Marie-Anne von Goldschmidt-Rothschild

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Marie-Anne von Goldschmidt-Rothschild , b. von Friedlaender-Fuld , formerly Mitford , formerly von Kühlmann (born January 17, 1892 in Berlin , † November 30, 1973 in Paris ) was the daughter of Friedrich Victor von Friedlaender-Fuld and his wife Milly Antonie Fuld.

From 1914 to 1918 she exchanged letters with Rainer Maria Rilke , which she published in French in 1956 under the pseudonym Marianne Gilbert .

Life

Berlin and Lanke Castle

After their parents married, the couple initially lived in Berlin . In 1895, his father bought a plot of land on Pariser Platz , had part of it demolished and the architect Ernst von Ihne built a town house in the style of a Paris city palace, next to the French embassy (No. 5). Around 1900 a Parisian architect added a theater hall to the courtyard, which the architect Alfred Breslauer converted in 1926 into a two-story city apartment for Marie-Anne von Goldschmidt-Rothschild.

In 1894 Fritz Friedlaender had leased the castle and domain Lanke near Bernau from Count Wilhelm Redern, where he probably lived all year round when he was not going about his business in Upper Silesia, whose central administration was in Berlin. The Lanke estate, one of the largest in Brandenburg and as a company part of its central administration in Berlin, served the industrialist to develop modern agriculture, not least to test the chemical products of his companies (fertilizers). In Lanke Marie-Anne was taught by private tutors and an English governess . Nature and landscape determined her feelings throughout her life and were for her a defining antithesis to urban social life. In the 1920s, Lanke Palace and Gardens became a “small court of muses”, where roles were rehearsed with young artists and plans for the winter season were forged. The house on Pariser Platz was a meeting place for guests of different social ranks. While the parents' apartment was furnished in the historicist style of the 18th century, the daughter acquired contemporary works by Cézanne , van Gogh , Gauguin , Picasso , drawings by Rodin and had her living quarters furnished after the Parisian fashion designer and designer Paul Poiret .

Marianne Mitford

Marie-Anne von Goldschmidt-Rothschild was married three times. On January 5, 1914, she married the British Lord John Mitford (1884–1963). This marriage was annulled in December of the same year. The rumors about the breakup that circulated were vicious and anti-Semitic . On January 5, she, who had received English citizenship with her marriage, applied to become a German citizen again.

At the end of 1914, not only East Prussian refugees were housed in the vacant house at Bendlerstrasse 6, the wedding present from their father, but Rainer Maria Rilke also spent the Christmas holidays here with Lou Albert-Lasard . In November 1914, Rilke met Marianne Mitford on the occasion of the death of Walter Heymel . A year later, in December 1915, at her request, he entered two poems in a notebook: The Death of Moses and The Death .

In April 1914, Marianne Mitford acquired the painting L'Arlesienne (1888) by Vincent van Gogh from Carl and Thea Sternheim's possession , which she had seen shortly before in an exhibition at the Cassirer gallery in Berlin . Financial reasons had prompted the Sternheims to make this lucrative sale. Marie-Anne von Goldschmidt-Rothschild described the history of this acquisition and export of the Arlesienne as well as the other works of art when she emigrated overseas from France in 1940 in her Rilke book from 1956. Another work from her former possession, which she sold in 1916 , hangs today in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart.

The heiress

On July 16, 1917, his father died of kidney cancer in Lanke. The daughter became the sole heir, because a marriage contract had been signed with the mother Milly years ago. The Friedfuld Vermögensverwaltung GmbH was founded by the testamentary used asset managers, the Franz Oppenheimer lawyer and long-time partner, the businessman Robert Friedlaender-Prechtl managed, nephew and business partners as well as the Secret Oberfinanzrat Ernst Springer. One of the tasks of the estate administration was the foundation decreed by the father, which brought three million marks into a Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research in Breslau. Mother and daughter had insisted that this institute, contrary to the regulations of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG), of which the industrialist was a founding member (1911), should bear the name of the founder: Friedlaender-Fuldsches Kohlenforschungsinstitut , renamed the KWG Coal Research Institute in 1922 (established by the Fritz von Friedländer Fuld Foundation). In 1925 at the latest, the proper name disappeared and it was called the Silesian Coal Research Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society after the three million had been lost in the inflation; the heiress had made up the institute's budget deficit twice before.

