Weimar Mint

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In a mint in Weimar , bracteates of the Count of Orlamünde were probably minted as early as around 1165 . In the 14th and 15th centuries until a Thuringian state mint was founded in Weimar , the city had a municipal mint in which hollow pennies were struck at times. After the city's right to mint was not renewed, Duke Wilhelm III. von Thuringia (1445–1482) mint coins of the Groschen currency not only in the mints of Gotha , Saalfeld , Jena and Freiberg (here certainly only for a very short time), but also from around 1448 to 1465 in its Weimar state mint. In 1619 the Weimar Mint was rebuilt by Duke Johann Ernst I of Saxe-Weimar (1594–1626). Until 1691, with interruptions and changes of location, it produced coins from the Taler era for the Duke of Saxony-Weimar and from 1672 to 1678 for the Duke of Saxony-Jena .

history

Bracteatic time

Grafschaft Orlamünde, Hermann II. (1206–1248), Brakteat, Weimar, Orlamünde or Magdala. (Bahrfeldt: The Bracteatenfund von Milde in the Archive for Bracteatic Studies, Volume IV 1898–1906, p. 11)

The first evidence of a Weimar mint, still controversial between numismatists and historians, is the bracteates of the Margrave of Brandenburg and Count of Orlamünde Albrecht I (the bear) (around 1134 / 1157–1170), the Count of Orlamünde: Hermann I (1156–1176 ), Siegfried III. (1176–1206), Hermann II. (1206–1247), Hermann IV. († 1319) and Friedrich I († 1365).

According to POSERN-KLETT, the first written sources from a mint in Weimar from 1274 and 1292 are:

The older owners, the Counts of Weimar, may have had their own mint there, but we only know from the Counts of Orlamünde that they had coins minted there in the thirteenth century. In a Capellendorf monastery letter from 1274, “decem solidi denariorum monete Vinariensis”, and in a later document from the same monastery from 1292 “quantuor solidi Madilanensium vel Vimarensium denariorum”, and so in the fourteenth century Weimar pennies are mentioned in documents even more often .

In contrast, historians interpret the mention of the place Weimar in the two monastery letters "decem solidi denariorum monete Vinariensis" (ten shillings of Weimar money) and "quantuor solidi Madilanensium vel Vimarensium denariorum" (four shillings as they are valid in Magdala or Weimar) as coins, "As they are valid in Weimar".

Dime

The state main mint of the Wettins has been in Freiberg since the 13th century . At the end of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Meissnian-Saxon sovereign princes built further mints in Sangerhausen , Zwickau , Gotha, Leipzig , Weimar, Colditz , Wittenberg and Langensalza , some of which were only in operation for the production of their silver groschen currency .

In the period from 1331 to 1400, the Wettins came into the possession of the Thuringian cities of Jena (1331), Weimar (1372), Langensalza (1379 partially, 1400 completely) and Saalfeld (1389).

Hollow pfennig, 15th century, Weimar municipal mint. (Friedensb. 213)

The first clear evidence of a Weimar mint is provided by a document from Landgrave Balthasar of Thuringia (1349 / 79–1406), dated September 13, 1398 in Stadtilm . In it, he instructs his mint master in Langensalza to mint coins according to a specified standard . With the addition at the end of the certificate: “The mint master zcu Wymar ey had a letter about the muncze ij a festo martini. Date anno festo dicto “a Weimar mint is mentioned. 1398 hollow pennies were minted with a rough weight of 0.256 g and a fine weight of 0.105 g. The mint was leased to the city of Weimar under Duke Balthasar and Friedrich the Peaceful of Thuringia (1406–1440).

Further evidence of the mint is:

  • a document from Duke Wilhelm III. of Thuringia from November 19, 1450. Therein, the mint master Lucas Kochmann in Jena is instructed to re-establish a ducal groschen and pfennig coin and to "slahen alde groschen and pfennigs as we did before to Sangerhausen and Wymar"
  • three further documents on the activities of the mint masters Hans and Heinrich Martersteck and Hans Erhardt, who worked in the Weimar mint between 1458 and 1468.

