Jeffrey pine

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Jeffrey pine
Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi)

Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi )

Systematics
Order : Conifers (Coniferales)
Family : Pine family (Pinaceae)
Subfamily : Pinoideae
Genre : Pine ( Pinus )
Subgenus : Pinus
Type : Jeffrey pine
Scientific name
Pinus jeffreyi
Balf. ex A. Murray

The Jeffrey pine , also Jeffrey Pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ) is a plant from the genus of pine trees ( Pinus ) within the family of the Pinaceae (Pinaceae). This three-needle species occurs only in western North America .

Description and ecology

bark
Branches with needles and cones
Ripe cone
Seeds

Habitus

The Jeffrey pine grows as an evergreen tree and reaches heights of up to 40 meters, in exceptional cases up to 60 meters. The trunk diameter reaches 0.6 to 1.2, in exceptional cases up to 2.5 meters. The Jeffrey pine forms a regularly cone-shaped treetop , which is mostly preserved into old age. The strong branches rise slightly. With very old trees, the crown is usually wide with protruding, ascending branches. The seedlings have (7 to 13 cotyledons cotyledons ).

Largest specimens

The largest standing specimen of a Jeffrey pine is believed to be the "Smoky Jack" on Tioga Pass Road in Yosemite National Park , California ; it is 56.7 m tall and has a trunk diameter of 2.27 m and a wood volume of 116 m³. Until recently, an even larger example was the "Eureka Valley Giant", which was destroyed by bark beetle attacks from 2002 to 2003 . It measured 58.5 m with a trunk diameter of 2.47 m and a wood volume of 129 m³.

bark

The plate bark of old trees is usually dark red-brown, resin-free and deeply grooved. Especially the bark of older trees gives off a scent during the growing season that is supposed to be reminiscent of vanilla, pineapple, violet or lemon. Young twigs have light brown to blue-gray frosted bark .

Buds and needles

The reddish and resin-free winter buds are at the ends of terminal shoots and are cylindrical with a length of 25 to 30 millimeters. The spindle-shaped side buds remain smaller. The blue-green needles , triangular in cross-section, are 16 to 23 centimeters long and about 2 millimeters wide. They stand in groups of three on short shoots . They are surrounded by a needle sheath about 25 millimeters long, which is initially reddish, later blackish. The stiff needles don't buckle when you bend them back. The point of the needle is pointed, but not piercing. Are located on all three sides needle gap opening series . With young shoots, the base is covered with brownish bracts instead of needles. There are no intermediate whorls. The needles stay on the branches for 5 to 9 years, which means that the tree canopy remains relatively dense. Similar to the bark, the needles should also give off a scent reminiscent of pineapple, vanilla or violet.

Flowers, cones and seeds

The Jeffrey pine is single-sexed ( monoecious ) and becomes manable at around 8 years of age . The flowering period extends from June to July. The male cones are up to 4 inches long. They are purple before flowering and turn yellow-green towards flowering. The female cones are 8 to 10 millimeters long and stand individually or in groups at the tips of young shoots. By the end of the first year they grow to up to 1 fifth of the final cone size. The fertilization takes place 13 months after pollination. The immature, cylindrical-egg-shaped cones are pale to dark purple and turn reddish-brown when they are ripe. They are between 13 and 30 centimeters tall and sit on a handle about 15 millimeters long. The 4 to 5 centimeters long cone scales are almost perpendicular to the cone axis after ripening. After the cones are detached, some basal scales remain on the branch. Most of the ripe seeds are released in September and October of the 2nd year. The seeds are up to 30 millimeters long and up to 12 millimeters wide with wings. The thousand grain weight is around 110 grams. The seeds are spread by the wind ( anemochory ) and by animals ( zoochory ). The yellow spruce chipmunk ( Tamias amoenus ) and the pine jay ( Nucifraga columbiana ) play a major role.

Root system and symbiosis

The Jeffrey pine forms a deep tap root . The strong side roots grow partly horizontally, partly diagonally downwards. Side roots about 5 centimeters thick were found in old trees 30 meters away. The Jeffrey pine is entering into a mycorrhizal partnership with the granule bolete ( Suillus granulatus ) and with Cenococcum geophilum .

Wood

The yellowish brown to slightly pink heartwood is surrounded by an almost white to pale yellow sapwood . Due to the dark latewood , the annual rings are easy to see. The early wood changes abruptly into the late wood. The straight grain wood is relatively light and soft. It is traversed by resin channels both longitudinally and radially. The very fine wood rays can only be seen with the naked eye if they enclose a resin canal. The resin has an orange-like odor and consists of around 90% heptane . The kiln density is 0.42 g / cm³. In terms of structure and technological properties, the wood of the Jeffrey pine is similar to that of the yellow pine ( Pinus ponderosa ).

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

Distribution and location

Distribution area

The focus of the distribution is in California on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada . To the north is enough habitat to the Klamath Mountains in southwestern Oregon . To the south it extends to the Mexican Sierra San Pedro Mártir in Baja California . Solitary, isolated populations can be found south of the Truckee Meadows and in the Glass Mountains in western Nevada .

