Upcoming Breitenbich

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Breitenbich on the measuring table sheet 1: 25000 Mühlhausen from 1868.

The Kommende Breitenbich was a branch of the Lazarus Order in the hamlet of Breitenbich near Zella , a district of the municipality of Anrode ( Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis , Thuringia ). The coming came from a Cistercian monastery ( monastery Breitenbich ), which only existed in Breitenbich for a few years and was moved to Anrode after destruction around 1250 ( monastery Anrode ), and whose goods were transferred (partly?) To the Order of Lazarus in 1253 were. After the Order of Lazarus was incorporated into the Order of St. John in 1490/2, Breitenbich came to serve as the court of the Order of the Coming Gotha, which had also passed to the Order of St. John . In 1518/19 the farm in Breitenbich was given a long lease. In 1533 the farm came into the possession of the Gotha City Council, and in 1543 the farm was finally sold.

location

The hamlet of Breitenbich is located on the left side of the Unstrut, east of the village of Zella and northwest of Horsmar in what is today the Unstrut-Hainich district in Thuringia. To the south and east is a larger forest called Siechenholz . Breitenbich has been confused again and again with Breitenbach in the former Worbis district (today Eichsfeld district ), including Walter Rödel in his work Becoming and Working of the Order of Lazarus. An overview with special consideration of the religious houses in Germany and Switzerland.

However, the exact location of the short-lived Cistercian monastery in Breitenbich and the location of the Lazarite comers are not known for certain, neither whether the comer was at the site of the destroyed monastery, nor whether the monastery and / or the comer were at the site of the later manor. Archaeological investigations have not yet been undertaken. Only a few general considerations can be made about location. According to oral tradition, the monastery (and the later seat of the committees?) Is said to have been 1,800 paces (almost 1,500 m) northwest of the current location, near the forest village of Rosenhagen. 300 to 500 steps south of the Rosenhagen forest were discovered in the middle of the 19th century, as far as the Zella district, remains of walls of buildings. In 1369 the Anrode Monastery exchanged 20 acres of land located on the Hagin for 20 acres of the Kommende Breitenbich in the Apental near Helmsdorf. This rather indicates that the monastery of the Cistercian women was actually in Rosenhagen, while the buildings of the Coming House could not be located there. If a hospital was connected with the settlement of the Lazarites, as generally assumed, then the commander was more at the present location of Breitenbich. The Mühlhäuser Landgraben runs directly to the east of Breitenbich . The old road at that time ran via Horsmar through the Horsmarer Warte to Breitenbich and from there to Zella.

According to Johannes Wolf, the abandoned town of Germe (n) roth is said to have been in the area north of Zella. This is one of the reasons why the location of the old monastery of the Cistercian women is unsafe.

history

In contrast to Walter Rödel, who in his work Becoming and Working of the Order of Lazarus. An overview with special consideration of the religious houses in Germany and Switzerland from 1974 the branch of the Lazarites in Breitenbich referred to only as the Ordenshof, which is said to have been administered by the Lazarite Commander in Gotha and the local commander, Breitenbich was one from at least 1274 to 1489 independent and even not insignificant comedians. In the 13th and 14th centuries it was even temporarily the seat of the Landkomtur of Thuringia of the Order of Lazarus, as the documents from 1267 and 1369 show. In 1278 even the master of the order province of Alemannia issued a certificate here.

Around 1200, the Reich ministers Werner von Salze called von Schifferstein ( Wernerus a Scriverstein ), Konrad von Alt-Mühlhausen ( Conradus de Aldinmulhin ) and Johann von Bodenstein ( Johannes de Botinstein ) handed over goods in Breitenbich to the local church to equip a nunnery. According to Johannes Wolf, however, this date cannot be correct. When exactly the monastery in Breitenbich was founded is not known, Johannes Wolf suspects the time from 1230 to 1240. During the Thuringian-Hessian War of Succession (1247–1263) the buildings were destroyed or at least badly damaged. The nuns fled to Mühlhausen. The destroyed monastery, the church and the goods in Breitenbich were bought on April 28, 1253 by the heirs of the founder Werner von Schifferstein, Conrad von Altmühlhausen and Raboto von Diedorf as well as the sister of Conrad von Altmühlhausen with the consent of the provost Otto von Breitenbich the Lazarus Transfer medals. Presumably the heirs Wicherus de Botenstein and his wife Adelheid did not want to recognize the donation. In 1288 they withdrew the lawsuit against a monetary payment of 3 silver marks. However, not all goods were transferred because the Anrode monastery (as the successor to the Breitenbich monastery) claimed 20 acres in Rosenhagen, (north) west of Breitenbich, until 1369.

