Magellanic Premium

Front of the gold medal, 1795

The Magellanic Premium is an award that has been presented by the American Philosophical Society since 1790 to recognize the best discovery or most useful invention in the categories of navigation , astronomy, and natural philosophy . It consists of the Magellanic Gold Medal and prize money. The prestigious gold medal is the oldest award given by a North American institution to recognize scientific achievements.

history

In September 1785, the in offered London living Portuguese natural philosopher Jean-Hyacinthe de Magellan ( Portuguese João Jacinto de Magalhães , from 1723 to 1790) of the American Philosophical Society in a letter 200 guineas to help turn the proceeds of this fund to donate a prize. The APS under its President Benjamin Franklin gratefully accepted the offer in January 1786, announced the Magellanic Premium as the company's prize and selected an oval plate made of solid gold with a value of 10 guineas as the medal . In the beginning, only the medal was awarded, but now an additional amount is paid. In 1918, the prize was US $ 139.25 ( adjusted for inflation in 2014 corresponds to approximately US $ 2,190); in 2014 the prize was worth US $ 20,000.

Award ceremony for Lyman J. Briggs (left) and Paul R. Heyl in 1922

The procedure initially consisted of authors submitting texts (e.g. a treatise or the description of an invention) to the company under a pseudonym , including a sealed envelope with the person's real name. The sealed envelope was only opened if the committee decided on an award after the assessment, otherwise it was burned unopened and the author remained unknown. Since the fund's income in the early years was greater than necessary for the award of the medal, the company decided in 1804 to advertise an “Extra Magellanic Premium” with lower requirements and its own medal. Since the middle of the 20th century, the prize has no longer been awarded for submissions, but for an achievement or a person's life's work in the fields of navigation, astronomy or natural philosophy. Between the first award in 1790 and 2018, a total of 37 medals were awarded to 42 people.

In Magellan's time, international trade was primarily via seafaring , and there was great interest in improving maritime navigation . In the first hundred years of the award was in the category navigation especially for improvement of the control forgive as the very first award in 1790 for a spring - block , a temporary rudder 1804 or a control apparatus 1809. Excellent inventions to locating contribute and route selection, are an improved nautical chart , an electromagnetic compass and contributions to astro and satellite navigation . By 2018, 12 prizes had been awarded in the navigation category.

Back of the gold medal awarded to Nicholas Collin in 1795

In the 18th century, which included natural philosophy , the scientific and technical research . Up to 2018, 12 prizes were awarded in this category, for improvements to lightning rods in 1792, a "fast elevator" in 1795, physical phenomena at port entrances in 1887 to knowledge about the sensory organs of animals and the dance language of bees in 1956.

In the astronomy category, which was added at the beginning of the 19th century, the medal was awarded for the first time over 150 years later, in 1966 for the exploration of the moon and Venus with jet vehicles. Since all six awards between 2000 and 2018 fell into this category, it is now the leader with 13 medals.

List of award winners

• 2018: Sandra M. Faber (* 1944) for her contributions to the investigation of the formation and evolution of galaxies and the Faber-Jackson relation
• 2014: Alar Toomre (* 1937) in recognition of the numerical simulations of the interaction of galaxies published in 1972 with his brother Juri and the Toomre criterion , which indicates whether a differentially rotating disk of stars in a galaxy is stable
• 2008: Margaret J. Geller (* 1947) in recognition of her observations of the universe
  

  John E. Carlstrom was born in 2004 a. a. for his contribution to the South Pole Telescope .
• 2004: John E. Carlstrom (* 1957) for his role in measuring the anisotropy of cosmic background radiation and looking after the instruments at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
• 2002: Wendy Freedman (* 1957) for her role in the precise determination of the distance of 18 nearby galaxies with the Hubble telescope together with her team
• 2000: S. Jocelyn Bell Burnell (* 1943) for the discovery of the first four pulsars in 1967, through which she initiated a field of science that has been flourishing ever since
• 1997: Bradford W. Parkinson (* 1935) and Roger Easton (1921–2014) for their contributions to the Global Positioning System , through which they made instruments for precise navigation available to everyone
• 1994: Gordon H. Pettengill (* 1926) as "one of the leading radio astronomers of the last half century" for the creation of the map of Venus based on the images of the synthetic aperture radar of the space probe Magellan
• 1992: Edward C. Stone (* 1936) as scientific director of the Voyager program
  

