Mussolini's cabinet

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The Mussolini cabinet ruled Italy from October 31, 1922 to July 25, 1943. In 1925, Mussolini and his fascists eliminated the democratic state and ruled dictatorially until he was deposed .

Emergence

After the march on Rome , Benito Mussolini received from King Victor Emanuel III. on October 30, 1922 the order to form a government. The cabinet, whose members initially came not only from the fascist PNF party , but also from liberal, Catholic and nationalist movements, was sworn in the following day. At the beginning of the following month, in addition to the confidence of Parliament, it also received the extensive powers required by Mussolini, with which Parliament largely renounced its prerogatives.

development

On November 18, 1923, with the Acerbo Act, a new electoral law came into force, which automatically secured a two-thirds majority in parliament for the strongest political force with at least 25 percent of the vote. On the basis of this right to vote, Mussolini achieved an overwhelming success with his collection list in the early elections of April 6, 1924.

The murder of the MP Giacomo Matteotti by fascist henchmen led to the departure of the opposition politicians known as Aventinians from parliament in 1924 . Mussolini, who saw himself exposed to strong public criticism because of Matteotti's death, went on the offensive by assuming political responsibility for the murder and from the beginning of 1925 suppressed all political resistance through a series of "laws".

In the legislative periods between 1929 and 1943, only fascist politicians sat in parliament; opposition parties were banned. Despite this usurpation , the king demanded Mussolini's resignation at the end of July 1943, after the unconstitutional Grand Fascist Council had withdrawn its trust because of the disastrous course of the war . Thus there was only one single Mussolini cabinet between 1922 and 1943, but in the course of time there were several changes or so-called “changing of the guard”. As a rule, in addition to his role as head of government, Mussolini personally led several ministries.

