Innsbruck (1773)
  • High Princely Spiritual Council (1785)
  • Naming of an Eichstätter Straße after his name ("Ignaz-Pickel-Weg")

Own publications

  • Numerous articles in magazines
  • Elementa arithmeticae, algebrae ac geometriae cum sectionibus conicis in usum tironum. Dillingen: Brönner, 2 volumes, 1771 and 1772
  • De Micrometris, quae filis constant, in angulum coeuntibus. Dissertatio astronomica practica auctore Ignatio Pickel… cum eodem præside ex astronomia theorica et practica tentamen publicum subiret Alexander Deisch. Dillingen: Brönner, 1772
  • Treatise on the improvement and general use of the sights. Eichstätt: JB Widenmann, 1782
  • Ignaz Pickel's practical instruction on how to behave when measuring, recording and calculating large forests, as a contribution to forestry, including the description of a dendrometer. Augsburg: Matthäus Rieger's blessed sons, 1785
  • Treatise of a second pendulum of an astronomical clock, the length of which does not change from the warmth or the cold. Erfurt: Georg Adam Keyser, 1787
  • Description of various antiquities that have been found in burial mounds of old Germans near Eichstätt. Nuremberg: Felseckerische Buchhandlung, 1789; Reproduction Fürth: VKA-Verlag 1990
  • Thesaurus linguae Graecae. 1792
  • Authentic news from a meteor stones that fell from the sky not far from Eichstätt. Around 1807
  • History of the deluge, its size and generality. Published by Thomann, 1814
  • Theoretical-practical treatise on the nature, quality, and better manufacture of the unequal-armed Roman, or incorrectly so-called express car. In: Memoranda of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Munich for the years 1814 and 1815, Volume V., pp. 83-136

literature

  • Hans Adam von Reisach (Ed.): Neuburger Taschenbuch. 3rd volume, 1810.
  • Ignatz Pimple. In: The literary courier for Germany. No. 40 of October 3, 1810 ( digitized version )
  • Clemens Alois Baader: Lexicon of deceased Bavarian writers. Volume II 1, 1824, pp. 253-255.
  • The Eichstätter armarium. In: Journal of the Historical Association of Middle Franconia, 1853.
  • Franz (Sales) Romstoeck: Johann Balthasar Ignatz Pickel. Exjesuit, professor of mathematics and physics 1736-1818. In: CVs from Franconia, ed. from the Society for Franconian History. Separate printing. Duncker & Humblot, Munich and Leipzig 1919.
  • Pimples. In: Wilhelm Kosch: The Catholic Germany, biographical-bibliographical lexicon. 1933.
  • Pickel, Ignaz Balthasar (1736-1818). (PDF [58.7 kB]) In: Current Science. July 1936, p. 40 , accessed on November 15, 2016 (English).
  • E (rnst) Schmidtill: Dr. Ignaz Pickl and the Obereichstätt ironworks. In: Collective sheet of the Historical Association Eichstätt, 53 (1937), pp. 171–186.
  • Karl Ried: Ignaz Pickel, Eichstatt's greatest son. In: Donau-Kurier from January 31, 1950.
  • Josef Behringer: Ignatz Pickel (1736-1818) and the scientific studies at the Collegium Willibaldinum in Eichstätt. In: 400 years of the Collegium Willibaldinum in Eichstätt. Brönner and Daentler, Eichstätt 1964, pp. 140-181.
  • Lothar Friedrich Zotz : The prehistory researcher Ignatz Pickl from Eichstätt. In: Ignatz Pickel: Description of various antiquities which have been found in burial mounds of old Germans near Eichstätt. Reproduction of the Nuremberg 1789 edition. VKA-Verlag, Fürth 1990. Also in: Collective sheet of the Historisches Verein Eichstätt 59 (1961/1962), Eichstätt 1963, pp. 49–53.
  • In the 18th century…, In: Max Spindler, Andreas Kraus: History of Franconia up to the end of the 18th century. (= Handbook of Bavarian History, Volume III, 1). 3rd edition, CH Beck, Munich 1997, p. 1088.
  • Stephan Kellner: Learning from the elderly: Ignaz Pickel (1736–1818), ancestor of Bavarian prehistory. In: Bavarian history sheets , year 65 (2000), (= Festschrift for Hans-Jörg Kellner on his 80th birthday). Beck Verlag, Munich 2000.
  • Leo Hintermayr: The Principality of Eichstätt of the Dukes of Leuchtenberg 1817-1833. CH Beck, Munich 2001, p. 459ff.
  • Markus Schußmann: Ignatz Pickel and “Paradise”. A contribution to the knowledge of the level Ha D3 in Northern Bavaria. In: P. Ettel, R. Friedrich u. W. Schier (Ed.): Interdisciplinary contributions to settlement archeology. Commemorative letter for Walter Janssen. Rahden / Westf. 2002, p. 321 ff.
  • Findings of grave steles from the pioneering days of prehistoric research. Johann Balthasar Ignatz Pickel (1736–1818) from Eichstätt. In: Gabriele Raßhofer: Investigations into Metal Age grave steles in southern Germany. International Archeology, Volume 48 (2004), pp. 53-57, ISBN 3-89646-320-9 .
  • Pimples. In: Hans-Michael Körner (Ed.) With the collaboration of Bruno Jahn: Große Bayerische Enzyklopädie. Volume 3: P - ZKG Saur, Munich 2005, pp. 1489f.

Web links

Wikisource: Ignaz Pickel  - Sources and full texts
Commons : Ignaz Pickel  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Obituary . In: Eichstätter intelligence sheet . No. 39 , September 26, 1818, p. 410 ( online ).
  2. ↑ Roman Burgus in Burgsalach in the Altmühltal Nature Park , seen on November 15, 2016
  3. ↑ Behringer, p. 165
  4. ^ Johann Balthasar Ignatz Pickel ( Memento from December 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ↑ Treatise of a second pendulum of an astronomical clock in Google Books
  6. ^ Memorandum of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Munich on Google Books
personal data
SURNAME Pickel, Ignaz
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Pickel, Johann Ignatz Balthasar; Pickl, Ignaz; Pickel, Ignatz; Pickl, Ignatz; Biggel, Ignaz
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German Jesuit, astronomer, mathematician, researcher of prehistory, textbook author
DATE OF BIRTH around July 30, 1736
PLACE OF BIRTH Eichstatt
DATE OF DEATH September 17, 1818
Place of death Eichstatt