On January 21, 1267 January Burkard gen. V. Salza, procurator and master of the Lazarite houses in Thuringia (later called Landkomtur), an exchange between the Volkenroda monastery and the Lazarite house in Breitenbich. The convent in Breitenbich gave a hoof to Graba ( large grave), which had once belonged to the sons of brother Heinrich Vastmude von Mühlhausen, against four hooves in Germenroth (fallen desolate north of Zella), and then to the west to the Hof von Breitenbich. The issue of the certificate in Breitenbich also shows that at this point in time the order buildings had already been (re) established or rebuilt. However, there is no commendator in office yet, just a provisional , a brother Reinhardus.

On May 30, 1273, Brother Heinrich von Graba, Master of the Order of Lazarus in Germany ( Frater H., magister ordinis sancti Lazari per Alemaniam ), authorized his Commander of the Upper Houses of Uol. (= Volbert) and the commanders of the Schlatt , Gfenn and Uri houses with the church of Hasle in the canton of Lucerne , which they consider beneficial for the benefit and honor of the order. The certificate was (still) issued in Megersheim . He confirmed the transaction on January 7, 1274. This document, however, was issued to Breitenbich ( Breitenbach ).

On January 3, 1278, Brother Heinrich, Master of the Order of Lazarus in Germany and the brothers in Breitenbich issued a certificate stating that they had assigned three hooves to the Reifenstein Monastery near Elberigerode (Elbelingerode / Elblengerode / Ebelrode, just under 800 m east of Hüpstedt ) and got one and a half hooves from Germeroth and one hoof from Zella.

On August 3, 1278, Brother Heinrich (von Graba), the master of all Lazarite houses in Germany ( Alemania (m) ), with the will of the General Chapter, sold nine acres of land near Breitenbich to the Teutonic Order in Mühlhausen . Witnesses to this transmission are the commander von Breitenbich, a (further) brother Heinrich ( Henricus ) (certainly not the preceptor of the order province of Alemannia ) and a brother Ernestus, also from Breitenbich, as well as the Teutonic brothers Gernotus and Henricus de Kornere. It is very likely that these nine acres of land lay east of the Mühlhäuser Landgraben.

Gasthaus Siechenhof or black trousers at the Lengefelder Warte in the Mühlhausen Landgraben. Excerpt from the topographic map 1: 25,000 Mühlhausen 4728 from 1868

A religious house / courtyard in Helmsdorf was also connected to the Kommende Breitenbich . On February 24, 1283 Albert Graf von Gleichen gave the Order of Lazarus as an aid for the maintenance of his new settlement in Helmsdorf the right of patronage over the church there and the chapel in Wolcrameshausen (desolate, today Wolkramshäuser Mühle near Helmsdorf) with all accessories. In addition, he transferred the fish pasture and the hunting rights "in confinio Eychisfelt" to the Lazarus Order, and confirmed the possessions of the Order as well as those still to be acquired. He also released the monastery from the supervision of his bailiffs. According to Levin von Wintzingeroda-Knorr , the Ordenshof von Helmsdorf was probably located on the site of the Siechenhof inn or also known as the Schwarze Hose, immediately west of the Lengefelder Warte of the Mühlhausen Landgraben. In the 19th century, the inn was an important stop, unloading and transformer station for freight wagons on the road on the right side of the Unstrut valley. Older buildings hadn't been preserved in the 19th century, writes Levin von Wintzingeroda-Knorr in 1903. The inn was demolished after World War II. The location of the presumed Siechenhof also fits the location of the 20 acres of field in the Appental, which was exchanged in 1369 for 20 acres of land from the Anrode monastery on the Hagin . The Appental lay to the west and south-west adjoining the Siechenhof . On the other hand, no hospital is mentioned in the documents that directly concern Breitenbich.

In 1312 the Counts of Gleichen (stein) also ceded the right of patronage over the church in Horsmar to the Kommende Breitenbich. On March 21, 1313, Pope Clemens V confirmed to the commendators and brothers of the Knightly Order of S. Lazarus in Breitenbich that the patronage rights of the churches of St. Pankratius zu Horsmar and St. Peter zu Helmsdorf had been transferred to them by the brothers Albert and Hermann Grafen zu Gleichen.