However, KRUG names the mint in Gotha and the period from around 1413 to 1436 for the activities of the mint master Hans Martersteck. Heinrich Martersteck's time roughly coincides with the mint master in Weimar, Heinz Martersteck, specified by KRUG . Mint master Hans Erhard also places KRUG in Gotha. Groschen coins minted in Weimar are the New Shock Groschen of Wilhelm III., With a W in front of the soaring lion and small 5-petalled roses with mint mark, probably struck around 1462 (KRUG No. 1326). New shock or 6-Heller dime show in quatrefoil standing flower cross , covered with the pile shield , on the opposite side rising to the left Meissner lion . They were also struck in the mints of Freiberg, Gotha, Jena, Saalfeld, Colditz (also referred to here as Margarethengroschen ), Leipzig, Zwickau and Sangerhausen. The hollow pennies given by KRUG (No. 1328–1331) are not definitely assigned to the Weimar Mint. KRUG also names the Weimar mint as unsafe for the Hohlhellern struck from 1457 and 1462 (KRUG No. 1332; 1333; 1335; 1336).

Elector Friedrich II. With his brother Duke Wilhelm III. from Thuringia (1440–1464), Schildgroschen no year (minted from 1451), Mint Saalfeld (KRUG 1060), to RÖBLITZ Mint Weimar.

According to RÖBLITZ, Pfahlschildgroschen (shield groschen) and new shock groschen as well as Landsberg hollow pennies that KRUG places in Saalfeld ( mint master's mark two fish) are most likely not minted in Saalfeld, but in Weimar (KRUG No. 1059-1062, 1246-1251, 1285– 1299 and 1303).

Duke Wilhelm III. had separated from his brother Elector Friedrich II (1428–1464) in 1445 and assumed the independent regency in Thuringia. Then there was a quarrel between the brothers and even armed conflicts. The so-called Saxon Fratricidal War ended around 1450, but Wilhelm's attitude only changed after Frederick's death. From 1465 he minted again in community with his cousins ​​in all mints. His Weimar mint has been closed since then.

Thaler time

In 1619, the Weimar Mint was rebuilt by Duke Johann Ernst I. Until 1691 the coin minted coins from the Taler period for the Duke of Saxe-Weimar and from 1672 to 1678 for the Duke of Saxe-Jena.

Tipper and luffing time

Duchy of Saxony-Weimar, Johann Ernst and his six brothers (1619–1622), Kipper-Dreibätzner 1619, CVL-Weimar. (Bornemann 1 Var., Kraaz Collection, Kernbach Collection 2475, Koppe / Seitz 13)

In the time of money falsification, the time of the tipper and wipper , Thuringia had around 50 tipper minting sites from 1621 to 1623. In the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar were the tipper mints Berka a. d. Ilm, Burgau , Gebstedt , Ichtershausen , Königsberg i. Fr. , Reinhardtsbrunn , Rothenstein , Saalborn and Weimar. The Weimar mint, built on the Ilm in 1619 between the castle and cone bridges, minted the tipper coins, some of which are rare today, for Duke Johann Ernst I of Saxe-Weimar and his brothers from 1619 to 1622. The following Weimar denominations are known (incomplete):

  • Gulden at 60 kreuzers, Mmz. GA, mint master Gabriel Andreae and mint mark W.
  • Sechsbätzner (= 24 Kreuzer = double Schreckenberger ), Mmz. CVL, mint master Cyriax (Cyriacus, Cyriakus) von Lehr, from 1620 with Mmz. GA, even without Mmz.
  • Three-part Mmz. CVL, from 1620 with Mmz. GA
  • 2 Pfennig, mint mark W
  • 1 pfennig, mint mark W

See also: Kippertaler and Kippermünzstätten (Kursachsen)

In a letter from the Princely Chamber in Köthen from 1626, it can be seen that the value of the mint building in April 1620 including the technical equipment was 1,620  fl 12  gl 2  pf .

The mint from 1622 to 1691

Duchy of Saxony-Weimar, Johann Ernst and his five brothers (1622–1626), Reichstaler (" Pallastaler ") 1623, Weimar
Duchy of Saxony-Weimar, Wilhelm (1640–1662), Groschen 1656, Weimar, on the death of his son Friedrich.
Duchy of Saxony-Weimar, Johann Ernst (1662–1683), Groschen 1665, Weimar, on the funeral of his mother Eleonore, who died in 1664.

After Johann Ernst I stopped minting tipper coins, the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar was again minted according to the Imperial Coin Order. The first full taler coins minted in Weimar in 1623 (in Reinhardsbrunn as early as 1622), the so-called Pallastaler , were Reichstaler with the inscription "AFTER THE ALTEN SCHROT VND KORN " on the reverse . This inscription was used to document the full value of the coin, as tipper coins were minted in Thuringia until 1623. The same inscription to denote the quality was already used on coins of Duke George of Saxony (1500–1539) during the time of the Saxon coin separation . From 1530 to the end of 1533, Duke Georg had the mints of Freiberg, Leipzig and Annaberg minted according to the previous quality, although Elector Johann von Sachsen (1486 / 1525–1532) had reduced the fineness of his coinage in the Zwickau and Buchholz mints . The identical quality designation on the Pallastaler of Duke Johann Ernst and his five brothers is very likely to be traced back to the time of the Saxon coin separation.

