Netball
Netball is a ball sport for two teams . The aim of the game is to throw a ball into the opponent's basket as often as possible and to prevent hits in your own basket. Netball has similarities to basketball , korfball , netball , but not least handball . The sport, which is only widespread in Germany , is practiced as a competitive sport exclusively by women and girls. Netball played in Switzerland is an independent sport .
There are two types of netball: indoor netball and field netball. The generic term netball is often used synonymously with indoor netball , as this variant is far more popular.
Game idea
There is a raised basket in both halves of the playing field. The one of two teams competing against each other who has thrown the game ball into the opposing basket more often by the end of a specified game time wins.
Apart from the goal of sinking the ball into the opponent's basket as often as possible, it is important to prevent the opposing players from successfully throwing the ball. In each team, one player takes on the role of the basket keeper, who is the only one who is allowed to enter the circle around his basket and can therefore intercept balls in the immediate vicinity of the basket.
Netball is designed as a disembodied game ; Physical contact is largely prohibited by the rules of the game.
matchfield
An indoor basketball field usually measures 30 m × 15 m. In the classic field basketball or large field basketball, which is no longer played today, the dimensions are 50 m × 25 m. The reduced field basketball playing field on which games take place in Bavaria measures 38 m × 19 m.
In each of the two halves of the field there is a basket area in the form of a circle (large field basketball) or partial circle (indoor basketball / small field basketball) with a radius of 3 m, in the center of which the basket stand is attached. While the basket stand is 1 m away from the basket line in indoor and small field basketball, the distance in large field basketball is 7 m, so that the basket area can be completely surrounded.
The basket has a diameter of 55 cm, is at a height of 2.5 m and, unlike basketball, has no board.
Indoor basketball playing field
reduced field basketball field (since 2015 in Bavaria)
classic field basketball field
Cue ball
The ball has a circumference of 56 to 60 cm and weighs 400 to 500 g. It corresponds roughly to a size III handball (men). The ball circumference is much smaller than the approximately 173 cm circumference of the basket opening - the ratio of the ball diameter to the inner basket diameter is around 1: 3 (in comparison: basketball approx. 1: 1.9; Korfball 1: 1.8; netball 1: 1.7). This fact enables a throw to be placed in a certain area of the basket, which can make it difficult for the opposing basket keeper to defend the ball.
Teams
In indoor and small field basketball a team consists of 5 players, in large field basketball it consists of 7 players, each including a basket keeper and plus 3 substitutes.
Field players
With the exception of the basket keeper, all players on a team are field players who are not granted any special rights. Field players must always stay outside the basket circles. All players on a team are involved in both defense and attack; this usually also applies to the basket keeper, who acts like a field player outside of her basket circle. The field players of a team are usually evenly spaced around the circle on their own as well as on the opposing circle. According to this list, each player is assigned a fixed position, with changes of position sometimes being made during the attack through plays. In defense, depending on the deployment of the basket keeper, area coverage or man coverage is used.
Basket keepers
One player per team takes on the role of the basket keeper. She is the only one who is allowed to enter her own basket room.
The basket keeper is allowed to move around with the ball in the entire area of the basket, has an unlimited number of steps and bouncing is not restricted at once - as on the rest of the field. She is also allowed to defend the ball with her foot there. Outside of her own hoop area, a basket keeper is subject to the same rules as an outfield player.
The basket keeper is identified by a different colored jersey.
Limitation of body size
There are strict regulations regarding the height of basket keepers. Players who are taller than 176 cm are not allowed to play as basket keepers. If a player is taller than 174 cm, she must be measured by a measuring committee at the beginning of the game year . In addition, unannounced measurements must be expected. If a measurement of more than 178 cm (including a 2 cm measurement tolerance ) is measured, the player in question may no longer be used as a basket keeper immediately and beyond the current game year.
Influence on the game
The physical requirements and the physical ability of the basket keepers shape the course of a game in a decisive way. In the higher game classes, youngsters are already playing with “jumping basket keepers”: they are sufficiently tall and bouncy to catch a ball thrown at their basket or knock it off before it enters the basket. There is no goaltending rule in netball. So instead of blocking a throw by approaching the throwing opponent , a jumping basket keeper lurks under the basket for the ball sinking into the basket. Without a jumping basket keeper, man marking is usually used in defense instead of covering the area.
