Trogir Cathedral
| Trogirska katedrala | |
|---|---|
 Cathedral of St. Lawrence of Trogir |
|
| Data | |
| place | Trogir |
| builder | Radovan, Andrija Aleši, Nikola Firentinac |
| Architectural style | Romanesque |
| Construction year | 1213 - 1251 |
The Cathedral of St. Laurentius ( Katedrala sv. Lovre ) is a famous architectural monument in Trogir in Croatia . The cathedral of the Trogir diocese , which was abolished in 1828, was built on a square with a long sacred tradition. Exactly at this point was a temple of the goddess Hera in antiquity and next to it the agora from the time when Trogir was still a Greek settlement called Tragourion ( Greek tragos - the ibex ).
The construction of the cathedral lasted from the 13th to the 16th centuries. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site .
history
After the Slavs and Avars invaded the city of Salona in the 7th century, they completely destroyed it. The surviving Salonites found refuge in Diocletian's Palace and founded the diocese of Split . Shortly afterwards, after the Aachen Agreement , Split became a member of the Byzantine Empire , and the region up to the city of Trogir remained part of the Croatian kingdom . After the destruction of the city of Morinje, not far from Šibenik, the Bishop of Šibenik retired to the monastery of Trogir. After his death, the monks of the monastery claimed the right to elect a bishop and Trogir became a diocese. For the first time, the Trogir diocese was mentioned in a document from 998. “ The Doge Peter II. Orseolo came to Trogir to visit and the bishop and numerous citizens received him. “The first bishop mentioned by name was Ivan Orsini (also Giovanni Ursini or John of Trogir ).
The patron saint of Trogir has been St. Laurentius . This patronage was retained, and Bishop Ivan Orsini was added as another city patron. He was considered learned, clever and humble and was very popular with the people.
The construction of the new bishopric, the cathedral , began in 1213 on the foundations of an early Christian basilica that had been destroyed by the Saracens in 1123 . King Koloman supported the construction of the cathedral and gifted it with higher favors and money than Croatian kings had ever done before.
The cathedral was built according to the plans of the architect Trifun Bokanic and was completed in 1589 with the top floor of the bell tower . Overall, the construction of the bell tower took almost two centuries: the first floor was built in Gothic style according to plans by Matija Gojkovic . The second floor has characteristics of the Venetian Gothic, the so-called “gotico fiorito” with windows reminiscent of the windows of the Ca 'd'Oro . The third floor of the bell tower was completed at the end of the 16th century. The fourth and last floor, the pyramidal end of the bell tower, is adorned with four mannerist sculptures by the Venetian sculptor Alessandro Vittoria .
Two portals were already completed in the middle of the 13th century, the simple Romanesque south portal with the carved year number 1213 and the richly decorated western portal from 1240 , on which the year and the name of the builder Radovan are carved. This magnificent entrance ( Radovanov portal ) with its extraordinary beauty wrongly overshadows the rest of the cathedral.
outer appearance
Overall assessment
The cathedral is a three-aisled Romanesque basilica with three semicircular apses . The emphatically massive stone masses, hanging arches, the toothed frieze and thickened leaves are the characteristics of Romanesque architecture .
The large natural stone blocks are of exceptional quality and have been processed very precisely, the butt joints are barely visible. Over time, the stones on the weather side acquired a yellowish-brown warm color, a weather patina . In 2014 the city administration also had the facade “cleaned” when the church building was renovated. In addition, the butt joints on the first floor were widened and filled with binding agent as protective measures. As a result, the cathedral now looks like it has got an unsightly veil.
Compared to earlier rather modest buildings, St. Laurentius appears magnificent. The cathedral was intended to emphasize the wealth of the region and the high rank of the bishop, but also the power of the royal family.
On the north side of the cathedral are the chapel of Jerome ( Kapela sv. Jeronima ), the baptistery , the chapel of St. Johannes ( Kapela sv. Ivana ) and the sacristy .
Steeple
The church tower is designed in Mannerist style and was completed in the 17th century, on an inscription with gilded letters it says: NVNQAM PRiVS AN MDXCVIII ( not before 1598 ).
