Oak liver shrimp

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Oak liver shrimp
2008-08-08 Fistulina hepatica crop.jpg

Oak liver screech ( Fistulina hepatica )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Liver reel relatives (Fistulinaceae)
Genre : Liver screeching ( Fistulina )
Type : Oak liver shrimp
Scientific name
Fistulina hepatica
( Schaeff. ) With

The oak shrimp ( Fistulina hepatica ), often just liver shrimp , also called liver mushroom or ox tongue , is a tree fungus from the family of liver shrimp relatives (Fistulinaceae).

features

Young, lumpy fruiting body of a liver shrimp
Yellowish, free and diverse long tubes of the liver screech

Macroscopic features

The console-shaped fruiting body of the oak liver shrimp is about 25–30 cm wide, 6–8 cm thick and has a smooth edge. In larger specimens, the fruiting body may be lobed so that the edge appears slightly wavy. A stem is only irregular. When it is trained, it is short and thick, pointing downwards and blending seamlessly into the hat . Above the stem there is sometimes a second, much smaller fruiting body that is reminiscent of a “small bay window”. The surface of very young specimens is bright blood-red and later takes on a dark red-brown color, which is why the fungus is also called liver fungus. The papillary skin of the hat exudes a reddish, slimy-resinous secretion drop by drop in the early stage of development, which is why the surface of the hat is slimy, especially in damp weather, otherwise rather sticky.

The underside of the fruiting body is whitish to yellowish and darkly colored with age. The hymenophore consists of very small, 10-15 mm long and not fused, cylindrical tubes that open in a star shape when ripe. Light brown spores grow on the inner walls of the tubes . The meat is very similar to raw meat because of the veined grain. This is reflected in the name ox tongue or liver fungus; In the English-speaking world, the mushroom is called "Beefsteak Fungus", which also indicates its edibility. It is initially firm, leathery in older specimens, dark red in color and lighter fibers run through it lengthways. This contains a reddish, acidic liquid that escapes when pressed or injured. The smell is pleasantly mushroom-fruity. The fruit bodies contain a lot of moisture and are therefore relatively heavy.

Microscopic features

The inamyloid spores are egg-shaped (ovoid) and have a smooth surface. Their size is approximately 5.0 × 3.5 micrometers. If the mycelium is viewed under the microscope, monomitic hyphae with buckles and septa appear , and there are gloeoplere hyphae, that is, they have oil-droplet-like inclusions in the cytoplasm. In Hymenium real missing Zystiden . There are 4 sterigms on each of the club-shaped basidia , so that 4 spores are formed per basidia. The chlamydospores formed by the mycelium primarily for persistence have strongly thickened cell walls and are predominantly elongated.

Species delimitation

Joint infestation of sulfur pores and ox tongue (bottom left) on an oak

Due to their characteristic appearance, there is actually no possibility of confusion. The very host-specific occurrence also reduces the probability of an incorrect determination. Very young specimens can resemble the Sulfur Porling. In contrast to the ox tongue, this forms flat brackets arranged one above the other like roof tiles. Confusion with Harzporlingen of the genus Ischnoderma would also only be conceivable at a very early stage . A differentiation is possible with the help of a magnifying glass: the underside of these does not have any individual tubes, but rather tubes that have grown together. Another similar species is the cinnamon-colored soft pork , although this differs from the ox tongue in its pale brownish color and smaller size. Even if different tree fungi have similarities in color, habit and way of life with the ox tongue, they each have clearly different characteristics. For example, the surface of the shaggy Schillerporling's hat is covered with felt hair; the Zinnobertramete is smaller, woody-hard, and the pores are oblong-angular; the resinous crust of red-rimmed tree sponge and glossy lacquer porling is zoned by differently colored incremental edges and melts when heated by a flame. A red to dark red variety of the Reddening Tramete ( Daedaleopsis confragosa var.tricolor ) has a hat color similar to that of the liver shrimp, otherwise the fruiting bodies have nothing in common (the Reddening Tramete var.tricolor is only about 1 centimeter thick, has lamellae and grows like roof tiles) and prefer other hosts and habitats.

ecology

This old, hollow oak tree in Sherwood Forest is infested with the liver screeching.