The Reichstaler and its parts were mostly executed as commemorative coins. The Weimar Mint commemorated the Weimar Castle ( Wilhelmsburg ), the inauguration of the Castle Church in Wilhelmsburg Castle, Bernhard von Sachsen-Jena (Magistertaler) took over the rectorate of the University of Jena , the Peace of Westphalia and the Hennberg division, as well as the funeral coins .

Location and technical equipment after 1674

In 1674, the Weimar Mint had to be rebuilt due to dilapidation. The mint master Georg Friedrich Staude received the order from Duke Johann Ernst II (1627–1683) on July 1, 1674 . Contrary to the situation mentioned in the order, the mint was located on the raft ditch, which was an artificial branch of the Ilm. The mint master Sebastian Altmann set up the mint at his own expense when he took up his post in Weimar. After the mint closed in early 1691, he took the facility with him to Ilmenau , where he continued to work as mint master for Duke Wilhelm Ernst (1683–1728) until 1702. Altmann died completely impoverished in Ilmenau in 1703. The inheritance dispute on file with the Princely Office of Ilmenau includes a list of the establishment of the mint. Accordingly, the following technical equipment was available:

  • Two passage mechanisms with three pairs of rollers
  • Two averages with 16 documents and 20 pressures
  • A push mechanism with two lead bullets
  • Two pocket works
  • A big wooden wheel with a shaft

The passage mechanism was a rolling mill in which the cast teeth were stretched. Annealing was carried out again before rolling out several times. The teeth were then adjusted. With the average, the teeth were cut into plates ( planets ). The push mechanism was a screw press (balancer) for embossing the plates on the stick (lower punch) and iron (upper punch). Pocket embossing took place in the pocket factory. Stick and iron were stuck in two counter-rotating shafts in the so-called pockets. The coins minted in this way were slightly curved. The large wooden wheel with a shaft was most likely part of the Göpel drive for the passage mechanism.

The coins of the mint

From 1619 to 1691 the following denominations were minted: Kipper coins (see above), pfennigs, threes, groschen (apple groschen), ¼ Reichstaler, ½ Reichstaler, Reichstaler (Pallastaler / Gedenktaler), ⅔ Taler (guilder) to the Zinnaic foot, gold guilder, ¼ ducat , ½ ducat, ducat.

Mint master of the Weimar Mint (incomplete)

(Groschen time according to KRUG, thaler time without the Mmz. According to KOPPE)

Mint master from to Mintmaster's mark comment
Heinz Martersteck 1448 1465 (?) Mentioned in Weimar in 1463, also Gotha (1457–1477) and Oelsnitz iV 1457 (?) With Mzz. O
Heinz Scheth (Schette) planned in Weimar (after 1464), it probably never came to coinage
Cyriacus of Lehr 1619 1620 CVL Dump coins
Gabriel Andreae 1620 1632 GA up to 1622 tipper coins
David Wölke 1637 1639 DW
Andreas Ulrich 1639 1669 without Also mentioned in Gotha in 1661 and 1668
Johann Friedrich 1639 1672 without
Georg Friedrich Staude 1673 (1674 according to ERZMANN) 1676 GFS
Johann Christoph Dürr 1677 1684 ICD; Finial
Johann Christoph Staude 1684 1686
Bastian (Sebastian) Altmann 1687 1691 BA The mint closed in 1691, in Ilmenau until 1702