On January 12, 1315 ( pridie idus Ianuarii ) brother Heinrich von Topelsteyn, Landkomtur in Thuringia and brother Bertoldus Culhopphe, Komtur in Breitenbich sold a forest near Bevestete ( Beberstedt ) and sixteen acres in the field Azelenrode (fallen desert, near Beberstedt) for eight marks Silver less a Ferto to the abbot and convent of the Cistercian monastery Reifenstein . A brother Eberhardus and a priest Johannes in the Domus in Helmboldendorph are also mentioned in the document .

According to Bernhard Opfermann, the Kommende Breitenbich came under Mainz suzerainty in 1294 and had to deliver the following goods in kind to the Mainz office of Gleichenstein in 1358: four Malter Korn and four Malter oats for autumn, one Malter peas for Lent, two lambs and a bucket of butter at Easter, and to the four main festivals a total of 16 Malter cheese. In addition, services had to be performed and a hostel made available for the Mainz officials. In addition, the court was the venue.

In 1369 the commander Günther Stos zu Breitenbich, who was also the Landkomtur of the Lazarus Order, exchanged 20 acres of land near Appenthal, which had belonged to the Helmsdorf Order, for 20 acres of land from the Anrode Monastery on the Hagin . The use of the past tense that was ours and hoarding to us Wedeme zu Helmboldesdorf suggests that the Ordenshof zu Helmsdorf had already been abandoned in 1369. The document also gives an indication that the Kommende Breitenbich and the former Cistercian monastery Breitenbich were probably not in the same place, because the former monastery in Rosenhagen apparently remained in the possession of the Anrode monastery until 1369.

In 1378 Brother Bertold, Landkomtur in Thuringia and Commander in Gotha, pledged five Hufen land near Rosenhagen near Breitenbich for 40 pounds Mühlhäuser Pfennige to Heinrich Knorre and his descendants. The commander Johannes von Huppinghestete eyn Prister and eyn Kummenthur zu Breytenbech are also mentioned.

With the bull Cum solerti meditatione pensamus of March 28, 1489, Pope Innocent VIII repealed the Order of Lazarus and united it with the Order of St. John. By 1492 the court was probably passed to the Johanniterkommende Gotha. In a document from 1519, Johann Rösner, who was then commander of the Johanniterkommenden Wildungen and Wiesenfeld , wrote that the Kommende Gotha passed to the Johanniter 27 years ago (i.e. 1492). Johann Rösner was formally commander of the Kommende Gotha, which now belongs to the Order of St. John, until 1518, but he had largely left the official business to his deputy Peter Klopstein.

In 1503, Peter Klopstein set Heinrich Schmiedt (en) as a housekeeper on the farm in Breitenbich for an annual interest rate of 14 guilders. In 1518 he left the farm in Breitenbich to Heinrich Schmiedt (en) on a long lease against an annual pension of 10 guilders and assuming all obligations and burdens. In 1519 Johann Rösner, the former commander of the Kommende Johanniterkommende Wildungen and Johanniterkommende Wiesenfeld, confirmed the long lease contract. In 1533 Heinrich Schmiedt returned the long lease contract for Breitenbich from 1518/19 and received the farm as a fief from the Gotha City Council. In 1535, Duke Johann Friedrich confirmed the lease agreement.

In 1542 the heirs of Heinrich Schmiedt, Justus and Ciliax Schmid waived the enfeoffment with the court against payment of 400 guilders. However, the Archbishop of Mainz claimed the upper and lower jurisdiction in Breitenbich.

In 1543 the commissioners of the then elector and archbishop of Mainz Albrecht von Brandenburg, Friedrich Merum, pastor and superintendent, Melchior von Wechmar, commander in Reinhardsbrunn and the city council of Gotha sold the court in Breitenbich to the brothers Hans and Wilhelm Knorre von Sollstedt for 1800 Gulden. Of this, 700 guilders should be paid in cash, 600 should be paid on the coming Michaelmas day and 500 guilders should remain for ten years and bear 5 percent interest. The first interest payment should begin on Michaelmas day 1545. The right of patronage over the churches in Dachrieden , Horsmar and Helmsdorf remained with the Gotha City Council.

At that time the estate was 784 acres of land and 120 acres of forest. The Knorre family maintained the property until after 1900; it was then sold in parts.

