List of constituencies to the Sangiin
This list shows the constituencies of the Sangiin , the upper house of the Japanese parliament . Since the establishment of the Sangiin according to the constitution of 1947 , these were initially identical to the initially 46 prefectures ; Since 1970 - two years before the return to Japan - Okinawa prefecture has also participated in the elections and formed the 47th prefectural constituency. In 2016, the number of prefectural constituencies fell to 45 through the establishment of combined constituencies from two prefectures in each case. In addition, there was a state-wide constituency up to and including the 1980 elections, then a state-wide proportional representation , since 2001 with preferential voting .
In all prefectural constituencies and in the national constituency, the deputies were determined by non-transferable individual votes . In proportional representation, party lists have been elected according to the D'Hondt procedure since 1983 , and since 2001 a single list candidate can be specified instead of a party, the vote then counts for the party and the candidate - if the vote can be clearly assigned . Prefectural and proportional representation are carried out in parallel without offsetting .
Mandate distribution
The distribution of mandates among the constituencies is as follows. In each case, the full number of mandates is given and the number of members of the parliament that can be elected at the same time in brackets. In the election of 1947, all MPs were chosen in one election: For example, in an (otherwise) single-mandate constituency, two MPs were elected in one election, the candidate with the most votes was elected for six and the second-placed candidate for three years. One-off deviations that arose during by-elections that were held at the same time as regular elections (for the half that were not actually eligible for election) and that were carried out as one election, similar to 1947, are not taken into account.
For a long time, constitutional complaints against the lack of equality of elections because of the different weighting of votes were regularly unsuccessful. The exception was the 1992 Sangiin election , which was found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1996 with a maximum imbalance of 6.59. The imbalances in the elections in 2010 (5.0) and 2013 (4.77), on the other hand, were found not to be constitutional for the first time with imbalances below 6. A far-reaching redistribution of mandates among the prefectures through a change in the law in 2015, which will also create two unified constituencies, each combining two prefectures, is intended to reduce the maximum voting weight ratio to below 3. Individual Liberal Democrats, who are calling for independent representation of each prefecture and threatening to lose their seats, rejected the change. The ruling Kōmeitō and the opposition Democratic Party rejected the law as not far-reaching enough. The 2016 election was found by the Supreme Court to be constitutional. In 2018, it was decided to redistribute the mandates, which also increased the overall size of the chamber.
The single-mandate constituencies (ichinin-ku) are highlighted in color and are often of decisive importance regardless of their quantitative voting weight: There a relative majority of votes is sufficient to win 100% of the mandates; the non-transferable individual voting is here identical to a simple majority vote, while in multi-mandate constituencies it usually leads to a division of seats between different political camps.
| Constituency / prefecture |
Regular number of mandates (per election) | Eligible voters 2018 |
Voting weight (inverted: voter / delegate, 2019) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1947 - | 1970 - | 1983 - | 1986 - | 1995 - | 1998 - | 2001 - | 2004 - | 2007 - | 2010 - | 2013 - | 2016 - | 2019 - | 2022 - | |||
| National constituency | 100 (50) | 50 (0) | - | - | - | |||||||||||
| Proportional representation | - | 50 (50) | 100 (50) | 98 (48) | 96 (48) | 98 (50) | 100 (50) | (106.175.512) | (2,123,510) | |||||||
| Hokkaidō | 8 (4) | 6 (2) | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | 6 (3) | 4,565,940 | 1,521,980 | |||||||||
| Aomori | 2 (1) | 1,115,683 | 1,115,683 | |||||||||||||
| Iwate | 2 (1) | 1,070,422 | 1,070,422 | |||||||||||||
| Miyagi | 2 (1) | 3 (2) | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 1,943,745 | 1,943,745 | |||||||||