Basket keepers are usually included in the attacking game around the opposing basket in order to create an outnumbered situation at the opposing basket circle. Since the defending basket keeper usually tries to intercept or block throws in the basket circle, there is no defense in front of the basket circle. Rare reasons not to involve a basket keeper in the attacking game are exhaustion in the case of insufficiently qualified substitutes or an emphatically defensive style of play - for example to maintain a lead.
referee
Netball games are mostly directed by individual referees . Only in higher-class matches are referee teams consisting of two equal referees used. In addition to registering basket results and, if no separate timekeeper is responsible, managing the playing time, referees are responsible for punishing rule violations.
Game flow
A game begins with the throw-off at the center line. The team in possession of the ball tries to move the ball to the opposing team's hoop circle in order to place a throw on the hoop. Since a player is only allowed to run three steps with the ball before and after a bounce, which is only allowed once , the way to the opposing basket usually involves several passes . Substitutions are possible at any time; a substitute may only enter the field of play as soon as the player to be substituted has left the field.
Playtime
Netball games take place in two halves, the duration of which depends on the age group of the players and regional regulations. The playing time in the women's age group is usually 2 × 20 minutes. If the game is interrupted - for example if the ball leaves the field of play or in the event of a foul - the playing time continues; however, the referee has the option of stopping the playing time in the event of foreseeably longer interruptions or deliberately caused interruptions to delay the game. The teams can stop playing time by taking time outs . If a team obviously delays a throw, a time game can be punished, as a result of which the possession of the ball has to be transferred to the opposing team immediately.
attack
The attacking team tries to get the ball to the opposing circle with as few passes as possible. A fast passing game is usually established around the hoop circle. On the one hand, this is an attempt to open up a gap in the defense so that an attacker can throw as close to the basket circle as possible, on the other hand the defending basket keeper - if she defends in the basket circle - should not be in a favorable defensive position at the moment of a throw on the basket are located. In the case of jumping basket keepers, the attacker who throws the ball, thrown in a high arc, tries to place the ball as far back as possible in the basket (i.e. behind the basket keeper) in order to make it even more difficult for the basket keeper to intercept the ball. As an alternative, very flat throws that are thrown without a trace are used, which allow the basket keeper little reaction time. Distance throws are also a way to complete attacks.
defense
The basic defense tactics of a team depend on whether they have a jumping goalkeeper. In this case, a team usually only defends at its own circle of the basket, where the main aim is not to allow the attacking team a cheap throw or to give its own basket keeper enough time to align.
Without a jumping basket keeper, a team tries to intercept the passes of the opponents. Most of the time this happens when the defending players put the opposing team under pressure with a man marking .
By including the basket keeper in the attacking game and the resulting majority of the attacking team outside the basket circle, space cover is used in defense around the basket circle almost without exception .
Rule violations
The rules of netball are very restrictive with regard to body contact: only the player in possession of the ball may be blocked with arms stretched to the side or up. Hitting, holding or pushing is not allowed in netball. Locking an opponent by grasping them with both arms is also prohibited. Furthermore, it is not permitted to throw yourself at the ball, to bend over against an opponent, to twist into her or to run against her. The ball must also not be used to deceive the opponent.
Minor offenses - for example unauthorized suspension, step errors or substitution errors - are punished with a free throw: The team that is awarded a free throw throws the ball at the location of the offense, but outside of the opposing free-throw marking. It is allowed to take the free throw directly on the basket. More serious offenses - for example grossly unsportsmanlike conduct - are punished by a penalty throw from the 4-meter line.
A player is admonished by showing a yellow card. In addition, a player can be expelled from the field for two minutes without the team being allowed to replenish the number of their players over the duration of the two minutes. As the toughest punishment, players can be excluded for the entire rest of the game and also for participation in subsequent games.
Playing
A game ends with the end of the second half. The team that has scored more goals by then wins. If a game ends in a draw, but a decision has to be reached, the playing time is extended by two shortened halves - normally 2 × 5 minutes - and, if there is still no decision, a 4-meter throw is carried out.
Game operation
The game is organized by the German Gymnastics Federation or its regional associations. The top division in indoor basketball is a national division divided into two parts: north and south. In the north, teams from the state associations of Lower Saxony, Bremen and Schleswig-Holstein play, in the south teams from Bavaria, Middle Rhine and Westphalia. The three best-placed teams in the two leagues play the German champions at a tournament after the season has ended. The level below the Bundesliga is made up of the Bavarian State League, which is also divided into north and south, the Westphalia Association and the Lower Saxony League.