Land Commander

  • 1267 Burkard called v. Salza, procurator and master of the Lazarite houses in Thuringia
  • 1270 Henricus, commendator
  • 1315 Heinrich von Topelsteyn, Landkomtur in Thuringia
  • 1369 Günther Stos, commander of Breitenbich and land commander
  • 1378 Brother Bertold, land commander and at the same time commander in Gotha
  • 1430–40 Henricus Stopil, land commander
  • 1478–82 Conrad Flinßbergk, Landkomtur
  • 1483–87 Matthäus Eichhorn, Land Commander

Commander / Commendators from Breitenbich

  • 1267 Brother Reinhardus, provisional
  • 1278 brother Heinrich, commander
  • 1315 Bertoldus Culdopphe, commander
  • 1369 Günther Stos, commander and land commander
  • 1378 Johann von Huppingstete, commander
  • 1437 Johann Pinckernal, commander
  • 1503–1518 Heinrich Schmiedt, administrator

literature

  • August Beck: History of the Gotha Country, Volume 2. History of the City of Gotha. Publishing house of EF Thienemann's Hofbuchhandlung, Gotha, 1870 (hereinafter abbreviated to Beck, History of the Gotha Country with the corresponding page number)
  • Fontes Rerum Bernensium. Bern's historical sources. Third volume, covering the period from 1271 July 3 to 1299, December 3. In commission of the J. Dalp'schen Buchhandlung (K. Schmidt), Bern, 1881 (hereinafter abbreviated to Fontes Rerum Bernensium, Volume 3, with corresponding page number and Certificate number).
  • Johann Georg August Galletti: History and description of the Duchy of Gotha, 2nd part. 298 p., Carl Wilhelm Ettinger, Gotha 1779 (hereinafter abbreviated to Galletti, Herzogthum Gotha with corresponding page number)
  • Karl Herquet : Document book of the former free imperial city Mühlhausen in Thuringia. In: Historical Sources of the Province of Saxony and Adjacent Areas, Volume 3 , Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, Halle, 1874 (hereinafter abbreviated to Herquet, Mühlhausen document book with the corresponding page number and document number)
  • Karl Heinrich lamp: Thuringian historical sources. New episode seventh volume. Document book of the Deutschordensballei Thuringia. First volume. XVI, 808 p., Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena 1936 (in the following abbreviated Thuringian historical sources, vol. 7 with corresponding page number and certificate number)
  • Leopold Freiherr von Ledebur: The merger of the St. Lazarus order in Germany with the Johannitern. Weekly newspaper of the Johanniter-Ordens-Balley Brandenburg, 1st year, issue 10 (December 5, 1860), pp. 37–39, Berlin 1860.
  • Walter G. Rödel: Becoming and working of the Lazarus order. An overview with special consideration of the religious houses in Germany and Switzerland. 36 p., Cologne 1974 (in the following abbreviated Rödel, Becoming and Working of the Order of Lazarus with corresponding page number)
  • Friedrich Rudolphi: Third part of the princely Saxon-Gothaic history description. Christian Benschens Buchhandlung, Frankfurt / Main 1717 (hereinafter referred to as Rudolphi, history description, 3 with corresponding page number)
  • Caspar Sagittarius: Casparii Sagittarii Historici Saxonici. Historia Gothana Plenior. Ioannes Bielckius, Jena 1700 (hereinafter abbreviated to Sagittarius, Historia Gothana with corresponding page number)
  • Friedrich Schmidt: History of the city of Sangerhausen: edited on behalf of the magistrate. Volume 1, 916 pages, self-published by the magistrate, Sangerhausen 1906 (in the following abbreviated to Schmidt, history of the city of Sangerhausen with corresponding page number)
  • Wilhelm Ernst Ten (t) zel: Supplementum historiae Gothanae primum. Bielckius, Ienae / Jena 1701 (hereinafter abbreviated to Tentzel, Supplementum 1 with corresponding page number)
  • Wilhelm Ernst Ten (t) zel: Supplementum historiae Gothanae secundum. Bielckius, Ienae / Jena 1716 (hereinafter abbreviated to Tentzel, Supplementum 2 with the corresponding page number)
