Tenorite
Tenorite | |
---|---|
Tenorite from Nizhne Tagilsk (Russia) | |
General and classification | |
other names |
Copper black |
chemical formula | CuO |
Mineral class (and possibly department) |
Oxides |
System no. to Strunz and to Dana |
4.AB.10 ( 8th edition : IV / A.05) 02/04/03/01 |
Crystallographic Data | |
Crystal system | monoclinic |
Crystal class ; symbol | monoclinic prismatic; 2 / m |
Room group (no.) | (No. 15) |
Lattice parameters |
a = 4.69 Å ; b = 3.43 Å; c = 5.14 Å β = 99.5 ° |
Formula units | Z = 4 |
Twinning | along {011} |
Physical Properties | |
Mohs hardness | 3.5 |
Density (g / cm 3 ) | 6.45 |
Cleavage | imperfect |
Break ; Tenacity | uneven, mussel-like |
colour | steel gray to black |
Line color | brownish black |
transparency | opaque |
shine | Metallic luster |
Tenorite , also outdated as copper black , black copper ore , melaconite , melaconite or chemically known as copper (II) oxide , is a rather rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of oxides and hydroxides . It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the chemical formula CuO and forms elongated crystals up to 2 mm in length less often, more often it is powdery, coarse or massive. The mineral is gray-black in color, appears brown in transmitted light, gray with a golden cast in reflected light.
Etymology and history
The mineral was first found in 1841 by Semmola on Vesuvius in Italy . It was named after the Italian botanist Michele Tenore (1780–1861).
classification
In the Strunz system , tenorite is one of the oxides with a metal to oxygen ratio of 2: 1 and 1: 1. After the 8th edition, it forms a group together with Crednerite , Delafossite , McConnellite and Paramelaconite . In the 9th edition , it forms its own subgroup of oxides with a ratio of metal to oxygen of 1: 1 and small to medium-sized cations.
In the Dana system , it forms a separate subgroup of the simple oxides with a cation charge of 2+.
Varieties
A variety of tenorite in which the copper oxide is present as a colloid is geltenorite . The variety was found in Bisbee , Arizona, USA .
Education and Locations
Tenorite forms in the oxidative zone of copper deposits under hydrothermal conditions. More rarely, it can also form as a sublimation product in volcanoes. It is associated with cuprite , copper , chrysocolla , malachite and azurite , when formed under hydrothermal conditions also iron - manganese oxides, when formed as a sublimate with copper and alkali chlorides and cotunnite .
A large number of sites are known, but rarely in crystalline and pure form. Locations include Vesuvius and Etna in Italy, Cornwall and Lanarkshire in Great Britain, Río Tinto in Spain , Siegen , Daaden and Neubulach in Germany , Jáchymov in the Czech Republic , Bogoslovsk , Nizhni Tagil and Tolbatschik in Russia , Chuquicamata in Chile , Tsumeb in Namibia as well Copper Harbor , Darwin and Bisbee in the United States .
Crystal structure
Tenorite crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system in the space group C 2 / c (space group no. 15) with the lattice parameters a = 4.69 Å ; b = 3.43 Å, c = 5.14 Å and β = 99.5 ° as well as four formula units per unit cell .
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel: Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p. 184 .
- ^ New Dana Classification of Simple Oxides
- ↑ Geltenorite at mindat.org (English).
literature
- Tenorite. In: JW Anthony et al: Handbook of Mineralogy. Volume 1, Tucson, Ariz. 1990, ISBN 0-9622097-0-8 , p. 101. (pdf)
- Petr Korbel, Milan Novák: Encyclopedia of Minerals . Nebel Verlag, Eggolsheim 2002, ISBN 3-89555-076-0 , p. 76 .