  Award 1990 for Joseph H. Taylor : The emission of gravitational waves reduces the orbital period of the Hulse-Taylor double pulsar .
• 1990: Joseph H. Taylor (* 1941), the Einstein's theory of gravity waves using the Hulse-Taylor double pulsar confirmed
• 1988: George C. Weiffenbach and William H. Guier and her group at the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University , which the Doppler effect to detect the orbit of Sputnik - satellite used and the satellite navigation system, Transit developed
• 1984: J. Frank Jordon , Jet Propulsion Laboratory , for his role in the Voyager program , especially for the flyby of the probe at Jupiter , Saturn and their moons
• 1980: Martin Lindauer (1918–2008) for his studies on the orientation and flight navigation of animals
• 1975: Robert Herman (1914–1997) and Ralph A. Alpher (1921–2007) for their prediction of cosmic background radiation
• 1971: Paul M. Muller (1937–2013) and William J. Sjogren for creating a gravimetric map of the moon and their discovery of the mascons , large areas of increased rock density under the lunar surface
• 1966: William Hayward Pickering (1910–2004, director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ) for directing the exploration of the moon and Venus by jet vehicles
• 1961: Edward L. Beach (1918–2002), in recognition of the circumnavigation of the world with the submarine USS Triton
• 1960: Stuart William Seeley (1901–1978) for his work on SHORAN (Short Range Navigation), a military system for navigation and bombing
• 1959: Charles Stark Draper (1901–1987) for his pioneering work on inertial navigation
• 1956: Karl von Frisch (1886–1982) for his studies of the sensory organs of animals and the dance language of bees
• 1953: Philip Van Horn Weems (1889–1979), US Navy , for the invention of methods and measuring instruments for astronomical navigation
• 1952: James G. Baker (1914-2005) for his contributions to the theory and practice of optics , especially for his cameras with Super-Schmidt optics for observing meteors , which he later for Baker-Nunn camera enhanced
• 1922: Paul R. Heyl (1872-1961) and Lyman J. Briggs (1874-1963) from the National Bureau of Standards for a compass that uses the earth's magnetic field for electromagnetic induction in a generator and in 1927 by Charles Lindbergh on his non-stop flight from New York to Paris was used
• 1887: Lewis M. Haupt (1844–1937) for his work on the physical phenomena at harbor entrances
• 1864: Pliny Earle Chase (1820–1886) for the discovery of certain relationships between daily variations in the earth's magnetic field and air pressure caused by the gravitation of the sun and moon
  

  Drawing of the makeshift oar by William Mugford, awarded 1804.
• 1836, Extra Magellanic Premium: James P. Espy (1785-1860) for his theory of rain
• 1825, Extra Magellanic Premium: Charles D. Brodie for his invention to repair the side walls of ships below the surface of the water
• 1823, Extra Magellanic Premium: James Ewing for inventing an improved fire hydrant
• 1820 Extra Magellanic Premium: Joshua Chapman for improving the production of canvas ( Canvas )
• 1809, Extra Magellanic Premium: James Humphries for model and description of a control apparatus
• 1807, Extra Magellanic Premium: John Garnett for a new and simple nautical chart
• 1805, Extra Magellanic Premium: Captain William Mugford for the illustration and description of a makeshift rudder that he constructed from spare parts and a mast to replace what was lost in the storm
• 1804: Benjamin Smith Barton (1766–1815) for his research on dangerous insects in the United States of America
• 1795: Nicholas Collin (1746-1831, Swedish pastor) for the description of a fast elevator ( English elevator speedy )
• 1793: William Thornton (1759–1828) for his treatise Cadmus
• 1792: Robert Patterson for the improvement of metallic ladders and lightning rods
  

  The 1790 excellent block with spring by Francis Hopkinson on the sheet of a sail
  

  Sketch of the "fast elevator" by Nicholas Collin, awarded in 1795.
• 1790: Francis Hopkinson (1737–1791) for the description of a block with a spring to reduce the forces acting during sailing during gusts ( English spring block )