Radovan's portal
Radovan's portal is the main portal of the cathedral and one of the most important preserved medieval church portals in the eastern Adriatic. It contains the following inscription:
HAC ARTE PRAECLARUM UT PATET EX IPSIS SCULPTURIS ET EX ANAGLIPHIS
ANNO MILLENO DUCENO BISQUE UICENO PRESULE TUSCANO FLORIS EX URBE
TREGUANO( "The portal was built by Radovan in 1240 after the birth of the Virgin, in his ability rising from everyone, which can be seen from the sculptures and reliefs, for the Biskup Treguan, the Tuscan from Florence" )
The peculiarity of the portal lies in the scene selected by Radovan. This was unique for the time and was presented for the first time in this way: The birth of Christ is placed as the main theme in the middle of the portal. The depiction of other biblical motifs that had never before been seen together in an iconography was novel. Scenes from the life of Christ can be seen on the lunette and the inner arch: the Annunciation, Joseph's dream, the birth, the arrival of the three kings, the gifts of the shepherds, the gifts of the kings as virtuoso reliefs .
All scenes, as well as the scene with the Archangel Gabriel , come from the New Testament. The messenger of God with long, braided hair, who preaches the good news to the Virgin Mary ; a dynamic scene with clothes that look like they're moving. Next to Mary is in mirror writing steht ΡΜ , which must be read as ΜΡ ΘΥ (Μητηρ θεου - Mother of God) . Karaman writes that Radovan, who had no knowledge of Greek, used a Byzantine carving of ivory as a template for his reliefs and sculptures.
It is also interesting that Master Radovan did not show the birthplace of Jesus as a cave in Bethlehem according to Byzantine iconography, but rather its depiction is fictitious. It is unusual at this time to deviate from this type of standard. According to Radovan, the birth took place in a stable, the Mother of God lying on a wooden bed and her head resting on a pillow, next to her the swaddled child. His figures on the rest of the reliefs are in motion: Mary, as a precautionary measure, covers the child, a shepherd who sits next to Joseph reaches for his hat, a lamb is suckling, the dog turns his head, two ibexes are fighting, a shepherd bends over forward and take off your hat.
The incomplete cycle with allegories of the month is considered to be the portal's unsolved puzzle. After a hundred years of discussion and analysis, Belamarić finally had an explanation: Each month was described with three symbolic elements: with the zodiac sign , a color and with a clear attribute, usually a fieldwork characteristic of the month. The month of March is at the center of the scene, which can be explained by the fact that the proclamation at that time marked the Christian beginning of the year.
inner space
Main nave
In contrast, the vault of the central nave is Gothic , as it was only built in the 15th century. It is believed that two bell towers were planned according to the original plan and that the walls in the atrium were therefore built extra solid. The chiseled plan of a building can be seen on a stone built into the first floor. It shows a three-aisled building divided by pylons, with pilasters on one side, just like in the cathedral itself. Architects suspect that a dome was originally intended over the central nave.
The Gothic ribbed vault in the atrium was built in the 13th century. On June 2nd, 1271, a contract was signed with Venetian masters to erect scaffolding for ceiling construction. The vaulted ceiling of the side aisles was built in the 14th century and the vaulted ceiling of the main nave was built in the 15th century. All the vaults are geometrically atypical for the Gothic architecture of Dalmatia.
The cousin of the Croatian-Hungarian king Bela IV , who fled from the Tatars and found refuge in Trogir in 1242, is buried in the cathedral .
The most important difference between Trogir Cathedral and other buildings of the time are the richly articulated vaults and the structures in the porch of the cathedral, which no longer have anything in common with the smooth and bare walls of the apses of the early pulpit churches.
For the first and only time the Anjou style has been realized here in Dalmatia . The vault of the central nave is much deeper and more pointed than the vault of the side aisles. In the longitudinal direction there is a crown rib, which is one of the characteristics of the Angevin (Anjou) vaults.
The consoles of the central nave are richly decorated with vegetable ornaments. The stonemason has carved large, bearded heads out of stone under the consoles. It is not known why the Anjou style was used in the 15th century, although its heyday was in the 13th century. It is believed to be related to the rule of the Anjou dynasty. Above the rose window on the west wall there is a smaller opening in which angels carry the coat of arms of King Ludwig I , also called Ludwig von Anjou, King of Hungary and Croatia . The coat of arms is one of the few remaining evidence of Hungarian rule in Dalmatia.
