Münster To the Beauty of Our Lady (Ingolstadt)
The Minster of the Beautiful Our Lady or Liebfrauenmünster is a Catholic parish church ( Obere Pfarr ) in Ingolstadt in the Bavarian diocese of Eichstätt . The cornering of the two unfinished towers of the late Gothic hall church from the 15th century is striking . The name Münster does not refer to its function as a monastery church, but to its size.
history
There was already a wooden church on the spot where the cathedral was to be built. In 1407 the city of Ingolstadt was divided into two parishes, from which the name of the Upper Parish, built after the Lower Parish of St. Moritz , resulted .
In 1425 the construction of the church finally began, financed by a foundation of the Wittelsbach Duke Ludwig VII , planned as his grave church. However, it never fulfilled this purpose, as Duke Ludwig died in captivity and was buried in the Raitenhaslach monastery . In 1438 he donated a valuable image of the Virgin Mary to the church, which was destroyed in 1801. This image of Mary gave the church its name, which was then named Zur Schönen Our Lady . In 1441 Ludwig founded a poor convent of 1000 poor who were supposed to pray for his soul in return for money and food. However, it never came to the establishment of the poor convention. In 1525, 100 years after construction began, the cathedral was completed. The towers planned with spikes instead of hoods were originally supposed to reach a height of 86 meters. The construction work on the church was not finished due to financial difficulties, so that the church towers are only 62 and 69 meters high today.
The minster flourished at the time when it was both a parish and a university church , as can be seen today in the high altar by Hans Mielich . It was built in 1572 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Bavarian State University .
The famous Ingolstadt controversial theologian Johannes Eck was minister pastor for many years and was buried here after his death in 1543. The humanist and Ingolstadt professor Veit Amerbach also found his final resting place in the Liebfrauenmünster.
Building history
The construction history of the Liebfrauenkirche is particularly well documented in its initial phase and its completion. An inscription on the southeast portal documents the laying of the foundation stone in 1425. At that time, the wreath of six rectangular chapels around the ambulatory was started. At that time, the sacristy was also built on the north side and the two chapels adjoining to the west on the north and south sides. For the north-western chapel of this construction phase, a foundation was handed down in 1431 and a burial in 1444. The south-eastern portal , which was intended as the main entrance, can also be assigned to this first construction phase. It is dated 1430 in inscriptions in the lower part of the vestments . The expulsion of the builder Duke Ludwig in 1438 may have meant a turning point in the construction process.
In the following decades, written sources were largely absent. An exact date is only available again with the inscribed dating of the eaves zone of the choir for the year 1489. At that time the outer walls of the entire church, including the lower parts of the west towers, were completed up to the eaves level. The roof structure erected over the next few years and still in its original state is dendrochronologically dated to 1491. It was pitched in the following years. With the erection of the roof, the prerequisites for the vaulting of the central nave, side aisles and ambulatory were given, which was carried out over the next few years. The architect of this measure was largely Hans Rottaler , who can be traced back to Ingolstadt between 1497 and 1504. The plan for the construction as a relay hall with a raised central nave may also go back to him.
Received invoices, which Siegfried Hofmann has evaluated, report on the progress of the arching work. It can be assumed that, for structural reasons, the ambulatory and the eastern parts of the side aisles were vaulted first. An older scheme of star figures separated by yokes was used. From 1503 the central nave vault was pulled in by Rottaler. A modern network structure was used here, blurring the boundaries of the individual yokes. In the years around 1500, the upper tower floors were built without the planned closings being carried out. The elevation drawing of the southwest tower by Erhard Heydenreich, which is almost two and a half meters in size, has been preserved in the Ingolstadt City Archives.
From 1509 a new architect can be found in Erhard Heydenreich , who came from the Regensburg Dombauhütte . From 1510 to about 1520 he built three rectangular chapels on the north and south sides of the nave and closed them with artistic vaults. On the one hand, these show ultra-modern bow and loop rib motifs, i.e. vault figures on a curved floor plan, as they had become modern in the late 15th century in Bavaria and elsewhere. In addition, they show an artistic combination of geometric rib profiles and vegetable branch and flower shapes. This branch was also an innovation of the late 15th century. Ribs are superimposed on the arch base with those that are freely arranged in space. Under Heydenreich, the west gable was built in 1517 and the uppermost storey of the south tower, which remained fragmentary until 1522. The two towers in the west and the vestibule between them, which had already been created in the lower parts, remained unfinished.