Web links

• The Magellanic Premium of the American Philosophical Society , website of the APS
• Image of the medal in a virtual exhibition of the APS

Individual evidence

1. ^ ^{A b} The Magellanic Premium of the American Philosophical Society , website of the APS . Retrieved October 29, 2019.
2. ^ ^{A b} William Thornton : Cadmus, or a Treatise on the Elements of Written Language, Illustrating, by a Philosophical Division of Speech, the Power of Each Character, Thereby Mutually Fixing the Orthography and Orthoepy. With an Essay on the Mode of Teaching the Deaf, or Surd and consequently Dumb, to Speak . In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3, 1793, pp. 262-331, doi: 10.2307 / 1004878 .
3. ↑ ^{a b} Bulletin of the National Research Council , 1921, p. 5 .
4. ↑ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Ed.): NASA Activities . Volume 2, No. 12, 1971, p. 212 .
5. ↑ Tim Stephens: Sandra Faber receives American Philosophical Society's Magellanic Premium Medal . University of California, Santa Cruz website . April 29, 2019.
6. ↑ Sidney Lee (Ed.): Magellan, Jean Hyacinthe de . In: Dictionary of National Biography , Volume 35. Smith, Elder & Co, London 1893 ( full text on Wikisource ).
7. ^ Extracts from the Minutes of the American Philosophical Society, Respecting a Donation Proposed by Mr. JH de Magellan, of London . In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 2, 1786, pp. Xix-xxii, JSTOR 1005162 .
8. ^ Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744-1838 . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22 (119), Part III, July 1885, JSTOR 982538 .
9. ↑ ^{a b c} Premium Conditions and Rules , APS website . Retrieved October 31, 2019.
10. ↑ International Congress of Distinguished Awards (Ed.): Total Money Awarded . Retrieved October 30, 2019.
11. ^ Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744-1838 . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22 (119), Part III, July 1885, p. 366, JSTOR 982556 .
12. ↑ ^{a b c} Award Categories . American Philosophical Society website. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
13. ↑ Advertisement . In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 4, 1799, pp. Vii – x, JSTOR 1005072 : without astronomy.
14. ^ Conditions of the Magellanic Premium . In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 6, 1809, p. Vii, JSTOR 1004753 : mit Astronomie.
15. ↑ Alar Toomre , Juri Toomre : Galactic bridges and tails . In: The Astrophysical Journal 178, 1972, pp. 623-666, doi: 10.1086 / 151823 , bibcode : 1972ApJ ... 178..623T .
16. ^ Alar Toomre : On the gravitational stability of a disk of stars . In: The Astrophysical Journal 139, 1964, pp. 1217-1238, doi: 10.1086 / 147861 , bibcode : 1964ApJ ... 139.1217T .
17. ↑ Data from: Joel M. Weisberg, Joseph H. Taylor : Relativistic Binary Pulsar B1913 + 16: Thirty Years of Observations and Analysis , July 2004, arxiv : astro-ph / 0407149 .
18. ^ Joseph H. Taylor : Testing Gravity with Binary Pulsars . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 137 (3), September 1993, pp. 357-363, JSTOR 986997 .
19. ^ William H. Guier , George C. Weiffenbach : Genesis of Satellite Navigation . Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 18 (2), 1997, pp. 178-181.
20. ↑ JPL Engineer Awarded Magellanic Premium Award . Jet Propulsion Laboratory website , May 1, 1984.
21. ↑ cf. Bert Hölldobler: Martin Lindauer . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 154 (4), December 2010, pp. 485-491, JSTOR 23056867 .
22. ↑ Ralph A. Alpher , Robert Herman : Big Bang Cosmology and the Cosmic Black-Body Radiation . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 119 (5), October 1975, pp. 325-348, JSTOR 986676 .
23. ↑ William L. Sjogren : The Evolution of Lunar Gravity Measurements . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 116 (5), October 1972, pp. 357-361, JSTOR 986066 .
24. ^ Paul M. Muller : Implications of the Lunar Mascon Discovery . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 116 (5), October 1972, pp. 362-364, JSTOR 986067 .
25. ^ William Hayward Pickering : Navigating The Mariner Spacecraft to Mars . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 110 (5), October 1966, pp. 332-339, JSTOR 986022 .
26. ^ Edward L. Beach : The Nature of Submarining . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 105 (6), December 1961, pp. 513-516, JSTOR 985159 .