Ministers and State Secretaries

Ministries minister (Sub) state secretaries Remarks
Presidency of the Council of Ministers Benito Mussolini Giacomo Acerbo (October 31, 1922 to July 3, 1924)
Giacomo Suardo (July 3, 1924 to December 20, 1927)
Francesco Giunta (December 21, 1927 to July 19, 1932)
Edmondo Rossoni (July 20, 1932 to January 23 1935)
Galeazzo Ciano (September 6, 1934 to June 26, 1935, propaganda)
Giacomo Medici Del Vascello (January 24, 1935 to October 30, 1939)
Felice Guarneri (January 2, 1936 to November 20, 1937, foreign currency transactions)
Luigi Russo ( October 31, 1939 to February 5, 1943)
Carlo Favagrossa (May 23, 1940 to February 6, 1943, armaments)
Amilcare Rossi (February 6, 1943 to July 25, 1943) 		The aforementioned state secretaries for special tasks were subsequently given their own ministries.
Exterior Benito Mussolini (October 31, 1922 to September 11, 1929)
Dino Grandi (September 12, 1929 to July 19, 1932)
Benito Mussolini (July 20, 1932 to June 10, 1936)
Galeazzo Ciano (June 11, 1936 to February 5 1943)
Benito Mussolini (February 6, 1943 to July 25, 1943) 		Ernesto Vassallo (October 31, 1943 to April 27, 1923)
Dino Grandi (May 14, 1925 to September 11, 1929)
Amedeo Fani (September 12, 1929 to July 19, 1932)
Fulvio Suvich (July 20, 1932 to June 10 1936)
Giuseppe Bastianini (June 11, 1936 to October 14, 1939)
Zenone Benini (April 18, 1939 to July 31, 1941, Albania)
Giuseppe Bastianini (February 6, 1943 to July 27, 1943)
Interior Benito Mussolini (October 31, 1922 to June 16, 1924)
Luigi Federzoni (June 17, 1924 to November 5, 1926)
Benito Mussolini (November 6, 1926 to July 25, 1943) 		Aldo Finzi (October 31, 1922 to June 17, 1924)
Dino Grandi (July 3, 1924 to May 13, 1925)
Giacomo Suardo (November 6, 1926 to March 12, 1928)
Michele Bianchi (March 13, 1928 to September 12 1929)
Leandro Arpinati (September 12, 1929 to May 7, 1933)
Guido Buffarini Guidi (May 8, 1933 to February 5, 1943)
Umberto Albini (February 6, 1943 to July 25, 1943) 		From 1932 also responsible for church and religious affairs
Judiciary Aldo Oviglio (October 31, 1922 to January 4, 1925)
Alfredo Rocco (January 5, 1925 to July 19, 1932)
Pietro De Francisci (July 20, 1932 to January 23, 1935)
Arrigo Solmi (January 24, 1935 to 11. July 1939)
Dino Grandi (July 12, 1939 to February 5, 1943)
Alfredo De Marsico (February 6, 1943 to July 25, 1943) 		Fulvio Milani (October 31, 1922 to April 27, 1923)
Paolo Mattei Gentili (July 3, 1924 to September 11, 1929)
Giuseppe Morelli (September 12, 1929 to July 19, 1932)
Antonio Albertini (July 20, 1932 to September 23 , 1929) January 1935)
Cesare Tumedei (January 24, 1935 to November 15, 1936)
Antonio Putzolu (March 5, 1940 to July 25, 1943) 		Until 1932 also responsible for church and religious affairs.
Finances Alberto De Stefani (October 31, 1922 to July 9, 1925)
Giuseppe Volpi (July 10, 1925 to July 8, 1928)
Antonio Mosconi (July 9, 1928 to July 19, 1932)
Guido Jung (July 20, 1932 to July 24 , 1928) January 1935)
Paolo Ignazio Thaon di Revel (January 24, 1935 to February 5, 1943)
Giacomo Acerbo (February 6, 1942 to July 25, 1943) 		Pietro Lissia (October 31, 1922 to July 3, 1924)
Cesare Maria De Vecchi (January 1, 1923 to May 3, 1923; pension and treasury matters)
Alfredo Rocco (January 1, 1923 to September 6, 1923; pension and treasury matters )
Luigi Spezzotti (July 3, 1924 to July 14, 1925)
Francesco D'Alessio (July 28, 1925 to November 6, 1926)
Giuseppe Frignani (November 6, 1926 to July 9, 1928)
Fulvio Suvich (November 6, 1926 to July 9, 1928)
Francesco Boncompagni Ludovisi (July 21, 1927 to July 9, 1928)
Ettore Rosboch (July 9, 1928 to July 20, 1932)
Umberto Puppini (July 20, 1932 to April 30, 1934)
Ageo Arcangeli (30. April 1934 to January 24, 1935)
Giuseppe Bianchini (January 24, 1935 to July 15, 1937)
Pietro Lissia (February 18, 1941 to February 13, 1943)
treasure Vincenzo Tangorra (October 31, 1922 to December 21, 1922)
