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Karl Friedrich Julius Brautlecht (born September 28, 1837 in Braunschweig , † June 13, 1883 in Wendeburg ) was a German pharmacist . He developed the first useful evidence for the typhoid bacillus.

Life

Adolescence

He was born as the second son of the master baker Heinrich Brautlecht and his wife Luise (née Brendecke). Up to the age of eight he was often ill, then probably a little weak, later he strengthened himself more and more. As he himself said in a letter to a close relative, he lived a very carefree and cheerful youth.

Vocational training

Brautlecht developed an inclination to study the natural sciences early on, which eventually led him to turn to pharmacy . He attended the community school , later the grammar school , and at the age of 14 he joined Michaelis in 1851 as a pharmacist apprentice to his maternal uncle, the Dr. Ms. Brendecke, sent to Gittelde am Harz. His uncle, who himself had published a number of scientific papers, had a decisive influence on all of his later life and stimulated in him the sense of scientific activity. In addition, he was always an example of humanity and love of freedom for the young bride. Brautlecht himself wrote of him: “ I do not believe that someone, in proportion to his means, has secretly supported the poor more than he has. It would not occur to many to impose such restrictions on themselves as he made in the famine year of 1847 in order to be able to feed the more poor families. These as well as his strivings for freedom were based on the most unselfish principles, it was the pure sense for the well-being of fellow men ”.

At Easter 1855 he had completed his apprenticeship and passed his exam to become a pharmacist's assistant. Then he wanted to study science and medicine . After several deaths in his parents' house, such an expensive study was no longer an option. First his grandfather died, then his mother in childbed and soon afterwards his grandmother too. Bride's father was forced to remarry because of his large business and his numerous underage children. The business declined more and more and the family grew, in addition to the seven children from the first marriage there were four from the second marriage. So bride sex was forced to give up his desire to study.

Professional activity and further training

Brautlecht went from Easter 1855 to Michaelis 1855 as an assistant in the pharmacy of Dr. E. Witting jun. in Höxter and then until Easter 1858 in the pharmacy of E. Halle in Ebstorf , where he got the opportunity to visit the laboratory of Dr. Erdmann at the local agricultural training institute, the Georgsanstalt , with analytical and synthetic work in chemistry . From April 1, 1858 to April 1, 1859 he served as a one-year- old volunteer pharmacist in the Ducal Military Hospital in Braunschweig and, like his superior, Brigade Staff Physician Dr. Knocke, he attested, through conscientious fulfillment of his duties, as well as through moral behavior.

Michaelis In 1859 he moved to the Collegium Carolinum as a pharmacy studio , listened to the lectures of Wilhelm August Gottlieb Assmann on German language and literature, Johann Heinrich Blasius on mineralogy, geology and botany, Professor Schleiter on arithmetic and algebra, and Hans Sommer on plane geometry and trigonometry , Head of School Professor Dr. Uhde on popular astronomy and experimental physics and medical advisor Julius Otto on general chemistry and practical work in the chemical laboratory "with the greatest regularity and constant and active attention" and also had a "very good" success from his studies. At the Michaelis award ceremony in 1860, he was given a public commendation for working on the chemical task.

From Easter 1861 to Michaelis 1861 he managed Mr. Kambly's pharmacy in Lichtenberg, then from April 1, 1862 to October 1, 1862 he was employed as a prescription specialist at H. Toel in Bremen , and on October 29 of the same year, after a special examination, he became pharmacy administrator sworn in and committed to pharmacy administrator in Lutter am Barenberge . On October 12, 1863, he was accepted as a real member of the pharmacists' association in Northern Germany.

Self-employed pharmacist and researcher

From December 1, 1863 - given on December 9th - Brautlecht received the license to set up a pharmacy in Wendeburg with permission to run a materials store next to it. In 1864 he married Helene Hagelberg, whom he had met during his stay in Ebstorf. The only child in this very happy marriage, a daughter, was born in 1868.

