Juliana (Netherlands)

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Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard (1960)
Queen Juliana (2nd from right) and Prince Bernhard (in naval uniform) visit the USA in 1952. President Truman and his wife on the left.
Salute of the Dutch armed forces at the state funeral in front of the New Church in Delft
Video of the funeral procession for Juliana

Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina (German also Juliane ; born April 30, 1909 in The Hague ; † March 20, 2004 in Soestdijk ), Princess of Orange-Nassau , Duchess of Mecklenburg , was from September 6, 1948 to April 30, 1980 Queen of the Netherlands .

Crown Princess

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Juliana was the only child of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and Duke Heinrich of Mecklenburg . Her parents gave her the name of Juliana zu Stolberg , mother of Prince William of Orange, who was revered as the "father of the fatherland" and "founder of Dutch freedom" .

Marriage with Bernhard zur Lippe-Biesterfeld

In the 1930s, Queen Wilhelmina struggled to find a suitable marriage partner for her daughter. "Crown Princess Juliana was a lovable woman, but not particularly attractive in the eyes of aristocratic machos." This ultimately led to a representative from Nazi Germany being considered: Bernhard zur Lippe-Biesterfeld , "an opportunistic Nazi follower with little money , but great demands ”. Juliana met him on a skiing holiday in the Austrian Alps. They married on January 7, 1937. A year later, on January 31, 1938, their first child was born, who later became Queen Beatrix (Netherlands) . Irene von Oranien-Nassau followed on August 5, 1939 . Two more daughters were born later: Margriet (* 1943) and Christina (1947–2019).

In exile during World War II

After the German attack on the neutral Netherlands on May 10, 1940, Juliana fled to London with Bernhard, Beatrix, Irene and the family jewels. The escape was seen as a disappointment by the Dutch population, because the day before Juliana had said in a newspaper: “We will never leave our post.” During the war, Juliana lived with her two daughters mostly in Canada, while Bernhard was in London stopped. After the liberation of the Netherlands, the family returned to the Netherlands.

queen

In 1948 Wilhelmina abdicated in favor of her daughter. With her enthronement on September 6, 1948, Juliana ascended the throne of the Netherlands . On December 27, 1949, she signed the deed of separation from Indonesia , the former colony of the Dutch East Indies . This meant the separation of 90 percent of their subjects.

Her humanistic view of the world and the departure from old, traditional manners shaped her term of office. Juliana was - unlike her mother Wilhelmina - a staunch opponent of the death penalty and refused to sign the death sentence after her accession to the throne. As a result, of 154 death sentences against war criminals, only 40 were carried out. The four of Breda were therefore pardoned after Juliana had threatened to abdicate. In 1952 the death penalty was abolished in the Netherlands.

From the beginning of her government, Juliana tried to bring the royal family closer to the citizens of the country. However, it is a legend that as the “biking monarch” (“fietsende koningin”) she did her own shopping in the nearest supermarket . However, she hated all courtly fuss and described the custom of walking backwards from the ruler after an audience as "very dangerous". She was also opposed to the protocol-based address “Majesteit” (majesty) and preferred the less formal “Mevrouw” (madam).

The greatest crisis in her reign was the Greet Hofmans affair of 1956, when a cover story in Der Spiegel magazine revealed that the faith healer Greet Hofmans had great influence on the queen. A second crisis was triggered in 1976 by the Lockheed affair: Juliana's husband Bernhard had accepted bribes from the American aircraft manufacturer Lockheed. If charges had been brought against him, Juliana would have resigned and Beatrix would no longer have been available as his successor.

Abdication and death

On the evening of January 31, 1980, the 42nd birthday of the Crown Princess, she announced in a prime-time television address that she would abdicate on April 30, 1980, her 71st birthday, in favor of her daughter Beatrix von Oranien-Nassau . After that she no longer carried the title of queen, but of princess.

Up until old age, she occasionally performed representative duties for the royal family. She was last seen in May 1998 at the wedding of her grandson Prince Maurits . At the beginning of the 21st century, Juliana suffered increasingly from Alzheimer's disease and withdrew completely from the public. She was already unable to attend the wedding of Crown Prince Willem-Alexander in February 2002. She died on March 20, 2004 at Soestdijk Castle after a long illness of pneumonia .

Juliana of the Netherlands was honored with a state funeral on March 30, 2004 and buried in the royal tomb of the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft .

Trivia

Queen Juliana, Prince Bernhard, Princess Beatrix, Prince Claus, in Porto Ercole (1965)

Queen Juliana spent her summer holidays for more than 40 years on Monte Argentario , in Tuscany .

Appreciation

"The mind woman Juliana was lovable and unpretentious and therefore in many ways an ideal cast for a time in which traditional authorities were increasingly being questioned," says the historian Christoph Driessen . However, there was also a downside to this: the associated “unprofessionalism” contributed significantly to the Greet Hofmans affair and the Lockheed affair. As a reaction to this, the new Queen Beatrix consciously withdrew from her mother and again placed more emphasis on formality, discipline and efficiency.