Alberto De Stefani (December 21, 1922 to December 31, 1922) 		Alfredo Rocco (October 31, 1922 to December 21, 1922)
Cesare Maria De Vecchi (December 22, 1922 to December 31, 1922) 		The Treasury was incorporated into the Treasury in early 1923.
war Armando Diaz (October 31, 1922 to April 29, 1924)
Antonino Di Giorgio (April 20, 1924 to April 4, 1924)
Benito Mussolini (April 4, 1925 to September 12, 1929)
Pietro Gazzera (September 12, 1929 to April 21 , 1924) July 1933)
Benito Mussolini (July 22, 1933 to July 25, 1943) 		Carlo Bonardi (October 31, 1922 to July 3, 1924)
Ambrogio Clerici (July 3, 1924 to May 4, 1925)
Ugo Cavallero (May 4, 1925 to November 23, 1928)
Pietro Gazzera (November 24, 1928 to September 11 1929)
Angelo Manaresi (September 12, 1929 to July 21, 1933)
Federico Baistrocchi (July 22, 1933 to October 6, 1936)
Alberto Pariani (October 7, 1936 to October 31, 1939)
Ubaldo Soddu (October 31, 1939 to October 30 , 1936) November 1940)
Alfredo Guzzoni (November 30, 1940 to May 24, 1941)
Antonio Scuero (May 24, 1941 to February 13, 1943)
Antonio Sorice (February 13, 1943 to July 25, 1943) 		Baistrocchi and Pariani were also Chiefs of Staff of the Army.
marine Paolo Thaon di Revel (October 31, 1922 to May 8, 1925)
Benito Mussolini (May 8, 1925 to September 11, 1929)
Giuseppe Sirianni (September 12, 1929 to November 5, 1933)
Benito Mussolini (November 6, 1933 to September 25 , 1929) July 1943) 		Costanzo Ciano (October 31, 1922 to February 5, 1924)
Giuseppe Sirianni (May 14, 1925 to September 11, 1929)
Gioacchino Russo (September 12, 1929 to November 5, 1933)
Domenico Cavagnari (November 6, 1933 to December 7 1940)
Arturo Riccardi (December 8, 1940 to July 25, 1943) 		Cavagnari and Riccardi were also chiefs of the admiralty's staff.
aviation Benito Mussolini (August 30, 1925 to September 11, 1929)
Italo Balbo (September 12, 1929 to November 5, 1933)
Benito Mussolini (November 6, 1933 to July 25, 1943) 		Alberto Bonzani (May 14, 1925 to November 5, 1926)
Italo Balbo (November 6, 1926 to September 12, 1929)
Raffaello Riccardi (September 12, 1929 to November 6, 1933)
Francesco Pricolo (October 31, 1939 to November 15 1941)
Rino Corso Fougier (November 15, 1941 to July 25, 1943) 		Since January 24, 1923 there was an aviation commissioner headed by Mussolini personally, from which the aviation ministry emerged in 1925. Pricolo and Fougier were also Chiefs of Staff of the Air Force.
Public Works Gabriello Carnazza (October 31, 1922 to July 1, 1924)
Gino Sarrocchi (July 1, 1924 to January 4, 1925)
Giovanni Giurati (January 5, 1925 to April 29, 1929)
Benito Mussolini (April 30, 1929 to September 11 1929)
Michele Bianchi (September 12, 1929 to February 3, 1930)
Araldo Crollalanza (February 13, 1930 to January 23, 1935)
Luigi Razza (January 24, 1935 to August 7, 1935)
Giuseppe Cobolli Gigli (September 5, 1935 to October 30, 1939)
Adelchi Serena (October 31, 1939 to October 29, 1940)
Giuseppe Gorla (October 30, 1940 to February 6, 1943)
Zenone Benini (February 6, 1943 to July 25, 1943) 		Alessandro Sardi (October 31, 1922 to July 2, 1924)
Edoardo Torre (January 4, 1923 to April 30, 1924)
Vittorio Scialoja (June 3, 1924 to January 11, 1925)
Alfredo Petrillo (January 12, 1925 to October 30 1925)
Michele Bianchi (October 31, 1925 to March 13, 1928)
Araldo Crollalanza (July 9, 1928 to February 13, 1930)
Antonio Leoni (February 15, 1930 to January 24, 1935)
Giuseppe Cobolli Gigli (January 24, 1935 to September 5, 1935)
Pio Calletti (February 18, 1941 to July 25, 1943) 		Also responsible for traffic.
Agriculture Giuseppe De Capitani (October 31, 1922 to August 1, 1923)
Giacomo Acerbo (September 12, 1929 to January 23, 1935)
Edmondo Rossoni (January 24, 1935 to October 30, 1939)
Giuseppe Tassinari (October 31, 1939 to January 25 , 1935) December 1941)
Carlo Pareschi (December 26, 1941 to July 25, 1943) 		Ottavio Corgini (October 31, 1922 to June 7, 1923)
Arrigo Serpieri (September 12, 1929 to January 24, 1935)