In 1922 Marianne von Kühlmann joined Emanuel Friedlaender & Co. as a limited partner , with her father's contribution of seven million marks remaining. In 1936 she had to resign when the company continued to operate under the name of Berve Kraske & Co. after the exclusion of the Jewish employees.

Marie-Anne von Kühlmann

The second marriage to the widowed diplomat a. D. Richard von Kühlmann took place on March 4, 1920 in Lanke Castle. The couple moved into an apartment at Wilhelmsstrasse 66 in Berlin. A few weeks before the divorce in Munich on April 13, 1923, their daughter Antoinette von Kühlmann, called Nina, was born.

Ursula von Mangoldt dedicates a characterization to the couple under the register entry “Friedländer-Fuld, 'Baby'”, because her father had “many common interests” with von Kühlmann: “'Dick', as he was called by his friends, was intelligent, superior and understood just as much about politics as about art and beautiful women. For a while he was married to the capricious "Baby" von Friedländer-Fuld, who thanks to her great wealth could make everything the background of her self-expression and playfully wasted her diverse talents. "

Marie-Anne von Goldschmidt-Rothschild

On June 28, 1923 she married the painter Rudolf von Goldschmidt-Rothschild (1881–1962) from the Frankfurt banking family Goldschmidt . For this marriage she had converted to the Jewish faith, which the Frankfurt family tradition required. The honeymoon went to South Africa, and with “South African letters” she wanted to qualify for the PEN club later . The son Gilbert (1925-2010) was born on April 26, 1925 .

In the winter season, she organized performances and parties on Pariser Platz . With Rilke she agreed on the political rejection of the war. A friend of the German war opponents and pacifists was the writer Annette Kolb . When Kolb raised money for the Internationale Rundschau in 1915 , she was one of the donors. Their social interaction was still international and did not correspond to the mostly nationalistic attitudes of their environment.

In the autumn of 1914 a guard was quartered in the Palais on Pariser Platz. In 1919 Marie-Anne von Goldschmidt-Rothschild was one of the signatories of the program of the Arbeitsrat für Kunst and donated the considerable sum of 5,000 marks. After 1933, when the first emigrants came to France, she made her houses available in France. This has been handed down for the Wroclaw painter Eugen Spiro . She cleared his house in Paris, 33 rue de la Faisanderie, and several paintings bear witness to a stay in Vaisseau in 1936.

Since her husband was the heir of the Villa Rothschild , Walther Amelung from Königstein spoke about the couple he knew. In contrast to her “always humble, friendly husband” who loved Königstein very much and liked to stay there, his wife - “she belonged to the> Berlin society <of the state of Weimar” - did not like staying there. Before emigrating in 1938, Goldschmidt-Rothschild was divorced.

Berlin Salonnière

A separate chapter in Kurt von Reibnitz's chronicle is devoted to the salons of the three Goldschmidt-Rothschild brothers in Berlin, with that of Marie-Anne taking up by far the largest part. As the “coal king's only child”, the father's business rise is explained in detail. In her salon, leading members of the Berlin society met "with the many young talents to whom the landlady is a benevolent and generous patron." In a night performance in the "Komödie" she played for charitable purposes in the play Der Schlächlenker by George Bernhard Shaw the role of the "strange lady". Her costume balls, at which she performed poetic revues, were also famous. Also in the summer seat "roles are studied, original plans for the winter season are forged and so many young artists are invited that Lanke can probably be called a small court of muses." The chronicler attests to her that in a few years she will play the same role in the life of the imperial capital would play "like Princess Murat and Countess Noailles in Paris".