  • Levin Freiherr von Wintzingeroda-Knorr: The desert areas of the Eichsfeld. In: Historical Sources of the Province of Saxony, Volume 40, Verlag Otto Hendel, Halle 1903 (in the following abbreviated Wintzingeroda-Knorr, Wüstungen with corresponding page number)
  • Johannes Wolf: Political history of the Eichsfeld. First volume. Johann Georg Rosenbusch, Göttingen 1792 (hereinafter abbreviated to Wolf, Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes, Vol. 1 with corresponding page number)
  • Johann Wolf: Eichsfeldische Kirchengeschichte: with 134 documents. 224 p. (Text part), 243 p. (Document part and register) Göttingen, 1816 (in the following abbreviated to Wolf, Eichsfeldische Kirchengeschichte with corresponding page number or document number and page number)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rödel, Becoming and Working of the Order of Lazarus , p. 23.
  2. ↑ a b Wintzingeroda-Knorr, Wüstungen , p. 146 Online at www.archive.org
  3. ↑ a b c d Herquet, Mühlhausen document book , p. 67, document no . 177 Online at Google Books .
  4. ↑ Fontes Rerum Bernensium , Volume 3, pp. 69/70, Certificate No. 67.
  5. ↑ a b c d Wolf, Eichsfeldische Kirchengeschichte , document XXII (= 22), p. Online at Google Books , document 30, p. 37/38 (document part).
  6. ^ A b Sagittarius , Historia Gothana, p. 236 Online at Google Books
  7. ↑ a b c d Wolf, Eichsfeldische Kirchengeschichte , pp. 77/78 (text part). Online at Google Books
  8. ↑ Fontes Rerum Bernensium , Volume 3, p. 66, Certificate 63.
  9. ↑ Fontes Rerum Bernensium , Volume 3, p. 66, Certificate 63.
  10. ↑ a b Wolf, Eichsfeldische Kirchengeschichte , p. 78 (text part). Online at Google Books (footnote: with the full wording of the certificate)
  11. ↑ Thuringian historical sources , vol. 7 , p. 229, document no. 294.
  12. ↑ Wintzingeroda-Knorr, Wüstungen , p. 1047 Online at www.archive.org
  13. ↑ Wintzingeroda-Knorr, Wüstungen , p. 930 Online at www.archive.org
  14. ↑ Herquet, Mühlhausen document book , p. 297, document no . 649 Online at Google Books .
  15. ↑ Supplementum Historiae Gothanae, Volume 1 , p. 620 Online at Google Books (wording of the certificate)
  16. ↑ a b c Wolf, Eichsfeldische Kirchengeschichte , Urk.XXII (= 22), S. Online at Google Books , Urk.22, S. 21/22 (document part).
  17. ↑ a b Bernhard sacrifice man: The monasteries of the Eichsfeld in their history. 3rd edited and expanded edition, Verlag FW Cordier, Heiligenstadt, 1998 pp. 141–143.
  18. ↑ a b c Wolf, Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes, Vol. 1 , Certificate No. 95, p. 75 Online at Google Books
  19. ↑ Jakob Hermens, The Order of Salvation. Dig. II edition. L. Schwann'sche Verlagshandlung, Cologne and Neuss, 1870. Online at Google Books (Bulle Innocenz´ VIII of March 28, 1489, pages 97 to 101)
  20. ↑ a b Ledebur , merging of the Order of St. Lazarus in Germany with the Johannitern, p. 38
  21. ↑ a b c Rudolphi, Historien-Beschreibung, 3 , p. 50 Online at Google Books
  22. ↑ Rudolphi, Historien-Beschreibung, 3 , p. 51 Online at Google Books
  23. ^ A b Galletti, Herzogthum Gotha , p. 209 Online at Google Books
  24. ↑ Wintzingeroda-Knorr, Wüstungen , p. 149 Online at www.archive.org
  25. ↑ Series of publications by the Dresden State Archives, issue 6, 1960 snippets at Google Books p. 210.
  26. ^ Karl H. Lampe: Document book of the Deutschordensballei Thuringia. Verlag Gustav Fischer, Jena 1936, p. 229.
  27. ^ A b Schmidt, Geschichte der Stadt Sangerhausen , p. 836.
  28. ^ Schmidt, Geschichte der Stadt Sangerhausen , p. 837.
  29. ↑ Beck, Geschichte des Gothaischen Land, p. 337 Online at Google Books .
  30. ↑ Tentzel, Supplementum 2 , p. 695 Online at Google Books .
  31. ↑ Beck, Geschichte des Gothaischen Land, p. 338 Online at Google Books .
  32. ↑ Beck, Geschichte des Gothaischen Land, p. 357 Online at Google Books .

Coordinates: 51 ° 17 ′ 31 ″  N , 10 ° 23 ′ 32 ″  E