Unfortunately, the pharmacy was small and his time was very busy, so that Brautlecht could not devote himself to his scientific studies in the way he would have liked. Nonetheless, he continued to work tirelessly and devoted himself particularly to bacteriological work, in which the investigations by Klebs , Koch and others served as a shining example. In his lonely country pharmacy he had set up a small bacteriological and chemical laboratory, kept a number of experimental animals, acquired a rich library and spent years trying to find the causes of the red rot. From 1877 and 1878 on, he dealt specifically with the aetiology of typhus abdominalis and relapse typhus , which he was able to study on a larger scale during a widespread epidemic in Braunschweig. He came to Braunschweig several times a week to discuss the progress of his work with like-minded people and often gave lectures on his research in the Society for Natural Science and in the Medical Society of the Braunschweig District. With great interest he joined the Association for Public Health Care in the Duchy of Braunschweig, founded in 1878, in which he took over the microscopic and bacterioscopic analysis of the drinking water for the examination center established by the same. He carried out hundreds of drinking water tests and was asked by various municipal and state authorities to provide advice on drinking water issues. In 1878 he attended the meeting of naturalists in Kassel , in 1880 that in Hamburg and in 1882 that in Eisenach, and gave notice of the results of his work in the sections for public health care. He also had a good reputation abroad as a scientific researcher, he received letters of appreciation from Edwin Klebs in Prague and G. Buchanan in London. In Berlin, Rudolf Virchow was particularly interested in the progress of his work.

He spared no effort or expense to complete his studies on typhus abdominalis. Whenever he received news of a typhus epidemic from anyone near or far from Braunschweig, he traveled there to study the situation on the spot and to take water samples for further investigation. A number of results of his investigations, especially analyzes of individual well water, can be found in the files of the investigation center of the Association for Public Health in the Duchy of Braunschweig. Some of this has also been published in the Association's monthly public health journal since 1878.

Scientific activities

During the debate at the natural scientist meeting in Kassel in 1880, he spoke out against Nägeli's views on the transfer of bacteria from the soil into the air (see the negotiations for the same). Very often he also made reports from his work in the Association for Natural Science in Braunschweig, including “Lecture on the causes of relapse typhus” (see annual report 1879/80, p. 17); "Lecture on tubercle bacilli" (see Braunschweigische advertisements No. 274 of November 22, 1882); Of his lectures in the medical association, those on "rickets" and "fermentation and putrefaction processes" should be mentioned, which were heard with great interest in medical circles.

Unfortunately, his scientific work should not come to a definitive conclusion due to a serious illness that occurred in the 1880s. In the last few weeks of his life, one of his experimental animals died, which was to mark the end of a whole series of observations. Towards the end of 1882 one salivary gland became more swollen, which was removed at the end of February 1883. After the operation went very well, a new tumor formed after a few weeks. On the advice of his doctors, Brautlecht went to the royal Augusta Hospital in Berlin, where Ernst Küster performed the second operation on April 9th. The examination showed that a spindle cell sarcoma had formed. The healing went very well again. Despite internal use of arsenic , relapses occurred again in mid-May . Brautlecht went to Berlin again, an operation was no longer possible, injections with osmic acid were made, but these too were unsuccessful. On June 13th, Brautlecht died in Wendeburg.

Fonts

• The deep wells drilled in Wolfenbüttel and Braunschweig. In: Monthly Journal for Public Health Care in the Duchy of Braunschweig. Vol. 2 (1879), H. 9, pp. 138-141, urn : nbn: de: gbv: 084-10041608562 .
• Pathogenic bacteria in drinking water in epidemics of typhus abdominalis. In: Archives for pathological anatomy and physiology and for clinical medicine. 84: 80-86 (1881).
• About the transmission of bacteria from the soil into the air. Lecture given at the Naturforscherversammlung zu Eisenach, September 19, 1882. Printed in: Negotiations of the Naturforscher-Vereinigung zu Eisenach 1882 ; also in: German Medical Weekly . Vol. 8 (1882), H. 50.

literature

• Rolf Ahlers : The pharmacy in Wendeburg. 130 years in the service of health. Wendeburg 1993.
• Rudolf Blasius : Julius Brautlecht, pharmacist in Wendeburg. Obituary. In: 4th annual report of the Braunschweig Natural Science Association for the years 1883/84 to 1885/86. Braunschweig 1887, pp. 207-212 ( digitized version ).

Web links

• Literature by and about Julius Brautlecht in the catalog of the German National Library

Individual evidence

1. ^ Literature by and about Julius Brautlecht in the catalog of the German National Library