Emigrated to France in 1938

In 1930, when the abandonment of Lanke Palace and Park was becoming apparent due to the anti-Jewish policies of the National Socialists, Marie-Anne von Goldschmidt-Rothschild became part owner, and in 1936 owner of the property at Inselstrasse 7 on the Schwanenwerder peninsula in Berlin for two years . A country house by the Berlin architects A. Campell and Paul Huldschinsky , which had been planned since September 1930 to replace Lanke Castle, with farm buildings, accommodation for the staff, horse boxes and a boat harbor, was no longer realized. At the end of April 1932 she had construction work stopped. From 1931 to 1936 she rented the house of the Kurt Oppenheim family, Kl. Seestraße (since 1933: Am Kleiner Wannsee) 14, who had moved to Switzerland and never returned, all year round.

In February / March 1938, Marie-Anne von Goldschmidt-Rothschild moved from Pariser Platz to Käthe von Nagy's apartment at Wernerstraße 10 in Wannsee in order to avoid public attention . The Hungarian actress lived in Paris since 1935. On June 23, 1938, she received French citizenship by decree of the French ambassador André François-Poncet , who was her neighbor on Pariser Platz. On October 4, 1938, she left Germany forever.

The lengthy negotiations with the National Socialist authorities for the purpose of handling property transactions for mother and daughter were conducted by Herbert Jessel (* 1892). The lawyer and notary had been part of the management of Emanuel Friedlaender & Co. for years and had been the asset manager of "Friedfuld Vermögensverwaltung GmbH" since 1937, which he held in his apartment in Berlin until he emigrated to England and after business was completed in August 1939. Wilmersdorf had continued until the liquidation. The mother's authorized representative was Albrecht Graf von Bernstorff . As co-executor of the Friedlaender-Fuld estate, Friedrich Wilhelm von Prittwitz and Gaffron signed the sales contracts for the apartments. Herbert Jessel's successor was the lawyer Walther Schreiber , who was officially appointed as foreign exchange trustee and sequester . H. on the Sperrmark accounts, remaining assets.

A dozen million had gone into a blocked account. The "Centner" on files of the Friedfuld asset management rested in the basement of Westfälische Strasse until 1948 before a Paris lawyer had them picked up in 1951. The company documents in the central administration at Unter den Linden 61 were lost when the house was destroyed.

In August and September 1939 the real estate agent Ernst Hirsche sold the houses on Pariser Platz, No. 5a and 6, which had now been transferred to the daughter's property, as well as the rear building, now the mother's property, to the city of Berlin for the price of 1.65 million marks. 1.5 million marks were withheld as flight tax for the daughter, the rest went to the blocked account at the bank AE Wassermann; In 1946 the pre-war value of the land was calculated at 6.218 million marks, in 1946 the current value was set at 3,730,800 RM. The “ museum ” furnishings in the houses - pictures, furniture and art objects - were examined by the jewelers Richard Gießel and Schmidt-Bangel, who found a value of around 500,000 marks - in 1956 the replacement value was set at 1,253,895 Reichsmarks. Some of them were sold, some were auctioned off by the auction houses Ferdinand Knapp and Hans W. Lange, the greater part of which was probably transported to Amsterdam in several furniture trucks with the freight forwarding company Berthold Jacoby and stored there at De Gruyter. After the occupation of the Netherlands by German troops, the collection administration of enemy household appliances confiscated the art goods in 1941 and had them auctioned by the Hague auction house Van Marle & Bignell in 1941 and 1942. After the war, part was returned from the Dutch art trade to Goldschmidt-Rothschild as her mother's heir, and two portraits were restituted to her heirs in 2004 and 2006.

To obligate the flight tax of 2.7 million marks, together with the additional financial pressures such appeal costs and late payment penalty, which amounted then along 3,189,972 Reichsmarks for the daughter to be paid, was the company Berve Kraske & Co . Granted a million dollar loan and sold the remaining land in Niederbarnim .