Gabriele Canelli (January 24, 1935 to April 19, 1937)
Giuseppe Tassinari (January 24, 1935 to October 30 1939)
Sergio Nannini (October 31, 1939 to February 13, 1943)
Michele Pascolato (October 5, 1941 to February 13, 1943)
Gutierez Michele Spadafora (February 13, 1943 to July 25, 1943) 		In July 1923 it was incorporated into the new Ministry of National Economy together with the Ministries of Industry and Trade and of Labor and Social Affairs. In 1929 the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests was re-established.
Industry and Commerce Teofilo Rossi (October 31, 1922 to August 1, 1923) Giovanni Gronchi (October 31, 1922 to April 27, 1923) 1923 incorporated into the Ministry of National Economy. The latter was dissolved in 1929 and responsibility for industry and trade went to the Ministry of Corporations.
Work and social Stefano Cavazzoni (October 31, 1922 to April 26, 1923) Silvio Gai (October 31, 1922 to April 27, 1923) 1923 incorporated into the Ministry of National Economy. In 1929 the tasks went to the Corporations Ministry.
National economy Mario Orso Corbino (August 1, 1923 to June 30, 1924)
Cesare Nava (July 1, 1924 to July 9, 1925)
Giuseppe Belluzzo (July 10, 1925 to July 8, 1928)
Alessandro Martelli (July 9, 1928 to July 12 , 1925) September 1929) 		Arrigo Serpieri (August 1, 1923 to July 3, 1924)
Giovanni Banelli (July 3, 1924 to October 31, 1925)
Vittorio Peglion (July 3, 1924 to November 6, 1926)
Italo Balbo (October 31, 1925 to November 6 1926)
Giuseppe Bastianini (November 6, 1926 to June 23, 1927) 		Created in 1923 through the merger of the Ministries of Agriculture, Industry and Trade, Labor and Social Affairs. The Ministry was dissolved in 1929, the tasks went to the re-established Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Corporations established in 1926.
Corporations Benito Mussolini (July 2, 1926 to September 12, 1929)
Giuseppe Bottai (September 12, 1929 to July 20, 1932)
Benito Mussolini (July 20, 1932 to September 11, 1936)
Ferruccio Lantini (September 11, 1936 to October 30 1939)
Renato Ricci (October 31, 1939 to February 5, 1943)
Carlo Tiengo (February 6, 1943 to April 18, 1943)
Tullio Cianetti (April 19, 1943 to April 25, 1943) 		Giacomo Suardo (July 2, 1926 to November 5, 1926)
Giuseppe Bottai (November 6, 1926 to September 11, 1929)
Guglielmo Josa (September 12, 1929 to November 9, 1929)
Emanuele Trigona (September 12, 1929 to July 20 1932)
Dino Alfieri (November 9, 1929 to July 20, 1932)
Ferruccio Lantini (January 24, 1935 to June 11, 1936)
Renato Ricci (November 20, 1937 to October 31, 1939)
Tullio Cianetti (July 22, 1939 to June 19 , 1936) April 1943)
Ermanno Armicucci (November 4, 1939 to July 25, 1943)
Giuseppe Lombrassa (February 26, 1942 to July 2, 1943)
Giovanni Battista Baccarini (April 30, 1943 to July 25, 1943)
Luigi Contu (June 2, 1942 to July 2, 1943) 1943 to July 25, 1943) 		Created in 1926 according to the social and economic ideology of fascism. In 1929 he took over responsibility for industry and trade as well as for labor and social affairs from the dissolved Ministry of National Economy.
education Giovanni Gentile (October 31, 1922 to June 30, 1924)
Alessandro Casati (July 1, 1924 to January 4, 1925)
Pietro Fedele (January 5, 1925 to July 8, 1928)
Giuseppe Belluzzo (July 9, 1928 to September 11 1929)
Balbino Giuliano (September 12, 1929 to July 19, 1932)
Francesco Ercole (July 20, 1932 to January 23, 1935)
Cesare Maria De Vecchi (January 24, 1935 to November 15, 1936)
Carlo Alberto Biggini (November 15 1936 to July 25, 1943) 		Luigi Siciliani (October 31, 1922 to April 29, 1923)
Balbino Giuliano (July 3, 1924 to January 4, 1925)
Michele Romano (January 5, 1925 to November 5, 1926)
Pier Silverio Leicht (July 9, 1928 to January 12 , 1925) September 1929)
Renato Ricci (September 12, 1929 to November 12, 1937)
Arrigo Solmi (July 20, 1932 to January 24, 1935)
Renato Del Giudice (December 5, 1939 to February 13, 1943)