| Akita | 2 (1) | 875,798 | 875,798 | |||||||||||||
| Yamagata | 2 (1) | 934.182 | 934.182 | |||||||||||||
| Fukushima | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 1,614,941 | 1,614,941 | |||||||||||
| Ibaraki | 4 (2) | 2,446,489 | 1,223,245 | |||||||||||||
| Tochigi | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 1,643,979 | 1,643,979 | |||||||||||
| Gunma | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 1,639,083 | 1,639,083 | |||||||||||
| Saitama | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | 6 (3) | 7 (4) | 8 (4) | 6,124,332 | 1,531,083 | |||||||||
| Chiba | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | 6 (3) | 5,251,304 | 1,750,435 | |||||||||||
| Tokyo | 8 (4) | 9 (5) | 10 (5) | 11 (6) | 12 (6) | 11,385,086 | 1,897,514 | |||||||||
| Kanagawa | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | 6 (3) | 7 (4) | 8 (4) | 7,652,920 | 1,913,230 | |||||||||
| Niigata | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 1,928,748 | 1,928,748 | |||||||||||
| Toyama | 2 (1) | 896.986 | 896.986 | |||||||||||||
| Ishikawa | 2 (1) | 957.682 | 957.682 | |||||||||||||
| Fukui | 2 (1) | 651.281 | 651.281 | |||||||||||||
| Yamanashi | 2 (1) | 699.241 | 699.241 | |||||||||||||
| Nagano | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 1,756,054 | 1,756,054 | |||||||||||
| Gifu | 2 (1) | 3 (2) | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 1,685,010 | 1,685,010 | |||||||||
| Shizuoka | 4 (2) | 3,090,663 | 1,545,332 | |||||||||||||
| Aichi | 6 (3) | 7 (4) | 8 (4) | 6,120,954 | 1,530,239 | |||||||||||
| Mie | 2 (1) | 1,506,963 | 1,506,963 | |||||||||||||
| Shiga | 2 (1) | 1,152,449 | 1,152,449 | |||||||||||||
| Kyoto | 4 (2) | 2,128,299 | 1,064,150 | |||||||||||||
| Osaka | 6 (3) | 7 (4) | 8 (4) | 7,325,934 | 1,831,483 | |||||||||||
| Hyogo | 6 (3) | 5 (2) | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | 6 (3) | 4,623,600 | 1,541,200 | |||||||||
| Nara | 2 (1) | 1,153,539 | 1,153,539 | |||||||||||||
| Wakayama | 2 (1) | 824.288 | 824.288 | |||||||||||||
|
Tottori - Shimane |
2 (1) (Tottori) | 1 (0) (Tottori) 1 (1) (combi.) 1 (0) (Shimane) |
2 (1) | 476,838 | 1,052,591 | |||||||||||
| 2 (1) (Shimane) | 575.753 | |||||||||||||||
| Okayama | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 1,589,945 | 1,589,945 | |||||||||||
| Hiroshima | 4 (2) | 2,351,378 | 1,175,689 | |||||||||||||
| Yamaguchi | 2 (1) | 1,173,504 | 1,173,504 | |||||||||||||
|
Tokushima - kochi |
2 (1) (Tokushima) | 1 (0) (Tokushima) 1 (1) (combi.) 1 (0) (Kōchi) |
2 (1) | 640.924 | 1,257,646 | |||||||||||
| 2 (1) (kochi) | 616.719 | |||||||||||||||
| Kagawa | 2 (1) | 826.756 | 826.756 | |||||||||||||
| Ehime | 2 (1) | 1,170,899 | 1,170,899 | |||||||||||||
| Fukuoka | 6 (3) | 5 (2) | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | 6 (3) | 4,239,352 | 1,413,117 | |||||||||
| saga | 2 (1) | 686.403 | 686.403 | |||||||||||||
| Nagasaki | 2 (1) | 1,148,376 | 1,148,376 | |||||||||||||
| Kumamoto | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 1,482,627 | 1,482,627 | |||||||||||
| Ōita | 2 (1) | 976.476 | 976.476 | |||||||||||||
| Miyazaki | 2 (1) | 920.822 | 920.822 | |||||||||||||
| Kagoshima | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 1,370,508 | 1,370,508 | |||||||||||
| Okinawa | - | 2 (1) | 1,161,899 | 1,161,899 | ||||||||||||
| total | 250 (125) | 252 (126) | 247 (121) | 242 (121) | 245 (124) | 248 (124) | 106,175,512 (× 2 election segments / votes) |
856,254 (one election) 1,434,804 (one majority vote) 428,127 (two elections / entire chamber) |
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Remarks
- ↑ including those living abroad
- ↑ The voting weight is based on the number of MPs standing for election in the 2019 Sangiin election in accordance with the 2018 amendment and the 2018 voter statistics.
- ↑ subject to further adjustments
- ↑ = as the average of the comparative value for the prefecture electoral districts
Web links
- Sangiin: Historical changes to the electoral system until 2015 (Japanese)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Upper House districts set for shake-up after electoral reform laws pass Diet. In: The Japan Times . July 28, 2015, accessed August 1, 2015 .
- ↑ Sōmushō , News on the Electoral System , October 24, 2018: 参議院 議員 選 挙 制度 の 改正 に つ い て
- ↑ Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications , election information : 平 成 30 年 9 月 登録 日 現在 選 挙 人 名簿 及 及 び 在外 選 挙 人 名簿 登録 者 数