The oak liver shrimp is a xylobiont and lives as a weak parasite almost exclusively on oaks , rarely also on sweet chestnuts or even more rarely on other deciduous trees such as walnut or ash . Injuries to the tree bark serve as a gateway for the spores. Inside the trunk, the fungus spreads parasitically, initially hardly damaging its host, since its life processes remain unaffected. Only the - anyway dead - heartwood of the central cylinder is affected. This decomposition of wood happens very slowly because the fungus breaks down the tannin-containing heartwood, whereby the tannins from the parenchymal cells are utilized. The wood decomposed in this way finally shows brown rot . Since this process is slow and, due to the preferred breakdown of tannins, the structural components of the wood, cellulose and hemicelluloses, are hardly attacked at all, trees that have been attacked by ox-tongue remain unbreakable and stable for a long time; cube breakage occurs late. The annual fruiting body appears in June / August to October / November mostly on the lower section of the trunk. At first it pushes itself out of the trunk like a tongue, in adult specimens the fruiting body protrudes as a semicircular or fan-shaped console from the attachment point. The reddish liquid contained in the flesh of the mushroom stains the stem wood dark-reddish-brown when it is deposited in parenchymal cells ; this is known as hard red or colloquially as chocolate wood. In most cases only one fruiting body is formed per infected tree. The oak liver shrimp is also found on dead oaks and their stumps. He then lives saprobion table , that is, as a dead wood decomposer. The fungus rarely occurs in its anamorphic form. These cushion-shaped, imperfect or conidial fruit bodies are referred to with the scientific name Ptychogaster hepaticus ( Sacc. ) Lloyd . Synonymous with this and currently valid is the anamorphic name Confistulina hepatica (Sacc.) Stalpers 1983. (Note: The name "Confistulina" also denotes a teleomorph genus from the family of the Fistulinaceae.) It is unusual that the byproduct form of the oak liverwort can form both conidia and chlamydospores, the latter surviving in certain cells of the host, the fiber tracheids.

distribution

The oak liver screech has almost a cosmopolitan distribution and is preferred in Europe in thermophilic mixed deciduous forests, especially on calcareous soils. Its distribution area follows that of the oak or sweet chestnut. In Germany the occurrence of the ox tongue is not frequent, but widespread. The frequency varies regionally and shows a slight tendency to decline in some places. Nevertheless, this fungus should be spared, because due to the declining area of ​​near-natural oak forests (in a forest used for forestry as well as in parks, diseased trees and dead wood - the hosts of the oak liver cockle - are to be assumed to be endangered). The species is not included in Germany's Red List, but it is classified as endangered in Austria (RLÖ3). The species is also considered threatened in various other European countries. Outside of Europe, this fungus is native to North America, to South America, where the beech trees ( Nothofagus ) are among its host trees , as well as in the subtropical mountain forests of India. There are also stocks in Australia that grow on eucalyptus . There is no entry for Fistulina hepatica in an international red list .

In the absence of oaks and beeches, the ox tongue attacks bay trees on the Canary Islands ( La Palma ) .

meaning

Young liver screeches being prepared in the pan

The importance of the oak liver shrimp as a wood decomposer is low because of the slowness of this process. The usability of the heartwood is on the one hand reduced by the discoloration, on the other hand it is coveted for some cabinet making work on the other hand. However, if the wood has already decomposed due to brown rot, the wood can no longer be used. From an ecological point of view, the ox tongue is considered to be a weak indicator of being close to nature. The ability of this fungus to break down tannic acid, which the tree actually stores as protection against parasites, can make it easier for other xylobionts to colonize the wood and also weaken it through decomposition. One such example is the rattle sponge , which often colonizes oaks or sweet chestnuts at their base together with the oak liverreischling or as its successor mushroom.