Emigration to Mexico and the USA in 1940

Marie-Anne von Goldschmidt-Rothschild's mother did not want to emigrate with her daughter. With their children, now 17 and 15 years old, the works of art and a radio, the family and many French left Paris via the Porte d'Orléans in May and fled to Spain. In June one passed the Pyrenean crossing Hendaye - Irun and reached Portugal via Spain. In Lisbon, the papers for the crossing to Mexico were on the Portuguese cargo ship Quanza, which had been converted for refugees. After arriving in Vera Cruz , only 35 of the 317 passengers were allowed into the country, including Mrs. von Goldschmidt-Rothschild with her children. Further stations of her emigration were California, Beverly Hills, 602 North Bedfort and New York. Alma Mahler-Werfel made a note of a visit to her in Beverly Hills .

In the meantime Antoinette (Nina) Miness had married an American and lived in New York until 2010; her son Gilbert returned to Europe in 1944 as a US soldier. Marie-Anne von Goldschmidt-Rothschild returned to Paris and Vaisseau as soon as possible in 1946 .

Redress and compensation

In 1948 Marie-Anne von Goldschmidt-Rothschild gave the Berlin lawyer and notary Alfred Karpen the power to represent claims for reimbursement of their “confiscated” private assets at the Allied Treuhandstelle Berlin. The applications of the Jewish Restitution Successor Organization (IRSO), which were submitted from 1950, concerned in detail:

• the island property on Schwanenwerder ;
• the property at Pariser Platz 5a and 6 with the rear building;
• the limited partner's participation in the former company Emanuel Friedlaender & Co. , now Berve, Kraske & Co ;
• Furnishings Pariser Platz 5a + 6 as well as the rear building;
• Household items in the Pariser Platz apartments;
• Bank balances ( coupon interest and transfers at the "Konversionskasse für German Foreign Debt ");
• five wagons of art treasures;
• Securities.

Apart from the protracted bureaucratic processes of reparations that were usual at the time, reparations also dragged on for decades at Goldschmidt-Rothschild. The property on Schwanenwerder, which the Inspector General Albert Speer had bought cheaply in 1938, was returned in 1952 and sold in 1962 to the Steglitz district, which used it as a leisure area. In September 1963 DM 637,994.40 was reimbursed for the Reich flight tax. The compensation for the bank balance was finally rejected in 1960. In October 1966, a settlement became final, according to which she received 800,000 DM back for the removal goods. The claim was withdrawn in 1967 on the houses on Pariser Platz, which were now in the Soviet sector of Berlin and were only ruins. In the name of the late Milly von Friedlaender-Fuld, the heiress received back DM 33,772.80 for her Reich flight tax (147,284 RM) including relocation costs. In the separate proceedings for her share in the former Silesian company assets, she fought until the late 1970s, with no end in sight. In the 1990s, restitution applications could be made again.

Works

Book title 1956

Pseudonym "Marianne Gilbert":

• Le Tiroir entr'ouvert . Précédé d'une introduction de Marcel Brion avec 31 letters inédites de R.-M. Rilke, traduites par Blaise Brion. 8 designs de l'auteur. Paris: Bernard Grasset 1956
• Le Bois de Boulogne . Avec la collab. de Annette F. Henrion and Robert Joffet. Textes de Thomas Blaikie, Honoré de Balzac, Daniel Stern etc. Paris: La Bibliothèque des Arts 1958. 2nd edition 1969
• Un Musée sur la lune . Postface de Marcel Brion. Paris: 1962.

