Real beach chamomile
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Beach chamomile ( Tripleurospermum maritimum ) |
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| Tripleurospermum maritimum | ||||||||||||
| ( L. ) WDJKoch |
The Real beach chamomile ( Tripleurospermum maritimum ), also coast chamomile or coastal beach chamomile called, is a species of the genus beach chamomile ( Tripleurospermum ) within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). The real beach chamomile has only a weak chamomile scent and grows preferentially on salty soils, mostly near the sea.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The real beach chamomile grows as an evergreen , annual summer annual or annual winter annual, rarely also as a perennial , herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 10 to 30, sometimes 50 or 80 centimeters. It is a semi-rosette plant with prostrate to ascending stems that are branched from the ground up .
It has fresh green to dark green, somewhat fleshy and multi-pinnate leaves . The individual, relatively short pinnate sections show weakly pronounced furrows on their underside. When rubbed, the leaves give off only a faint odor of chamomile. They are elongated to approximately triangular in shape. The edges are pale to dark brown and about 0.2 to 1 millimeter wide.
Generative characteristics
The flowering period extends from July to October. The bracts are dark green to brownish in color in the middle. The terminal cup-shaped inflorescences ( pseudanthia ) have a diameter of about 5 centimeters. The bracts have a narrow brown skin edge. The flower heads contain ray and tubular flowers. The 20 to 30 pure white ray florets (also called ray florets) are spread out flat, the golden yellow tubular flowers are (also called disc florets) arranged in the form of a hemisphere, so that the bottom of the flower head appear curved.
The achenes are arched and have dark wrinkled ribs. They have two separate elliptically shaped oil glands. These are more than twice as long as they are wide. The pappus is designed as a narrow skin edge.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.
ecology
The real beach chamomile is a full light plant .
The pollination is done by insects.
The long-lived achenes are spread via an adhesive mechanism ( epizoochory ) by adhering to the fur and plumage, and more rarely through the passage through the digestive tract of animals ( endozoochory ).
Occurrence
Tripleurospermum maritimum is widespread in the boreal to atlantic temperate zones of the northern hemisphere . It grows in the flushing fringes of the sea coasts or in inland salt points in North America and Eurasia . Within Germany it occurs scattered in Schleswig-Holstein , Lower Saxony and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . Tripleurospermum maritimum is a character species of the order Cakiletalia in Central Europe .
It thrives best in moist to temporarily wet, nitrogen-rich, moderately alkaline and salty soils .
Systematics
It was first published under the name (Basionym) Matricaria maritima by Carl von Linné . The new combination to Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) WDJKoch was published in 1845 by Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch in Synopsis Florae Germanicae et Helveticae , 2nd edition, volume 3, page 1026. Further synonyms for Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) WDJKoch are: Chamaemelum maritimum (L.) Boiss. non (L.) All. , Chrysanthemum maritimum (L.) Pers.
Tripleurospermum maritimum comprises about four subspecies: The subspecies differ in the shape and size of the bracts and in the size and shape of the oil bodies of the fruits:
- Coastal chamomile ( Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) WDJKoch subsp. Maritimum )
- Tripleurospermum maritimum subsp. phaeocephalum (Ruprecht) Hämet-Ahti : It occurs in North America in the Canadian states of Ontario , Quebec , Manitoba , Northwest Territory , Yukon Territory and in Alaska ; it occurs in Greenland , in northern Russian Murmansk , Nenets , Yakutia-Sakha , Yamal Nenets and Magadan and in northern Europe in Finland , Norway and Sweden .
- Tripleurospermum maritimum subsp. nigriceps P.D.Sell : It occurs in Great Britain , Iceland and the Faroe Islands .
- Tripleurospermum maritimum subsp. vinicaule P. D. Sell : It occurs in Portugal , Spain , France and Great Britain.
Sources and further information
literature
- Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
- Klaus Janke, Bruno P. Kremer: Dune, Beach and Wadden Sea , Franckh'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Stuttgart, ISBN 3-440-05759-3 .
- Franz Fukarek, Heinz Henker, Christian Berg: Flora von Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (fern and flowering plants) , Weissdorn-Verlag Jena, January 2006 (1st edition) ISBN 3-936055-07-6 .
Single sources
- ↑ Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) WDJ Koch, Echte Strandkamille. In: FloraWeb.de.
- ^ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , p. 610.
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 937 .
- ↑ a b c d Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). In: W. Greuter, E. von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. : Datasheet Tripleurospermum maritimum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
- ↑ a b Tripleurospermum maritimum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Web links
- Real beach chamomile . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Map for worldwide distribution according to Hultén
- Thomas Meyer: Coastal beach chamomile (Tripleurospermum maritimum) - data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
- Luc Brouillet: Tripleurospermum Schultz Bipontinus - Mayweed. : Tripleurospermum maritimum , pp. 550-551 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 .
- Strandamille at www.schutzstation-wattenmeer.de