The ox tongue is edible when young, at least not poisonous; however, despite the meat-like appearance of cut fruit bodies, unpleasantly sour. Older specimens become tough and "woody". It can be prepared in different ways and should even be able to be consumed raw, but is not one of the valuable edible mushrooms. Due to the high content of tannins, the mushroom is difficult to digest and has a sour taste. In the past, the oak liver shrimp was considered a “poor men's beefsteak” in the Anglo-Saxon-speaking world, because it was found in abundance in the woods and fried in the pan as a meat substitute.

Systematics

Color plate from Jan Kops "Flora Batava 16" (1881)

The scientific classification of the ox tongue has not yet been conclusively clarified. Traditionally, the genus Fistulina was assigned to the non-leaf mushrooms (Aphyllophorales). According to more recent findings it is probably not - as previously assumed - related to the Stielporlingen ( Polyporus ). The ox tongue is therefore not counted in the order of the stem porlings (Polyporales), but is placed in the order of the mushroom-like (Agaricales). Some authors - for example Dörfelt and Jetschke - put the species in its own order Fistulinales. Furthermore, the ox tongue has been tried - because of its free-standing tubes - to the Cyphellaceae s. l. (or to the bowl-shaped Agaricales [Singer 1986]) or to the Cantharellales. On the basis of rDNA analyzes, Moncalvo (2002) found a close relationship between Fistulina , Schizophyllum and Porodisculus pendulus , which he therefore combines into a monophyletic group. This certainly belongs to the euagarics . Another study by Matheny (2006) confirmed this relationship, but summarizes the genera Fistulina (including Pseudofistulina as F. pallida ), Porodisculus and Schizophyllum as the monophyletic family Schizophyllaceae and classifies them in the " Marasmioid clade ", one of the six main clades of the Agaricales. The genera Confistulina and Pseudofistulina also belong to the Fistulinaceae family. Fistulina hepatica is the only species of the genus Fistulina native to Europe, and it is also cosmopolitan. Other species are Fistulina africana (South Africa), F. guzmanii (Mexico) and F. spiculifera (Australia / New Zealand). A species found in tropical Brazil ( Fistulina brasiliensis ; as well as described under various synonyms) is now recognized as a separate genus under the scientific name Pseudofistulina radicata . All other binomials are either synonyms for Fistulina hepatica or for Pseudofistulina radicata . Attempts to explain specimens with slightly different habitus in South America as independent species have been rejected because their species status has proven to be unfounded according to recent studies; it is Fistulina hepatica, which varies in color depending on the site conditions and substrate. These were specimens that grew on Nothofagus species and had been published as F. endoxantha and F. antarctica . Nevertheless, the information on the number of species varies in the literature. For example, the “Dictionary of the Fungi” speaks of 8 species in 3 genera, Mycobank allows 6 species (4 of them in the genus Fistulina plus the anamorphic genus Confistulina ) and refers to all others as synonyms, while according to Dörfelt and Jetschke it is only 3 species (plus the South American genus Pseudofistulina) exist. In the past, the ox tongue has been described by many European authors under different names, for example as Boletus hepaticus Schaeffer 1774 (this is the Basionym, source :), Buglossus quercinus Wahlenberg 1820, Boletus buglossum Rezius 1769 (probably the oldest description) and Agarico-carnis lingua-bovis Paulet 1793. With regard to the first description, Krieglsteiner (2000) mentions Bulliard (as Fistulina buglossoides Bulliard 1790).

literature

  • Heinrich Dörfelt , Gottfried Jetschke (Ed.): Dictionary of mycology. 2nd Edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0920-9 .
  • Hermann Jahn: Mushrooms on trees. Saprophytes and parasites that grow on wood. 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Patzer, Berlin / Hanover 1990, ISBN 3-87617-076-1 .
  • F. Schwarze, J. Engels, C. Mattheck: Wood-decomposing fungi on trees. Wood decomposition strategies. (= Rombach Sciences: Ecology series. Volume 5). 1st edition. Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1999, pp. 109-115. ISBN 3-7930-9194-5 .
  • Hanns Kreisel (Ed.): Handbook for mushroom friends. 5th, revised edition. Volume I, G. Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-437-30436-4 .
  • Marcel Bon: Parey's book of mushrooms. (= Kosmos nature guide). updated edition. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 .
  • Hans E. Laux, Andreas Gminder : The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-440-12408-6 .
  • German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.): The large mushrooms of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 1: General Part. Stand mushrooms: jelly, bark, prick and pore mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3528-0 .
  • W. Jülich: Small cryptogam flora. Volume II b, 1984.
  • Jürgen Guthmann: Pocket dictionary of mushrooms in Germany . A competent companion for the most important species. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01449-4 .
  • Paul M. Kirk, JA Stalpers et al. (Eds.): Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th edition., CABI Europe-UK, 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 .
  • JM Moncalvo et al .: One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (2002), pp. 357-400. (online, accessed February 9, 2011)
  • PB Matheny et al .: Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview. In: Mycologia. 98 (6), 2006, pp. 982-995. (online, accessed April 19, 2011)