literature

• Abercron, Wilko by: Eugen Spiro 1874 Breslau - 1972 New York. Mirror of his century. Alsbach 1990
• Berg, Christiane: Rilke's Berlin meeting with Marianne von Friedländer-Fuld. In: From the Antiquariat 1975 / I, supplement to the Börsenblatt fd Deutsche Buchhandel, Frankfurter Ausg. No. 9, 31, pp. A 37 – A 39
• Breslauer, Alfred: Buildings carried out 1897–1927. With an introduction by Wilhelm von Bodes with the assistance of Hermann Schmitz. Berlin 1927
• Bunsen, Marie von: Contemporaries that I experienced: 1900–1930. Leipzig 1932
• Die Dame, 53rd year 1925, no. 6, p. 15; Recording Riess, Ullstein
• Demps, Lorenz: The Pariser Platz - The Berlin Reception Salon. Berlin 1995
• Fürstenberg, Hans: The life story of a German banker 1870-1914. unabridged new edition Wiesbaden 1961; 1st edition Berlin 1931
• Fürstenberg, Hans: Carl Fürstenberg. Memories. My path as a banker and CF's years of age. Wiesbaden 1965
• Create around Hindenburg. Leading figures of the republic and today's Berlin society. Edited anonymously (d. I. Kurt von Reibnitz). Dresden 1928, 2nd verb. Edition 1929
• Une Grande Dame d'avant Guerre. Lettres de la Princesse Radziwill au Genéral de Robilant 1889–1914. Bologna 1934, vol. 4
• Kessler, Harry Graf: The diary 1880-1937. Edited by Roland S. Kamzelak and Ulrich Ott. With the advice of Hans-Ulrich Simon, Vol. 2–7, 1892–1923. Stuttgart 2005 ff
• The cross section, 7/1927, H. 4, 5, 6; 9/1929, no. 1, 4, 5
• Rasch, Manfred: The Silesian Coal Research Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society: A counterexample to the alleged Harnack principle. In: Bernhard vom Brocke, Hubert Laitko: The Harnack principle. The Kaiser Wilhelm / Max Planck Society and its institutes. Berlin 1996
• Reif, Janin, Horst Schumacher, Lothar Uebel: Schwanenwerder, an island paradise in Berlin. Berlin 2000
• Rilke, Rainer Maria: Poems 1910 to 1926. Edited by Manfred Engel and Ulrich Fülleborn, works vol. 2. Frankfurt a. M. 1996
• Rilke, Rainer Maria: Letters to Hertha Koenig 1914–1921. Edited by Theo Neteler. Bielefeld 2009
• Rilke, Rainer Maria and Marie von Thurn and Taxis: Correspondence. With a foreword by Rudolf Kassner. Worried by Ernst Zinn. Zurich 1951
• Rilke, Rainer Maria: Letters on Politics. Edited by Joachim W. Storck. Frankfurt a. M. [u. a.] 1992
• Sander, Oliver: Ernst von Ihne (1848–1917) and his Berlin buildings. In: Jahrbuch Preußischer Kulturbesitz, 35.1998, p. 104 ff
• Schnack, Ingeborg: Rainer Maria Rilke. Chronicle of his life and work 1875–1926 Extended new edition ed. by Renate Scharffenberg. Frankfurt am Main and Leipzig 2009
• Special Association Exhibition Cologne 1912; 1912 - Modern Mission. The show of the century of the Sonderbund. Cologne 2012
• Sternheim, Letters II. Correspondence with Thea Sternheim, Dorothea and Klaus Sternheim 1906–1942. Edited by Wolfgang Wendler. Frankfurt a. M. 1988
• Sternheim, Thea: memories. Edited by Helmtrud Mauser in conjunction with Traute Hensch, 1995
• Sternheim, Thea: Diaries 1905–1927. The years with Carl Sternheim. Edited by Bernhard Zeller. Edited by Heidemarie Gruppe. Mainz 1995
• Storck, Joachim W .: "contemporary of this world shame". Rilke's letters to Marianne Mitford b. Friedlaender-Fuld from the war year 1915. In: Yearbook of the German Schiller Society, vol. 26, 1982, pp. 40–80

Web links

• The entrepreneur and writer Robert Friedlaender-Prechtl. At: beatricevierneisel.de