27. ↑ Stuart William Seeley : Shoran-A Precision Five Hundred Mile Yardstick . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 105 (4), August 1961, pp. 447-451, JSTOR 985500 .
28. ^ Charles S. Draper : Navigation - From Canoes to Spaceships . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 104 (2), April 1960, pp. 113-123, JSTOR 985654 .
29. ^ Karl von Frisch : The "Language" and Orientation of the Bees . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 100 (5), October 1956, pp. 515-519, JSTOR 3143684 .
30. ↑ Philip Van Horn Weems : Celestial Navigation . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 98 (4), August 1954, pp. 270-272, JSTOR 3143880 .
31. ↑ cf. Connie L. Lester: PVH Weems . In: Tennessee Historical Society (Ed.): Tennessee Encyclopedia . October 8, 2017.
32. ^ Paul R. Heyl , Lyman J. Briggs : The Earth Inductor Compass . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 61 (1), 1922, pp. 15-32, JSTOR 984431 .
33. ↑ National Bureau of Standards (Ed.): National Aviation History Month: Earth Inductor Compass . November 9, 2016.
34. ↑ Lewis M. Haupt : The Physical Phenomena of Harbor Entrances. Their Causes and Remedies. Defects of Present Methods of Improvement . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 25 (127), January to June 1888, pp. 19-41, JSTOR 983278 .
35. ↑ Pliny Earle Chase : On numerical relations of gravity and magnetism . In: Silliman's American Journal , May 1865. Reprinted in: The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 30 (200), pp. 52-57, doi: 10.1080 / 14786446508643932 .
36. ↑ Pliny Earle Chase : On the Numerical Relations of Gravity and Magnetism . In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 13 (1), 1865, pp. 117-136, doi: 10.2307 / 1005349 .
37. ↑ James P. Espy : Theory of rain, hail, and snow, water-spouts, land-spouts, variable winds, and barometric fluctuations . Philadelphia 1836, OCLC 489056079 .
38. ^ Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744-1838 . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22 (119), Part III, July 1885, pp. 682-683, JSTOR 982588 .
39. ^ Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744-1838 . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22 (119), Part III, July 1885, pp. 542-543, JSTOR 982577 .
40. ^ Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744-1838 . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22 (119), Part III, July 1885, p. 518, JSTOR 982575 .
41. ^ Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744-1838 . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22 (119), Part III, July 1885, p. 494, JSTOR 982572 .
42. ^ Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744-1838 . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22 (119), Part III, July 1885, p. 415, JSTOR 982561 .
43. ^ John Garnett: Description and Use of a New and Simple Nautical Chart . In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 6, 1809, pp. 303-318, doi: 10.2307 / 1004807 .
44. ^ Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838 , meeting October 16, 1807. In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22 (119), Part III, July 1885, p. 400, JSTOR 982559 .
45. ^ William Mugford: An Account and Description of a Temporary Rudder . In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 6, 1809, pp. 203-208, doi: 10.2307 / 1004792 . graphic
46. ^ Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838 , meeting March 15, 1805. In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22 (119), Part III, July 1885, p. 372, JSTOR 982557 .
47. ^ Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838 , meeting December 21, 1804. In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22 (119), Part III, July 1885, p. 369, JSTOR 982556 .
48. ^ Nicholas Collin : Description of a Speedy Elevator . In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 4, 1799, pp. 519-525, doi: 10.2307 / 1005127 .
49. ↑ For the vital dates, see literature by and about Nicholas Collin in the WorldCat bibliographic database .
50. ^ Robert Patterson: An Improvement on Metalic Conductors or Lightening Rods . In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3, 1793, pp. 321-324, doi: 10.2307 / 1004880 .
51. ^ ^{A b} Francis Hopkinson : Description of a Spring-Block, Designed to Assist a Vessel in Sailing . In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3, 1793, pp. 331-333, doi: 10.2307 / 1004885 .