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wolfgang Steguweit: History of the Gotha Mint ... , p. 18.
  2. ^ Günther Röblitz: The stamp of the Weimar Mint , p. 112
  3. ^ Gerhard Krug: The Meissnisch-Saxon Groschen ... , P. 90 u. 164-170.
  4. ↑ Central Technical Committee Numismatics Berlin: Historical Mints on the Territory of the GDR , Part 1, Numismatics Hefte No. 22, Berlin 1986, p. 28.
  5. ↑ mcsearch.info: County Orlamünde, Siegfried III. (1176–1206?), Brakteat, Weimar. (Collection Löbbecke 833, Fd. Seega 349, Fd. Erfurt 151)
  6. ↑ mcsearch.info: Grafschaft Orlamünde, Hermann II. (1206–1248), Brakteat, Weimar, Orlamünde or Magdala. (Bahrfeldt: The Bracteatenfund von Milde in the Archive for Bracteatic Studies, Volume IV 1898–1906, p. 11)
  7. ↑ Hubert Erzmann: On the history of the mints in Weimar , p. 12.
  8. ^ Carl Friedrich von Posern-Klett: Saxony's coins in the Middle Ages / Part 1: Mints and coins of the cities and spiritual donors , Leipzig, 1846, pp. 211/212 (Weimar).
  9. ↑ Hubert Erzmann: On the history of the mints in Weimar , p. 12 (source 3: Tille, The beginnings of the city of Weimar and the counts of Orlamünde, p. 64–68)
  10. ^ Paul Arnold: The Genealogy of the Meißnisch-Saxon sovereign princes . In: Numismatischer Verein zu Dresden e. V. (Ed.): “Dresdner numismatische Hefte”, No. 1/1996. P. 10.
  11. ↑ Gerhard Krug: The Meissnisch-Saxon Groschen ... , p. 55 (source 255: W. Hävernick)
  12. ↑ Hubert Erzmann: On the history of the mints in Weimar , p. 12 (Source 4: Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Dresden, Cop. 2, Bl. 236)
  13. ^ Gerhard Krug: The Meissnisch-Saxon Groschen ... , p. 55.
  14. ^ Günther Röblitz: The stamp of the Weimar Mint . In: Rudolf Feustel (Ed.): Alt-Thüringen ... ,: p. 111.
  15. ↑ mcsearch.info: Hohlpfennig, 15th century, Weimar municipal mint. (Friedensb. 213)
  16. ↑ Hubert Erzmann: On the history of the mints in Weimar , p. 12 (Source 5; 6: Reg U pag 17 AA III, No. 7 and Reg U pag 20 AA III, No. 7)
  17. ^ Gerhard Krug: The Meissnisch-Saxon Groschen ... , p. 61; 73 u. 87
  18. ^ Gerhard Krug: The Meissnisch-Saxon Groschen ... , p. 90
  19. ^ Gerhard Krug: The Meissnisch-Saxon Groschen ... , p. 87
  20. ^ Günther Röblitz: The stamp of the Weimar Mint , p. 113
  21. ↑ mcsearch.info: Elector Frederick II with his brother Duke Wilhelm III.. from Thuringia (1440–1464), Schildgroschen no year (minted from 1451), Mint Saalfeld (KRUG 1060), to RÖBLITZ Mint Weimar
  22. ↑ Wolfgang Steguweit: History of the Gotha Mint ... , p. 48
  23. ↑ Hubert Erzmann: On the history of the mints in Weimar , p. 13
  24. ^ Otto F. Müller: Otto Merseburger Collection comprising coins and medals from Saxony, sales catalog , Leipzig 1894, No. 3819
  25. ↑ mcsearch.info: Duchy of Saxony-Weimar, Johann Ernst and his six brothers (1619–1622), Kipper-Dreibätzner 1619, CVL-Weimar. (Bornemann 1 Var., Kraaz Collection, Kernbach Collection 2475, Koppe / Seitz 13)
  26. ↑ Hubert Erzmann: On the history of the mints in Weimar , p. 15, (source 38, A 11811)
  27. ↑ mcsearch.info: Duchy of Saxony-Weimar, Johann Ernst and his five brothers (1622–1626), Reichstaler (“Pallastaler”) 1623, Weimar. (Dav. 7532, Schnee 353, Koppe 220, Mers Collection. 3844)
  28. ↑ Hubert Erzmann: On the history of the mints in Weimar , in the newsletter Archive in Thuringia , special edition 1997, p. 14
  29. ↑ Hubert Erzmann: On the history of the mints in Weimar , p. 15 (Source 39: B 14618, Bl. 175–176)
  30. ↑ Heinz Fengler: Development of coin technology . P. 12 and 15th
  31. ↑ mcsearch.info: Duke John Ernst and 5 brothers (1622-1626), Goldgulden 1623 Weimar, MMZ. GA (Gabriel Andae), very rare.
  32. ↑ mcsearch.info: Duke Wilhelm (1640–1662), ¼ ducat 1651, Weimar, on the inauguration of the new castle church.
  33. ↑ mcsearch.info: Herzog Wilhelm (1640–1662), ½ ducat 1654, o. Mmz.-Weimar.
  34. ^ University of Heidelberg, historical holdings: Herzog Wilhelm (1640–1662) Ducat 1651.
  35. ^ Lothar Koppe: The coins of the House of Saxony-Weimar 1573-1918, p. 5

literature

Web links