Emilio Bodrero (February 18, 1941 until May 15, 1941) 		Renamed Ministero dell'Educazione Nazionale in 1929 .
Mail, communication Giovanni Antonio Colonna (October 31, 1922 to February 5, 1924)
Costanzo Ciano (February 5, 1924 to April 30, 1934)
Umberto Puppini (April 30, 1934 to January 23, 1935)
Antonio Benni (January 24, 1935 to April 30, 1934) October 1939)
Giovanni Venturi (October 31, 1939 to February 5, 1943)
Vittorio Cini (February 6, 1943 to July 24, 1943)
Giuseppe Peverelli (July 25, 1943) 		Michele Terzaghi (October 31, 1922 to November 9, 1922)
Giuseppe Caradonna (November 10, 1922 to July 3, 1924)
Giovanni Pala (November 6, 1926 to May 4, 1928)
Filippo Pennavaria (November 6, 1926 to July 20 1932)
Raffaello Riccardi (July 9, 1928 to September 11, 1929)
Ferdinando Pierazzi (September 12, 1929 to July 19, 1932)
Ruggero Romano (July 20, 1932 to January 32, 1935)
Giovanni Venturi (January 24, 1935 to January 31 , 1932) October 1939)
Mario Janelli (January 24, 1935 to February 13, 1943)
Giovanni Marinelli (November 5, 1939 to February 13, 1943)
Giuseppe Peverelli (February 13, 1943 to July 24, 1943) 		Renamed from Ministry of Post and Telegraph to Ministry of Communications in April 1924. Finally also responsible for traffic routes.
Liberated areas Giovanni Giurati (October 31, 1922 to March 1, 1923) Umberto Merlin (October 31, 1922 to March 1, 1923) Responsible for the areas that came to Italy after the First World War. Disbanded in early 1923.
Colonies Luigi Federzoni (October 31, 1922 to June 17, 1924)
Benito Mussolini (June 17, 1924 to July 30, 1924)
Pietro Lanza (July 1, 1924 to November 5, 1926)
Luigi Federzoni (November 6, 1926 to December 18 1928)
Benito Mussolini (December 18, 1928 to September 11, 1929)
Emilio De Bono (September 12, 1929 to January 17, 1935)
Benito Mussolini (January 17, 1935 to June 10, 1936)
Alessandro Lessona (June 11, 1936 to November 20, 1937)
Benito Mussolini (November 20, 1937 to October 30, 1939)
Attilio Teruzzi (October 31, 1939 to July 25, 1943) 		Giovanni Marchi (October 31, 1922 to July 2, 1924)
Roberto Cantalupo (July 3, 1924 to November 5, 1926)
Piero Bolzon (November 6, 1926 to December 17, 1928)
Emilio De Bono (December 18, 1928 to November 11 , 1926) September 1929)
Alessandro Lessona (September 12, 1929 to June 11, 1936)
Attilio Teruzzi (November 20, 1937 to October 31, 1939) 		Renamed Ministry for Italian Africa in November 1936.
Folk culture Galeazzo Ciano (June 26, 1935 to June 11, 1936)
Dino Alfieri (June 11, 1936 to October 31, 1939)
Alessandro Pavolini (October 31, 1939 to February 5, 1943)
Gaetano Polverelli (February 6, 1943 to July 25 1943) 		Dino Alfieri (August 22, 1935 to June 11, 1936)
Gaetano Polverelli (January 12, 1941 to February 6, 1943)
Renato Rinaldi (February 15, 1943 to July 25, 1943) 		Established in September 1934 as the State Secretariat for Press and Propaganda at the Presidium of the Council of Ministers, from June 1935 as a ministry.
Fascist party Achille Starace (January 11, 1937 to October 31, 1939)
Ettore Muti (October 31, 1939 to October 29, 1940)
Adelchi Serena (October 30, 1940 to December 25, 1941)
Aldo Vidussoni (December 26, 1941 to April 18 1941)
Carlo Scorza (April 19, 1941 to July 25, 1943)
Foreign currency transactions Felice Guarneri (November 20, 1937 to October 31, 1939)
Raffaello Riccardi (October 31, 1939 to February 5, 1943)
Oreste Bonomi (February 6, 1943 to July 25, 1943) 		Salvatore Gatti (February 18, 1941 to May 8, 1941) Established in January 1936 as State Secretariat at the Presidium of the Council of Ministers, from November 1937 as a ministry.
armor Carlo Favagrossa (February 6, 1943 to July 25, 1943) Established in 1935 as a commissariat, in 1940 State Secretariat at the Presidium of the Council of Ministers, from February 1943 in Ministry.
Without business area Giovanni Giurati (March 11, 1923 to January 24, 1924)

Web links

literature

  • Denis Mack Smith: Modern Italy. A political history. New Haven / London 1997.