Kermanshah

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Kermanshah
Kermanshah 2010
Kermanshah 2010
Kermanshah (Iran)
Kermanshah
Kermanshah
Basic data
Country: IranIran Iran
Province : Kermanshah
Coordinates : 34 ° 19 ′  N , 47 ° 4 ′  E Coordinates: 34 ° 19 ′  N , 47 ° 4 ′  E
Height : 1350  m
Residents : 1,083,833 (2016 census)
Area code : 083
Time zone : UTC +3: 30
Website: www.kermanshahcity.ir

Kermanshah or Kermanshah ( Persian کرمانشاه, DMG Kermānšāh [ kʲermɔːnˈʃɔːh ], Kurdish کرماشان Kirmaşan ) is the capital of the Iranian province of Kermanshah and is therefore on the border with Iraq .

history

According to the historian Hamdollah Mostowfi , Kermanshah was founded in the 4th century under the rule of the Sassanid Bahram IV . As a former governor of Kerman, he had received the title of Kerman Shah . The name of the city is derived from this title. Other sources such as al-Muqaddasi name King Kavadh I as the founder.

Kermanshah was a summer residence of the kings of the Sassanid Empire, especially Chosrau II called Parwez , who built a palace there. The famous story of Khosrau and Shirin in Shāhnāme , also recorded by Nizami and Mir Ali Sher Nava'i ( Shirin and Farhad ), relates to the time of Khosrau Parwez. At that time the city, like Hamadan , was an important place on the trade route to Baghdad . Rulers of subsequent dynasties such as Hārūn ar-Raschīd and the Buyids also use the city as a residence.

In the course of its history, Kermanshah has been occupied by foreign troops many times. So after the conquest of Hulwan 640 by the Muslim Arabs , Kermanshah was also taken by the Arabs. Kermanshah became part of the Jibal Province . The Seljuks conquered the city in the 11th century . The Seljuks made the city the provincial capital of the newly founded province of Kurdistan , which contained today's Iranian part of Kurdistan . Kermanshah had no significant position until the 15th century. With the rise of the Safavids , Kermanshah became a border town between the Safavids and the Ottoman Empire . Between 1590 and 1602 the city fell to the Ottomans. From the 17th century, the Kurdish tribe of the Zangana provided the city administrators. Kermanshah became the most important city in Persian Kurdistan.

During the First World War , Russian troops had invaded northern Iran and British troops had invaded the south. With German and Turkish help, a "provisional government" under the leadership of Reza Qoli Khan Nezam al Saltaneh was established in Kermanshah, which was not yet occupied by foreign troops . The clergyman Hassan Modarres , who served as Minister of Justice, was also involved. In order to avoid the term “government” out of consideration for the still incumbent central government in Tehran, the name was “Committee X”. As the Russian troops advanced, the seat of the government-in-exile was relocated together with the branch of the German embassy to Qasr-e Shirin (located directly on today's border between Iran and Iraq). The Russian general Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Baratow, unimpressed by the German activities, led his troops on to the southwest of Iran. On February 22, 1916, Russian troops occupied Kermanshah. After the victory at Kut in what is now Iraq, the Ottoman troops began an offensive eastwards towards Iran. On June 3, 1916, they met Russian troops in Iran, defeated them and took Kermanshah on July 2. In the area controlled by the Turks, the "provisional government" under Nezam al Saltaneh, which had again resettled to Kermanshah, set up its own administration, recruited recruits and levied taxes. In July 1916, the Reich government sent Rudolf Nadolny to Iran as chargé d'affaires for the German embassy, ​​who set up a branch of the German embassy in Kermanshah. To finance the “provisional government” under the leadership of Reza Qoli Khan Nezam al Saltaneh, Nadolny had minted Persian silver and gold coins in Berlin and 4 million Reichsmarks in 10, 20 and 100 mark notes, with a red print with 2½, 5 and 25 Toman provided, taken to Kermanshah. A bank was opened and the German mark was put into circulation as a means of payment in Iran. On March 11, 1917, Baghdad fell into the hands of the British. The end of the Ottoman offensive in Iran was sealed. The German military mission and the provisional government of Iran fled western Iran to Kirkuk . The Iranian Provisional Government under Nezam al Saltaneh ceased operations on May 7, 1917.