The Jeffrey pine is a frugal and frost-hardy light tree species . The climate in its natural range is characterized by warm, dry summers and cold, wet winters. Depending on the region, the mean temperature minimum is between 2 ° C and −13 ° C. The temperature difference between day and night can be up to 19 ° C. At locations in the eastern Sierra Nevada, the annual precipitation is 200 to 430 mm, at locations in the Klamath Mountains and the western Sierra Nevada between 1,270 and 1,520 mm. The Jeffrey pine makes only minimal demands on the soil and the water supply. Wet locations and locations where temporary waterlogging occurs after flooding are avoided. The Jeffrey pine grows on andesite , granite , serpentine and peridotite soils . These soils are mostly coarse to gravelly sands , loam or loamy sands. They are not infrequently of volcanic origin. Substrates with a low calcium and molybdenum content and with a high nickel , chromium and magnesium content are tolerated. In the north of their natural range, the Jeffrey pine is found at altitudes of 1000 to 2130 meters, in the coastal mountains in Northern California also almost at sea level. In the central and southern Sierra Nevada, it occurs at altitudes of 1830 to 3100 meters.

Depending on the location, mixed stands with the Colorado fir ( Abies concolor ), the magnificent fir ( Abies magnifica ), the frankincense cedar ( Calocedrus decurrens ), the West American juniper ( Juniperus occidentalis ), the white-stemmed pine ( Pinus albicaulis ), the coastal Pine ( Pinus contorta ), the Nevada stone pine ( Pinus flexilis ), the sugar pine ( Pinus lambertiana ), the Murray pine ( Pinus monticola ) and the yellow pine ( Pinus ponderosa ).

use

In Central Europe , the Jeffrey pine is represented in collections and parks as a hardy single tree. The Jeffrey pine is rarely planted as a park tree. Forestry cultivation attempts in Central Europe were consistently disappointing. The Jeffrey pine is represented by two specimens on the Brandenburg island of Buhnenwerder.

The logs are of particular economic importance . The nail-proof and little shrinking wood is mainly used in house construction for window frames, doors, cladding, rafters , struts, balustrades and banisters. It is also used to make boxes and crates.

Diseases and pests

Among the abiotic factors is known as "Los Angeles smog" photochemical pollution , especially in the area of the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California, has great importance. About 90% of the populations there show a chlorotic spotting of the needles, premature needle shedding and smaller increases in diameter. Damaged trees are also more susceptible to attack by the root sponge ( Heterobasidion annosum ). In the eastern Sierra Nevada, a winter needle browning was observed, which can be traced back to physiological drought, which is caused by sunlight on frozen ground. Jeffrey pines are sensitive to road salt . Damage to the phloem can occur after winter frosts of −43 ° C.

The mistletoe species Arceuthobium campylopodium attacks both young and old trees and damages them by swelling of twigs and branches, witch brooms , trunk wounds and waste. The species occurs mainly on dry locations. The fungus Verticicladiella wagenerii attacks the roots and stains the sapwood dark blue. It can cause significant failures. The Common honey fungus ( Armillaria mellea ), the root sponge ( Heterobasidion annosum ) and the phaeolus schweinitzii ( Phaeolus schweinitzii ) attack the roots, but not threatening. The rust fungus species Cronartium comandrae , Cronartium comptoniae , Peridermium harknessii and Peridermium stalactiforme are of local importance . Elytroderma deformans is a needle-dwelling fungus that causes a dangerous disease that lasts for several years. This disease begins with needle browning, twig and branch death and can be fatal with repeated infestation. One infestation center is located in the Lake Tahoe Basin in California . The Jeffrey pine is susceptible to attack by the nematode species Bursaphelenchus xylophilus . The inoculation is done via the shoot tips and spread over the resin channels of the phloem. The caterpillars of Coloradia pandova eat the old needles before they sprout . As more harmful moths of the will winder Rhyacionia zozona and the corn borer Dioryctria abietivorella called. The scale insect Matsucoccus bisetorus penetrates the twigs, branches and trunks of trees of all ages. The bark beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis caused great damage, especially in the past.

Systematics

The first description of Pinus jeffreyi was in 1853 by John Hutton Balfour in Andrew Murray : Botanical Expedition to Oregon , 8, page 2. The specific epithet jeffreyi honors its discoverer, the Scottish botanist John Jeffrey (1826-1854), who this tree species on his journey through Oregon and California discovered in California's Shasta Valley near Mount Shasta in 1852. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the Jeffrey pine was regarded as a subtaxon of the yellow pine ( Pinus ponderosa ). It is closely related to the yellow pine and Pinus engelmannii . Synonyms for Pinus jeffreyi Balf. are: Pinus deflexa Torr. Lemmon , Pinus peninsularis (Lemmon) , Pinus malletii hort. ex Mottet , Pinus ponderosa subsp. jeffreyi (Balf.) AEMurray , Pinus ponderosa var. jeffreyi (Balf.) Vasey , Pinus ponderosa var. jeffreyi Balf. ex Vasey , Pinus ponderosa var. malletii Beissn. , Pinus jeffreyi var. Baja-californica Silba , Pinus jeffreyi var. Deflexa (Torr.) Lemmon , Pinus jeffreyi var. Peninsularis Lemmon .

hybrid

The Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ) forms natural hybrids with the Coulter pine ( Pinus coulteri ) and the yellow pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) in areas of overlap . These hybrids are likely to develop sporadically, as the flowering times of these species do not overlap. Artificial cross-species attempts have also been made with the Montezuma pine ( Pinus montezumae ).

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 404 .
  2. ↑ Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 407 .
  3. ↑ a b Information at conifers.org, quoted from: Robert Van Pelt: Forest Giants of North America . Seattle: University of Washington Press 2001.
  4. ↑ a b c d Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 405 .
  5. ↑ a b Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 406 .
  6. ↑ a b Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 408 .
  7. ↑ a b Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 410 .
  8. ↑ a b Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 409-410 .
  9. ↑ a b Pinus jeffreyi at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 19, 2019.
  10. ↑ Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 407-408 .

Web links

Commons : Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files