Field basketball is only played in the form of rounds on the small field in Bavaria during spring and summer in addition to indoor basketball in autumn and winter. State basketball championships are still held there alone.
Netball Bundesliga 2019/20
The 2019/20 season of the basketball Bundesliga started on September 15 (North season) and October 13 (South season). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the game was completely stopped in March, so that no German champions were determined this season.
 
| ||||||||||||||||
Teams of the basketball Bundesliga 2016/17 (red = Bundesliga north, green = Bundesliga south) |
| Season | society | Regional association | state |
|---|---|---|---|
| North | SG Findorff Bremen | Bremen | Bremen |
| North | TSV Barrien | Lower Saxony | Lower Saxony |
| North | FC Gessel-Leerßen | Lower Saxony | Lower Saxony |
| North | TSV Heiligenrode | Lower Saxony | Lower Saxony |
| North | Oldenbroker TV | Lower Saxony | Lower Saxony |
| North | TSG Seckenhausen-Farenhorst | Lower Saxony | Lower Saxony |
| North | TB sticks | Lower Saxony | Lower Saxony |
| North | TuS Sudweyhe | Lower Saxony | Lower Saxony |
| south | TSV Bergrheinfeld | Bavaria | Bavaria |
| south | TSV Eßleben | Bavaria | Bavaria |
| south | TSV Ettleben | Bavaria | Bavaria |
| south | VfL Kleinlangheim | Bavaria | Bavaria |
| south | SV Schraudenbach | Bavaria | Bavaria |
| south | TSV Werneck | Bavaria | Bavaria |
| south | TuS icebergs | Westphalia | North Rhine-Westphalia |
| south | TuS Helpup | Westphalia | North Rhine-Westphalia |
| Legend | |
|---|---|
| German champion 2019 | |
| Participants in the German championships 2019 | |
| Newcomer 2019 | |
history
An early form of netball was played in Germany as early as 1860. Presumably because of the hard, heavy game ball, however, the game soon lost its attractiveness and was forgotten.
Derived from basketball
In 1896 August Hermann introduced the basketball game in Braunschweig and tried to make the game known in the German gymnastics association . His son, who had emigrated to the United States , had made him aware of the novel game. The English term "basketball" could not catch on. Instead, the sport was called "basketball" according to the literal translation. This also expressed that an independent German version of the game should be created. The basic rules corresponded to the rules for the basketball game published by James Naismith in 1892, but Hermann moved the game outside. In contrast to basketball, where the characteristic board was added to the baskets in 1906, the baskets in the netball remained without a board. Apart from that, Hermann emphasized that this sport is particularly suitable for women and girls due to the soft movements of throwing the basket and the prohibited body contact. However, at first the sports clubs did not want to include basketball in the practice, as the competitive idea of the game contradicted the spirit of the gymnastics and game movement, in which a communal togetherness was the focus.
Decline in competition with handball
In the period after the First World War , the game experienced a brief boom, as the gymnastics club had taken over responsibility for the netball game. The rules of netball are now based strongly on handball , which has quickly become popular, and netball is one of its forerunners. In 1921, the first German gymnastics champions in basketball was determined: In Hanover , the Oldenburger Turnerbund defeated the Leipzig-Rückmarsdorf gymnastics club . However, at the time of these championships, the further spread of basketball was stopped. Since the netball game has not yet been able to establish itself across the board, the German Gymnastics Association decided in May 1921 to promote handball instead of netball and no longer host championships. This decision had a direct impact on the activities of the clubs: Many teams that had previously played netball now turned to handball. Although the netball game experienced a slight upswing again at the end of the twenties, as handball was viewed by many women and girls as too physical and too masculine, it did not find any noteworthy distribution for the time being.
Revival in competition with basketball
According to the German Reich Committee for Physical Exercise, netball was hardly played any more in the mid-thirties . It was not until 1935, in preparation for the basketball tournament at the Olympic Summer Games in 1936, that the sport of basketball was assigned to the department for handball established in the Third Reich , was this assigned to the successor organization of the German Gymnastics Association, the department for gymnastics, gymnastics and summer games , as Perceived competition and started promoting netball again.
As a result, the separation between basketball as a men's sport and basketball as a women's sport was consolidated: from 1936, German basketball championships were held again, indoor basketball was introduced in 1939, and basketball was included in the guidelines for physical education for girls in schools in 1941. The expansion of the netball game continued with great dynamism until the war-related cessation of the game in 1942. At this point in time around 14,000 female players were counted, who made up around a third of all active female athletes in the German Reich .