Compared to the first construction phase between 1425 and 1438 and the completion phase from 1489 to 1522, the necessary construction progress in between is more uncertain to date. A foundation and instructions from Duke Ludwig to expand the church to the west and the project of a second choir have come down to us from 1441. Siegfried Hofmann assumes that the two diagonally placed towers in the west were at least a foundation back then. In addition, the figures of the window tracery were used by research in order to reconstruct a continuous, slow construction progress from east to west in the following period. The upper windows and their walls on the ambulatory are dated to the 1450s and it is assumed that the similarly designed upper window tracery in the adjacent nave and its walls were connected around 1460/70. It is assumed that the arcades between the central nave and the side aisles were also built during this period. However, this chronology is not supported by any written sources and it is difficult to justify it against the background of the political situation in the middle third of the 15th century in the duchy. It is also conceivable that the building could be carried out at a later date, with a more compressed time, before the written date of 1489 and the definitely dated opening of the roof structure.
Furnishing
High altar
In 1572 the colorful high altar was installed in the cathedral for the 100th anniversary of the Ingolstadt University on behalf of the Bavarian Duke Albrecht V. The Duke is shown as the founder . The overall design comes from Hans Mielich , who expressed many passages from the Gospel in the more than ninety pictures. This “flood of images” turned against the Lutheran iconoclasm in the spirit of the Counter Reformation .
The altar is a convertible altar with double side wings, which only shows the pictures that match the church year. The back of the high altar shows the disputation of St. Katarina with the scholars.
Stained glass window
The stained glass windows in the ambulatory are also precious , especially the scene of the Annunciation (see Annunciation Window), which extends over the entire window behind the high altar. A glass window was created after Albrecht Dürer around 1505.
crib
The nativity scene came to Ingolstadt from Tyrol via the Jesuits , who had their largest religious house in southern Germany in Ingolstadt. From 1722 the Münster Nativity Scene was created by baroque artists. The nativity scene, which has over 250 figures, is accessible all year round in the Münster after an extensive restoration.
The "Mother Thrice Admirable"
In 1595 , the Jesuit Father Jakob Rem assembled the Colloquium Marianum , an "elite group" of the Marian movement, around this image of Mary , which is one of the seven copies of the Maria Snow image made in Rome around 1570 . On April 16, 1604, the Blessed Mother appeared to him during the Lauretanian litany and told him that she was particularly fond of the title "Mater admirabilis". Thereupon he had this invocation repeated twice and so the name "Three times wonderful mother" was born. In 1881 the image of the Virgin was ceremoniously installed.
In the war year 1942, Bishop Michael Rackl placed the entire diocese of Eichstätt under the protection of the "Mother Thrice Admirable" and elevated her to the status of diocesan patroness . The image of the "Mother Thrice Admirable" is also in the praise of God for the diocese of Eichstätt.
Gable Madonna
Under the gable is an approximately 500 year old and four meter high stone sculpture of a Madonna with the baby Jesus in her arms. The artist is not recorded.
Bells
The seven bells of the minster hang in the south tower. Another bell hangs in the roof turret on the nave.
| No. | Surname | Casting year | Foundry, casting location | Diameter (mm) |
Weight (kg) |
Nominal ( HT - 1 / 16 ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ? | 1647 | B. Ernst, Munich | 1760 | 3620 | c 1 -9 |
| 2 | Angelus | 1956 | Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling , Heidelberg | 1422 | 1994 | d 1 -8 |
| 3 | Petrus Canisius | 1956 | Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling, Heidelberg | 1185 | 1138 | f 1 -6 |
| 4th | Antlass | 1716 | Johann Georg Neubert | 1200 | 930 | g 1 -7 |
| 5 | Peasant woman | 1408 | unknown | 960 | 550 | a 1 -8 |
| 6th | Walburga | 1956 | Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling, Heidelberg | 829 | 428 | c 2 -6 |
| 7th | Striker | 1409 | unknown | 780 | 300 | d 2 -6 |
Organs
Main organ
The large organ was built in 1977 by the organ manufacturer Klais with 69 stops on four manuals and pedal for 1 million DM. The instrument has mechanical action ; the stop actions are electric. Around the year 2000 some modifications took place: The existing 32 'reed part was replaced by the current double bombarde 32' with up to 11 m long zinc cups, the previous register was reworked into a second 16 'reed register, so that the organ has 70 registers since then with 5436 pipes. The metal pipes of the Trichtergedackt 8` gave way to wooden pipes. With a modernized typesetting system, the number of possible free combinations, which can now also be saved and saved on diskette, increased from eight to 1280.