Web links

Commons : Oak liverreischling ( Fistulina hepatica )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ M. Kuo (2004): "Fistulina hepatica" on Mushroomexpert.com
  2. ↑ a b c Dörfelt / Jetschke: "Dictionary of Mycology", 2nd edition. 2001; sv fistulina
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Fistulina hepatica . In: Mycobank Database . International Mycological Association , accessed June 17, 2019 .
  4. ↑ Guthmann: "Taschenlexikon der Pilze Deutschlands" (2011), p. 298.
  5. ↑ Compare F. Schwarze: "Holzzersetzende Pilze in Trees" (1999), p. 110ff.
  6. ↑ Guthmann: "The strength of the wood remains completely unaffected for a long time (80 to 100 years)." Page 298.
  7. ↑ Schwarze, p. 112.
  8. ↑ http://www.das-naturforum.eu/forum/thema-wissenswertes-ueber-quercus-robur  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.das-naturforum.eu  
  9. ↑ Jahn: "Pilze an Bäumen" (1990), p. 182
  10. ↑ Confistulina hepatica . In: Mycobank Database . International Mycological Association , accessed June 17, 2019 .
  11. ↑ Schwarze, p. 110.
  12. ↑ museum-joanneum.at ( Memento of the original from October 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.museum-joanneum.at
  13. ↑ Schwarze et al., P. 109.
  14. ↑ Species Details: Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With., 1801 . In: Catalog of Life . May 1, 2019, accessed June 17, 2019 .
  15. ↑ Rose Marie Dähnke, 1200 Pilze, Bechtermünzverlag, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8 , p. 1049.
  16. ↑ Schwarze et al.: "Holzzersetzende Pilze an Trees" (1999), p. 110.
  17. ↑ Entry on ox tongue on archive link ( memento of the original dated August 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.baumwert.de
  18. ↑ J. Guthmann: "Taschenlexikon der Pilze Deutschlands" (2011), p. 299.
  19. ↑ Note: The order of the Aphyllophorales is obsolete today because it is a purely artificial and polyphyletic compilation instead of natural relationships.
  20. ↑ See Cybernome at http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk./cgi-bin/nome.pl?organism=10653&glo=eng, accessed on December 30, 2010.
  21. ↑ Dörfelt / Jetschke: "Dictionary of Mycology", (2001); sv Cantharellales.
  22. ↑ Moncalvo (2002): "117 clades of euagarics", p. 380: " This study supports the findings by Hibbett et al. (1997) showing that Schizophyllum and Fistulina are closely related and belong to the euagarics . “Note d. Author: The "euagarics clade" in the cladistic taxonomy roughly corresponds to the Agaricales s. st. (Singer 1986) or the suborder Agaricineae sensu Singer.
  23. ^ Matheny et al: Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview. In: Mycologia. 98 (6), 2006, pp. 982-995.
  24. ^ Pseudofistulina radicata . In: Mycobank Database . International Mycological Association , accessed June 17, 2019 .
  25. ↑ Paul M. Kirk et al. (Ed.): "Dictionary of the Fungi", 10th edition, CABI Europe-UK, 2008; sv Fistulinaceae.
  26. ↑ Dörfelt / Jetschke: "Dictionary of Mycology" (2001), sv Fistulinaceae.
  27. ↑ Lt. Jülich, however, Fistulina buglossum Rezius 1769.