Awards (selection)

ancestors

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wilhelm II , King of the Netherlands (1792–1849)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 William III. , King of the Netherlands (1817–1890)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Anna Pavlovna , Grand Duchess of Russia (1795–1865)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wilhelmina , Queen of the Netherlands (1880–1962)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Georg Viktor von Waldeck-Pyrmont (1831-1893)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Emma zu Waldeck and Pyrmont (1858–1934)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Helene von Nassau (1831–1888)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Paul Friedrich of Mecklenburg (1800–1842)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Friedrich Franz II. Of Mecklenburg (1823-1883)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alexandrine of Prussia (1803-1892)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heinrich of Mecklenburg (1876–1934)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Adolf von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1801–1875)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Marie von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1850–1922)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mathilde von Schönburg-Waldenburg (1826–1914)
 
 
 
 
 
 

progeny

Juliana of the Netherlands (1909–2004)
× 1937 Bernhard zur Lippe-Biesterfeld (1911–2004)
children

Beatrix of the Netherlands (1938)
× 1966
Claus von Amsberg (1926–2002)

Irene (1939)
× 1964
Karel Hugo von Bourbon-Parma (1930–2010)

Margriet (1943)
× 1967
Pieter van Vollenhoven (1939)

Christina (1947-2019)
x 1975
Jorge Guillermo (1946)

Grandchildren

Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (1967)
Johan Friso (1968–2013)
Constantijn (1969)

Carlos Javier Bernardo (1970)
Margarita Beatrix Marie (1972)
Jaime Bernardo (1972)
Maria Carolina Christina (1974)

Maurits (1968)
Bernhard jr (1969)
Pieter-Christiaan (1972)
Floris (1975)

Bernardo (1977)
Nicolas (1979)
Juliana Jr. (1981)

See also

literature

  • Christoph Driessen : Continuity and change of the monarchy, in: ders .: History of the Netherlands, From the sea power to the trendland, Regensburg 2016, pp. 256–261
  • Jolande Withuis: Juliana's forgotten oorlog . De Bezige Bij, Amsterdam 2014, ISBN 978-90-2348-479-0 .

Web links

Commons : Juliana (Netherlands)  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wilhelmina : Lonely and yet not alone . Evangelisches Verlagswerk, Stuttgart 1961, pp. 14 and 115–117.
  2. ↑ Christoph Driessen : History of the Netherlands, From the sea power to the trend country. Regensburg 2020, p. 197
  3. ↑ Christoph Driessen : History of the Netherlands, From the sea power to the trend country. Regensburg 2020, p. 197
  4. ↑ Wilhelmina : Lonely and yet not alone . Translated from the Dutch by Hans Fischer. Evangelisches Verlagswerk, Stuttgart 1961, p. 229.
  5. ↑ Christoph Driessen : History of the Netherlands, From the sea power to the trend country. Regensburg 2020, p. 192f.
  6. ↑ Quotation: Christoph Driessen : History of the Netherlands, From the sea power to the trend country. Regensburg 2020, p. 191
  7. ↑ Christoph Driessen: History of the Netherlands. From sea power to trend land. Regensburg 2016, p. 233.
  8. ↑ Christoph Driessen : History of the Netherlands, From the sea power to the trend country. Regensburg 2009, p. 258.
  9. ↑ The Death Penalty or The Quiet Power of Queens. In: uni-muenster.de. March 9, 2011, accessed April 23, 2018 .
  10. ↑ Christoph Driessen: History of the Netherlands. From sea power to trend land. Regensburg 2016, p. 259.
  11. ↑ Christoph Driessen: History of the Netherlands. From sea power to trend land. Regensburg 2016, p. 259.
  12. ↑ Christoph Driessen: History of the Netherlands. From sea power to trend land. Regensburg 2016, p. 259.
  13. ↑ Christoph Driessen: History of the Netherlands. From sea power to trend land. Regensburg 2016, p. 197.
  14. ↑ Christoph Driessen: History of the Netherlands. From sea power to trend land. Regensburg 2020, p. 197.
  15. ^ Il Tirreno (Italian)
  16. ↑ Adnkronos (Italian)
  17. ↑ Christoph Driessen: History of the Netherlands. From sea power to trend land. Regensburg 2016, p. 259.
  18. ↑ List of all decorations awarded by the Federal President for services to the Republic of Austria from 1952 (PDF, 6.9 MB)
predecessor Office Successor
Wilhelmina Queen of the Netherlands
1948–1980 		Beatrix
personal data
SURNAME Juliana
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Orange-Nassau, Juliana von; Oranien-Nassau, Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina von (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Dutch queen
DATE OF BIRTH April 30, 1909
PLACE OF BIRTH The hague
DATE OF DEATH March 20, 2004
Place of death Soestdijk