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Pairing :
- Normal coupling: I / II, III / II, IV / II, III / I, IV / I, IV / III, I / P, II / P, III / P, IV / P
- Super octave coupling: III / P
- Playing aids : 4000x typesetting system , floppy disk drive
- Remarks:
Choir organ
On Sunday, May 15, 2016, the new "Bach organ" from the Wegscheider organ workshop was inaugurated. It is based on the Baroque organ building tradition in Central Germany and is based on the works of Gottfried Silbermann and Zacharias Hildebrandt . The instrument has 45 registers , which are divided into three manuals and pedal.
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Dimensions
- Length of the main nave: 89 m
- Width of the nave: 37 m
- Height of the main nave: 28 m (roof ridge 48 m)
- Height of the aisles: 23 m
- Height of the towers: 62 m and 69 m (originally planned final height: 86 m)
literature
- Suzanne Bäumler : The Ingolstadt Minster to the Beautiful Our Lady. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin / Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-422-02187-7 .
- Karlheinz Hemmeter : “... that you are entitled to the locked body afterwards” An idea becomes a monument. On the building history of the Ingolstadt Minster , in: Brandl, Ludwig / Grimminger, Christina / Vollnhals, Isidor (eds.): Liebfrauenmünster Ingolstadt, Regensburg 2007, pp. 118–143.
- Siegfried Hofmann : "And that kind of foundation that, because the world is constant, that is, stout and best". The Church of Our Lady of Beauty. A historical overview , in: Brandl, Ludwig u. a. (Ed.): Liebfrauenmünster Ingolstadt, Regensburg 2007, pp. 10–31.
- Ethan Matt Kavaler : Nature and the Chapel Vaults at Ingolstadt. Structuralist and Other Perspectives , in: Art Bulletin 87 (2005), pp. 230–248.
- Siegfried Hofmann: The completion of the Minster to the Beautiful of Our Lady in Ingolstadt 1497 to 1530 on the basis of the received church bills of the Minster Archives, in: Collective sheet of the Historisches Verein Ingolstadt 76 (1967), pp. 5-57 (and no. 77 (1968) , Pp. 13–50)
Individual evidence
- ↑ The best overview and discussion of the history of the building is offered by: Karlheinz Hemmeter: "... that you are entitled to the locked body afterwards" An idea becomes a monument. On the building history of the Ingolstadt Minster , in: Brandl, Ludwig / Grimminger, Christina / Vollnhals, Isidor (eds.): Liebfrauenmünster Ingolstadt, Regensburg 2007, pp. 118-143, with older literature
- ↑ Siegfried Hofmann: The completion of the Minster zur Schönen Unser Lieben Frau in Ingolstadt 1497 to 1530 on the basis of the church invoices received from the Minster Archives, in: Collective sheet of the Historisches Verein Ingolstadt 76 (1967), pp. 5-57 (and no. 77 (1968 ), Pp. 13–50)
- ^ Johann Josef Böker u. a .: Gothic architecture: Ulm and the Danube region. An inventory catalog of medieval architectural drawings from Ulm, Swabia and the Danube region. Müry & Salzmann, Salzburg 2011, No. 97.
- ↑ St. Willibalds-Bote Eichstätt of October 1, 1961, p. 13.
- ↑ Friends of Music at the Münster eV In: Friends of Music at the Münster eV Accessed on April 27, 2019 (German).
- ↑ Augsburger Allgemeine from 17 May 2016: Organ art in all its facets , accessed on 9 December 2019.
- ^ The organs in the Liebfrauenmünster Ingolstadt. Retrieved December 9, 2019 .
Web links
- Official homepage of the Münster parish of Ingolstadt
- Article in the Historical Lexicon of Bavaria (Siegfried Hofmann)
- Saint Catherine of Alexandria in the Ingolstadt City Museum
- Virtual tour through the Münster
Coordinates: 48 ° 45 ′ 51.3 " N , 11 ° 25 ′ 13.8" E