- altar
Master Mavro built a large altar in the shape of a canopy inside the cathedral in the 14th century . On the ciborium are sculptures of the Virgin Mary and the Archangel Gabriel ( Annunciation of the Lord ) and to the side of the altar are sculptures of St. John of Trogir ( sv. Ivan Trogirski ) and St. Laurentius ( sv. Lovre ) from the 18th century. The octagonal pulpit with Romanesque capitals is the work of the local art school and was completed in the 13th century; Ivan Budislavic carved the wooden choir benches.
Chapel of St. John
The Chapel of St. Johannes ( kapela sv Ivana ) is considered one of the most beautiful Renaissance monuments in Europe. It is located on the north wall of the cathedral. Like the baptistery and the Temple of Jupiter in Diocletian's Palace, it was built according to the same concept as in Split. The coffered ceiling consists of 26 fields; The chiseled head of a stone seraph was placed in each field .
According to Andrija Mutnjakovic, this is a unique composition that did not previously exist in Renaissance art. The walls of the chapel are divided into four units: the base of the chapel has the shape of a bench, on the frieze there are torch-bearer putti , in the middle there are niches for sculptures, and the top is the attic with round window openings. The chapel was renovated in 2002 under the direction of the Venetian Heritage Incorporation . In 2010 the south portal was restored. Further restoration work on the west portal, such as inside the cathedral, lasted until the mid-2010s.
Chapel of St. Jerome
Nikoleta Sobotić, née Casotti, widowed niece of Bishop Nikola Casotti, received permission in 1438 to build the chapel of St. Jerome ( kapela sv Jeronima ). Her crypt is said to be in the chapel. On July 31, 1438 a contract was signed with the builders Marco Gruato and Nikola Račić. The vault of the chapel is a Gothic cross vault . The ribs rest on consoles adorned with leaf and fruit ornaments.
Pavao Andreis writes that there was a picture of St. Jerome in the chapel, the work of the artist Palme. However, it remains unclear whether it was the younger or older palm. In the chapel there is an icon , the work of a painter from Crete whose name is unknown. The picture is covered with tin so that only the heads of the Virgin Mary and little Jesus can be seen.
Builders, stonemasons and sculptors
The names of all the stonemasons and builders who were employed at the cathedral have not been passed down. Apart from Master Radovan, who designed and built the main portal, generations of masters and helpers from places on both sides of the Adriatic were also employed at the cathedral.
After a shelling by Venetian ships, Master Matej Gojković worked on the repairs to the badly damaged bell tower and the cathedral. Master bricklayer Moskardelo ( magister, Moscardellus, maurarius ) was mentioned in a document from 1264, which was issued in the " Little House of St. Lawrence" ( ... actum in camarada sancti Laurenti ubi laborat ... ), ie in a barrack on the construction site of the Cathedral where tools and plans were kept and students received lessons.
Master Stjepan and Matej worked on the first floor of the bell tower, stonemason Petar Pozdančić Radmilov from Šibenik made the gargoyles. The builders Allegretti (= Radoj ), Marco Gruato (= Joannes Graviato, Zuan Graviato ?), Nikola Raičić, Stjepan made the Gothic vault of the central nave. At the chapel of St. Jerome worked by the Venetians Marco Gruato and Nikola Račić. The Chapel of St. John was essentially created by Andrija Aleši and Nikola Firentinac ( Niccolò di Giovanni Fiorentino ). In 1406 there was mention of a stonemason Ivan from the island of Korčula , who laid slabs with his brother Hranić .
Loggias , which were built above the terraces of the side aisles, served in the 15th and 16th centuries as places of residence for bricklayers and stonemasons. On the floors of the loggias there are sketches of the windows, the bell tower, the arches, the sacristy, the chapel of St. Johannes and other architectural details. A set square was also carved into the west wall of the baptistery .
The stonemasons, sculptors and other masters left their stonemason marks on the walls of the cathedral , right-angled hollows carved in the stone, also flowers, leaves, crescents and letters.
literature
- Ivan Babic: Katedrala .