Regional strongholds
After the Second World War , the spread of the netball game was influenced by the political reorganization and the emergence of internationally popular sports games. Before the Second World War, basketball was represented in almost all countries of the German Empire, while in the young Federal Republic there was a development into regional strongholds in the regions around Bremen , Hanover , Schweinfurt and the Weser-Ems district . The main reason for this was that many gymnastics clubs were now opening up to basketball. In addition, with the influx of volleyball , another competitor formed. Nevertheless, netball was at times the third most popular ball sport in West Germany with around 2,000 teams behind soccer and handball . In 1955 around 8,000 active netball players were counted.
In the GDR , basketball officially replaced the basketball game, which completely eliminated another region. From 1970 the game was limited to the state associations of Bavaria , Bremen , Middle Rhine , Lower Saxony , Schleswig-Holstein and Westphalia , in which the basketball game is still competed today. By far the largest concentrations of basketball clubs were formed in the region around Bremen and in the Schweinfurt area , which has been the center of basketball since 1937.
Focus on the indoor basket ball
Due to the increasing popularity of indoor basketball, German championships in this variant of the game were held for the first time in 1969. 48 years after the first German field basketball championships, this tournament was also held in Hanover. With increasing interest in indoor basketball, field basketball lost its attractiveness over time. More and more clubs stopped playing field basketball, so that in 1999 , German championships were played on the field for the last time in Hausen .
An attempt to introduce point rounds for men in the 1990s was unsuccessful and netball remained - apart from a few mixed tournaments - largely a female sport. In 2005 around 10,000 players were registered.
As the top division in indoor basketball, a Bundesliga divided into two seasons, north and south, was introduced in the 2001/02 season. Teams from Lower Saxony, Bremen and Schleswig-Holstein play in the north, and from Bavaria, Middle Rhine and Westphalia in the south.
End of the classic field basketball
After the last German field basketball championships, games in this variant were limited to the Bavarian State Association. In its classic form, field basketball was only played there for a decade and a half. For the 2015 field round, in the larger of the two Bavarian basketball regions around Schweinfurt, it was decided to reduce the dimensions of the basketball field to 38 m × 19 m while maintaining the distance between the two baskets. At the same time, the number of female players was reduced to that of indoor basketball. Due to the regional differences in the size of the pitch, no Bavarian championships were held that year. Only for the following season was the field reduced in size in the second of the two Bavarian basketball regions, in the Allgäu . Although the reduced field netball playing field is eight meters longer, the field netball variant no longer differs tactically from the indoor netball. In fact, only one basketball variant is played in different surroundings.
German champions in field and indoor basketball
Netball in an international context
As early as 1900, basketball was also being played in Switzerland , Austria and the Netherlands . In Switzerland, basketball was incorporated into school curricula for boys and girls in the 1910s. The game remained there in a more original form , as no rule changes borrowed from the handball game were carried out. In Austria, too, basketball was part of school lessons; after the end of the Second World War, however, there was no longer any interest in the sport. In the Netherlands from 1902 korfball developed into a more popular sport. At the same time, netball for women emerged in the United Kingdom , which, like basketball, was borrowed from basketball .
Apart from basketball, only netball and korfball are internationally widespread. Although netball, korfball, German and Swiss netball in particular have obvious similarities, the regulations are so different that there are no competitions beyond the boundaries of the individual sports.
Web links
- German Gymnastics Federation (umbrella organization)
- SIS basketball: Results of the Bundesliga North a. a.
- Netball in the Bavarian Gymnastics Association with results from the Bundesliga South a. a.
literature
- Hermann Bache: On the development of the German netball game . (Unpublished thesis at the University of Bremen). Bremen 1988.
- Nadine Heinelt: On the development economy of sports - using the example of the sport of basketball . (Unpublished diploma thesis at the Institute for Sports Science at the University of Bayreuth). Bayreuth 2006.
- Bruno Henning: A journey through six decades of gymnastics game history . ( Full text (pp. 5–10) [PDF; 9.1 MB ; accessed on October 9, 2016]).
- Lena Nessler: Netball in school sports . (Master's thesis at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen). Göttingen 2010 ( full text [PDF; 1.5 MB ; accessed on October 9, 2016]).
