Munich floods of 1899
The Munich flood of 1899 , known as the “ flood of the century”, was one of the greatest natural disasters that hit the city of Munich . A tidal wave triggered by heavy rain in September 1899 destroyed river banks in the city area as well as two large Isar bridges and consequently led to a reorganization of the inner city river area with considerable bank reinforcement work and the construction of six bridges.
weather condition
From September 8, 1899, there was heavy rain in southern Bavaria . The rain came from a large area of low pressure that stretched from North Africa to the Baltic States and from the Western Alps to the Black Sea. The transport of moist air from the north as well as from the entire Mediterranean area generated precipitation of over 500 mm at the top on an area of more than 10,000 square kilometers. In the Isar area up to the Loisach estuary, precipitation averaged 400 mm between September 9 and 14, so that 990 million cubic meters of the 2736 square kilometer area were drained. Since the underground reservoirs showed a low water level after a rather dry summer and a winter with little snow in 1898/99, parts of the rainwater were naturally collected. Otherwise the following flood would have been even more massive. Until September 14th, the rainfalls led to floods, especially in the Isar and Inn areas. Of course, other locations in the foothills of the Alps were also affected, for example on the Danube and the Traun . In contrast to the floods in 1954 and 2002, there was no double wave in 1899 (the result of separately rained down blocks of precipitation), but only one continuous, single wave. The water levels reached in 1899 were the highest ever recorded in the Isar and Inn areas.
Damage
The flood-bearing Isar caused considerable damage in the Munich city area from September 12th. The bank reinforcements and weirs , such as the Neumüller and Montgelas dams, were particularly affected . The young Maximiliansanlagen were also severely damaged. Here, as in the Isar floodplains, ponds and lakes were destroyed. The Maximilianswerk hydroelectric power station, which was only built in 1895, was also affected. All Isar bridges were damaged, two collapsed. In addition to three wooden bridges, there were eight stone and two iron bridges in the city area before the flood. On September 13th, the Max-Joseph-Brücke (also known as the Bogenhauserbrücke ) collapsed , a bridge built in 1876 with iron framework architecture. The date is noteworthy because on September 13th, during the flood of 1813, the Munich Schwanenbrücke (today: Ludwigsbrücke ) on today's Museum Island collapsed and 100 people drowned.
After the pillars of the Luitpold Bridge (also called Prinzregentenbrücke ) had been undermined by the flood for days and considerable amounts of soil had been washed away from the abutments and parts of the bank protection, it too fell into the Isar the following day. This bridge was a steel bridge built just eight years earlier using a segmented arch construction . Around the point of the bridge, the river bed of the Isar widened from 45 to 65 meters during the flood due to the erosion of the banks.
There are no known fatalities from the flood.
consequences
After the water levels had normalized , military units from Munich and Ingolstadt immediately built a temporary pontoon bridge . The destroyed Max Joseph Bridge was replaced by an emergency bridge after the onset of winter.
As a result of the destruction, the city administration decided on an extensive construction and renovation program, which between 1900 and 1905 included a basic flow regulation in the city area, the construction of extensive bank and quay walls as well as the renewal (profile expansion for the purpose of greater water flow ) or new construction of six bridges provided. In March 1901, the city's magistrate decided to launch a limited competition for the extension and construction of the bridges.
In addition to the construction of the six new Isar bridges in stone and (partially) concrete construction (Luitpold Bridge - 1901, Max Joseph Bridge - 1902, Cornelius Bridge - 1903, Reichenbach Bridge - 1903, Wittelsbach Bridge - 1904 and Outer Maximilians Bridge - 1905), the generous new construction program included one reorganization of Isar space (almost continuously over a length of approximately 6 kilometers between the Thalkirchener attacks to Prater weir ) with regulation by the flow through enclosure quay walls and dams. For cost reasons, the new bridges were built with a standard falsework and made of massive shell limestone blocks (from quarries in Lower Franconia ), which is why they look similar with their wide-span bridge arches in shape and the same in material. The bridges were built by the construction company Sager & Woerner , the designs came from the architects Friedrich von Thiersch and Theodor Fischer . The formerly regularly flooded Coal Island (today: Museum Island ) was also fortified in such a way that it was now flood-proof.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Northeast Culture Munich , website of the Association for District Culture in the Munich Northeast eV
- ^ Leo von Willmann, Handbuch der Ingenieurwissenschaften in five volumes , Edition 3, Wilhelm Engelmann, 1900, p. 668
- ↑ Thomas Nester u. a., The June flood 2013 in Austria , in: Flood and no end! Status reports, current projects, new planning tools , specialist conference July 3rd and 4th 2014 in Obernach, Chair and Research Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Management at the Technical University of Munich , p. 89 ff.
- ↑ Hydropower and Water Management, Volume 29, 1934, p. 207
- ^ The flood of 1899 , website of the city archive of the city of Rosenheim
- ^ Archives for Molluscology, Volume 38, Deutsche Malakozoologische Gesellschaft, Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft , 1906, p. 72
- ↑ a b Käthe Heindel, The reshaping of the Isar by people , Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich 1936, p. 27 and p. 42
- ↑ Dieter Hennebo (ed.) And Erika Schmidt, garden, art, history , Volume 16 of the Green series: sources and research on the art of gardening , ISBN 3-884-62107-6 , Werner, 1994, p 147
- ↑ Gerhard Willhalm, District Pictures of Munich ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Norbert Götz, Clementine Schack-Simitzis, Gabriele Schickel, Die Prinzregentenzeit: Catalog of the exhibition in the Münchner Stadtmuseum - Munich around 1900 , Münchner Stadtmuseum (ed.), 1988, p. 217
- ↑ Birgit Magiera, September 13, 1813: Collapse of the Schwanenbrücke in Munich ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), Bavaria 2
- ^ Theodor Fischer, Luitpoldbrücke (Prinzregentenbrücke) , in: Gerd Fischer, Architektur in München, Since 1900: Ein Wegweiser , ISBN 3-322-84302-5 , Springer-Verlag, 2013, p. 14
- ↑ Hans Knauss, Functional Architecture between Representation and Use: Concept and Aesthetics of Selected Functional Buildings in Bavaria from approx. 1850-1930 , Volume 5 of the series Art History, Tuduv Studies , Tuduv-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1983, p. 124
- ^ The construction of which was financed by Luitpold von Bayern
- ^ Theodor Fischer, Luitpoldbrücke (Prinzregentenbrücke) , in: Gerd Fischer, Architektur in München, Since 1900: Ein Wegweiser , ISBN 3-322-84302-5 , Springer-Verlag, 2013, p. 14
- ↑ Christine Raedlinger, History of the Munich Bridges. Technical challenges of bridge construction , ISBN 978-3-9811425-2-5 , Building Department Munich (ed.), Franz Schiermeier Verlag, Munich 2008
- ↑ Carsten Heinisch, 101 retrospectives : memories of days , ISBN 3-839-12895-1 , BoD, Norderstedt 2010, p. 77