- Ivana Prijatelj-Pavičić, Lovorka Čoralić: Prilog poznavanju djelovanja trogirske graditeljske obitelji Aviani .
- Ivana Prijatelj-Pavičić, Lovorka Čoralić: Prilog proučavanju trogirske barokne arhitekture primjena interdisciplinarnih metoda istraživanja .
- Marina Šimunić Buršić: Specifičnosti križno-rebrastih svodova trogirske katedrale .
- Ivan Josipović: Nikola Firentinac i Alešijeva Krstionica Trogirske katedrale .
- Radoslav Bužančić: Majstor Radovan i nedovršeni romanički portal Trogirske katedrale .
- Milan Ivanišević: Sveti Ivan Trogirski biskup .
- Miljenko Jurković: Crkvena reforma i rano romanička arhitektura na istočnom Jadranu .
- Radoslav Bužančić: Trogirski i hvarski opus Trifuna Bokanića .
Web links
- Tour of the cathedral
- Homepage of the city of Trogir (Croatian)
- Trogir - Katedrala sv. Lovre - Srednja Dalmacija
- Picture gallery of Trogir Cathedral
Individual evidence
- ↑ Specifičnosti križno-rebrastih svodova trogirske katedrale , Marina Šimunić Buršić Sveučilište u Zagrebu Arhitektonski facultet; (Babić, 2005: 60th Uza zvonik katedrale nađen je žrtvenik posvećen božici Heri [Babić, 2005: 29].)
- ↑ List of Unesco World Heritage Sites; No. 810: Trogir Cathedral , accessed on 23 May 2018.
- ↑ Milan Ivanisevic: Sveti Ivan trogirski biskup, Giovanni diacono , oc 158.
- ↑ Milan IVANIŠEVIĆ: Sveti Ivan trogirski biskup (VP Goss, "Bishop Stjepan II and Herceg Koloman and the Beginnings of the Gothic in Croatia", Hortusartium medievalium 13, Motovun 2007 .; 51-63).
- ^ Introduction to building palaces in Venice. Accessed December 31, 2014 .
- ↑ Marina Šimunić Buršić, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Arhitektonski facultet : Specifičnosti križno-rebrastih svodova trogirske katedrale .
- ↑ a b c d e Ivan Babić: Katedrala… .
- ↑ Ivan Babic: Katedrala ; EITELBERGER V. EDELBERG, RF (2009.), 155; DELALLE, I. (1936.), 71.
- ↑ Lj.Karaman : Portal majstora Radovana u Trogiru , Zagreb, 1938.
- ↑ J. Belamarić: ciklus mjeseci Radovanova Portala na Katedrali u Trogiru , študije iz srednjovjekovne i renesansne umjetnosti na Jadranu, Split 2001, 95th
- ↑ Ivan Babic: Katedrala ; EITELBERGER V. EDELBERG, R. (2009.), 128.
- ↑ Prema predaji koju prenosi Jackson, neki èlanovi kraljevske porodice umrli su za tatarske invazije, kada se kralj Bela IV. S pratnjom sklonio u Trogir, pa su pokopani u trogirskoj katedrali [Eitelberger, 1861: 216; Jackson, 1887: 69, prema: I. Luèiæ (Lucius, De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae libri sex. Amsterdam 1666)]
- ↑ French Atlantic Coast: Architecture and Art ( Memento of the original from December 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Anžuvinci (Anjou)
- ↑ Ivan Babić: Katedrala ; 214 FISKOVIĆ, C. (1940.a), 63, n.94; FISKOVIĆ, C. (1962.d), 115-136; ZELIĆ, D. (2007.): 75-76.
- ↑ Ivan Babić: Katedrala ; ZELIĆ, D. (2009.), 103.
- ↑ Ivan Babić: Katedrala ; BARADA, M. (1948.), 21, 22.
- ↑ (Ivan Babić: Katedrala , str.3, [IVEKOVIĆ, Ć. M. (1910.), 6; GIBSON, S., WARDPERKINS, B. (1977.), 293; IVANČEVIĆ, R. (1994.a) , 111-120].
Coordinates: 43 ° 31 ′ 1.5 ″ N , 16 ° 15 ′ 5 ″ E