During the time of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , among other things, an important oil refinery was built in Kermanshah as part of the development programs of the White Revolution .

After the Islamic Revolution in 1979, there was a dispute over the name of the city and the province. First, Kermanshah and the associated province were renamed Bakhtaran (West) in order to erase reminiscences of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

The city was badly devastated during the Iran-Iraq war . In the final phase of the war, the army of the National Council of Resistance of Iran stationed in Iraq attempted to advance from Iraq via Kermanshah to Tehran (operations " 40 Stars " in the north and " Eternal Light " in western Iran). Actually single-handedly and in the shadow of the Iraqis who had previously briefly conquered the region (but then retreated again), they occupied the province of Ilam and parts of the province of Kermanshah (Islamabad e garb, Karand, Sarand, Sar e Pole e zahab etc.). Kermanshah itself could not be captured by the rebel army. They had to withdraw to Iraq after the Iraqi-Iranian armistice in August 1988. The rebels reported 2,000 dead, wounded and prisoners on their own side, and gave the government troops lost 55,000 (out of up to 200,000 deployed soldiers).

Although the city is almost completely rebuilt today, it is still suffering from the aftermath of the war. After the war the city got its traditional name again.

traffic

The Arak – Kermanshah line , which branches off the Trans-Iranian Railway in Arak , has been open to Malayer since 2011 and is also under construction (2016), is to end in the city.

Universities

sons and daughters of the town

gallery

  • Statue of Verethragna as Hercules, Bisutun near Kermanshah

  • View of Kermanshah with the Farokhshad and Wasi Mountains in the background (1866)

  • Kermanshah 1938

  • Refinery in Kermanshah 1970

Climate table

Kermanshah
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.
 
 
67
 
8th
-4
 
 
63
 
10
-3
 
 
89
 
15th
0
 
 
70
 
19th
4th
 
 
34
 
24
8th
 
 
1
 
34
11
 
 
0
 
38
16
 
 
0
 
37
15th
 
 
1
 
33
10
 
 
29
 
25th
6th
 
 
54
 
17th
2
 
 
70
 
10
-3
Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm
Source: wetterkontor.de
Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Kermanshah
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 8.2 9.8 14.9 19.0 23.5 33.5 38.1 37.4 32.8 25.3 16.5 10.4 O 22.5
Min. Temperature (° C) -3.9 -2.8 0.0 4.2 8.0 11.0 16.3 15.1 10.0 5.7 1.5 -2.6 O 5.3
Precipitation ( mm ) 67 63 89 70 34 1 0 0 1 29 54 70 Σ 478
Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 4.5 5.4 6.6 6.8 7.8 11.7 11.6 11.1 9.7 7.0 6.0 5.1 O 7.8
Humidity ( % ) 75 71 62 57 49 28 23 23 25th 40 59 71 O 48.5
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
8.2
-3.9
9.8
-2.8
14.9
0.0
19.0
4.2
23.5
8.0
33.5
11.0
38.1
16.3
37.4
15.1
32.8
10.0
25.3
5.7
16.5
1.5
10.4
-2.6
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
i
e
d
e
r
s
c
h
l
a
g 		67
63
89
70
34
1
0
0
1
29
54
70
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source: wetterkontor.de

See also

Web links

Commons : Kermanshah  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Statistical Center of Iran: Population by age groups and sex and province, the 2016 Population and Housing Census. (xlsx) Retrieved July 21, 2017 (Excel file, can be downloaded from the website. (Excel; 21 KB)).
  2. ↑ Rudolf Nalodny: My contribution. dme-Verlag, Cologne, 1985, p. 96.
  3. ^ Ulrich Gehrke: Persia in the German Orientpolitik. W. Kohlhammer, 1960, p. 240.