- Alexander Priebe: Netball and basketball in the Third Reich and in the Federal Republic of Germany . In: SportZeiten. Sport in history, culture and society . 13th year, no. 1 . Verlag Die Werkstatt, 2013, ISSN 1617-7606 , p. 69-88 .
- WTB areas of expertise: basketball . In: Westfälischer Turnerbund eV (Hrsg.): Westfalenturner . No. 1 , 2016, p. 4–5 ( full text [PDF; 261 kB ; accessed on October 9, 2016]).
Remarks
- ↑ The terms large field basketball and small field basketball are not part of the official rules. While large field netball is used synonymously with classic field netball, small field netball is sometimes used as an umbrella term for indoor basketball and field netball, which has been played on a smaller field in Bavaria since 2015, and sometimes only for the latter. In order to clearly emphasize the relation to the more common indoor basketball, only the smaller field basketball variant is referred to as a small field basketball in this article.
- ↑ For the structure of the specialist offices, see National Socialist Reich Association for physical exercises .
- ↑ In Schweinfurt and the surrounding area alone there are around 330 netball teams in more than 80 clubs. ( Community in the foreground . Main post . September 22, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2016.)
- ↑ As a result, the basket stands, as with the indoor basketball, are one meter away from the basket line without the need to move the sockets for the baskets that are firmly embedded in the floor.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Appendix, procedure for basket keeper measurements . In: Deutscher Turner-Bund (Hrsg.): Official DTB rules for gymnastics games . 4th edition. 2013, p. 36 f . ( PDF; 10.4 kB ).
- ↑ Dominik Großpietsch: Controversial size limit . Main post . April 14, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
- ↑ Deutscher Turner-Bund (Ed.): Official DTB rules for gymnastics games . 4th edition. 2013, p. 5 f . ( PDF; 11.2 kB ): "If a measurement gives a measurement result of more than 178.00 cm, the body height of more than 176.00 cm is considered to be determined. The player may then no longer be used as the basket keeper. A new measurement for subsequent series and years of play is then no longer possible. "
- ↑ Schedule 2019/2020 - All games . Retrieved October 19, 2019.
- ↑ 1. Bundesliga - Women - 2019/2020 . Bavarian Gymnastics Association. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
- ↑ Coronavirus: Compulsory break in almost all sports . Main post . March 15, 2020. Accessed March 21, 2020.
- ↑ Heinelt: On the development economy of sports , p. 72.
- ↑ Kurt Hoffmeister: Time travel through the Braunschweig sports history . 2nd Edition. Books on Demand GmbH, Braunschweig 2010, ISBN 978-3-8391-0712-6 , p. 33 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Priebe: Korbball und Basketball , p. 70.
- ^ Bache: On the development of the German netball game , p. 12.
- ↑ a b Nessler: basketball in school sports , p. 11.
- ↑ a b Priebe: Korbball und Basketball , p. 73.
- ^ A b c Henning: Foray through six decades of gymnastics history .
- ↑ Priebe: Korbball und Basketball , p. 71.
- ↑ a b WTB subject areas: basketball . In: Westfalenturner 1-2016, p. 4.
- ↑ Priebe: Korbball und Basketball , p. 80.
- ↑ a b c Nessler: basketball in school sports , p. 12.
- ^ Priebe: Korbball und Basketball , pp. 82–83.
- ↑ a b Priebe: Korbball und Basketball , p. 85.
- ↑ 50 years of basketball. Chronicle of the basketball department . Spvgg 1933 Hambach e. V .. February 1, 2014. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
- ↑ WTB subject areas: basketball . In: Westfalenturner 1-2016, p. 5.
- ↑ Mareike Matz: Will it be the last big field round? . Main post . September 22, 2015. Accessed October 16, 2016.
- ^ Michael Müller: Preliminary report on the Bavarian basketball championship on July 24th. in Euerbach (PDF; 384 kB) Bavarian Gymnastics Association . S. 1. Accessed on October 16, 2016: “After the changeover, a Bavarian field basketball championship will take place on a small pitch for the first time this year. Last year no Bavarian championship was played because the Allgäu was still playing on a large field. "
- ↑ Voting on small field on lawn ( Memento from April 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Richard Reich: The little basketball miracle . Neue Zürcher Zeitung . June 15, 2002. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
- ↑ evidenced by repeated publication of the rules by the gaming committee of the Austrian secondary schools; for example: Game Committee of the Austrian Middle Schools (Ed.): Korbball . Vienna 1928.