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Gilbert 1956; Storck 1982.
2. ↑ Sander 1998, p. 104ff; Demps 1995.
3. ↑ Breslauer 1927, p. 61 f.
4. ↑ Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv (BLHA) Rep. 37 Lanke, 55, 56, 50, 51, 52, 53.
5. ^ Kurt von Reibnitz. Gestalten 1929, p. 187.
6. ↑ Gilbert 1956, p. 18: The van Gogh picture hung on a gold-colored wallpaper.
7. ↑ Berlin State Administration Office, Compensation Authority, Reg. 53,660; Vossische Zeitung , January 5, 1914.
8. ↑ LAB A PR. Br. Rep. 030 No. 9940 Police Headquarters.
9. ↑ LAB A PR. Br. Rep. 030 No. 9940 Police headquarters with newspaper clipping from Die Truth June 13, 1914.
10. ↑ LAB A PR. Br. Rep. 030 No. 9940 Police Headquarters.
11. ^ Rilke to Marie Taxis on January 5, 1915; Rilke to Koenig, January 4, 1915.
12. ↑ Rilke, Gedichte, 1996, Vol. 2, p. 126 ff., 134f, FN p. 528 and p. 534.
13. ↑ Sternheim Briefe II, 1988, p. 164, 360, FN 552: bought in 1910 for 13,000 marks; Sternheim: Tagebücher, 1995, p. 138 f., Entry June 9, 1914: sold for 125,000 marks; Sternheim: Recollections, 1995, p. 207. After Paris was liberated on August 25, 1944, she donated the picture to the Louvre .
14. ↑ [1]
15. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from March 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
16. ↑ Gilbert 1956, p. 20.
17. ↑ LAB B Rep. 025-06, No. WGA 3467/50: The lawyer Franz Oppenheimer (August 1, 1871– April 26, 1950 New York) had been in a managerial position at Emanuel Friedlaender & Co since 1902 . active.
18. ↑ Ernst Springer (1860–1944), son of the publisher's founder Julius S., died on April 30, 1944 in the Theresienstadt concentration camp.
19. ↑ Rasch 1996, pp. 173-209.
20. ↑ LAB B Rep 025-06, No. 6 WGA 2279/51.
21. ↑ LAB B Rep. 025-06, No. WGA 3467/50.
22. ↑ Berliner Lokalanzeiger, March 5, 1920.
23. ↑ Gothaische Taschenbücher Hofkalender und Almanach, edit. v. Fritsch, Thomas Frh. Von. Limburg: Strong 1968, p. 187.
24. ↑ See Kessler, diary of February 11, 1923.
25. ↑ Ursula von Mangoldt, On the threshold between yesterday and tomorrow - encounters and experiences , Weilheim 1963, p. 88 u. 237.
26. ^ Vossische Zeitung of June 29, 1923.
27. ↑ Gestalten 1929, p. 189.
28. ↑ (Kessler, diary of February 17, 1926).
29. ↑ Die Dame , 53.1925, no. 6 (Dec.), p. 15; Recording Rieß, Ullstein: Fig. Mother and child.
30. ↑ The magazine was published in Zurich in 1915/1916; see. Storck 1982, FN 104; Schack 2009, p. 493.
31. ↑ Harry Graf Kessler. Entry in the diary of September 3, 1916.
32. ^ Arbeitsrat für Kunst Berlin 1918–1919. Exhibition and documentation. Akademie der Künste Berlin, 1980, pp. 16, 117; the work council was formed after preliminary discussions with the French group La Clarté .
33. ^ Ernst Scheyer : Eugen Spiro - Clara Sachs. Contributions to more recent Silesian art history (Silesia volume 19). Munich 1977, p. 21.
34. ↑ by Abercron 1990, pp. 134, 179-181.
35. ↑ Walther Amelung: Be it as it may, it was so beautiful - life memories as contemporary history. Frankfurt (Main), 1984, ISBN 978-3980095105 , p. 443.
36. ↑ LAB B Rep 025-02, WGA No. 10230/59: Copy of the sales negotiations and the purchase contract from August to September 1939, called there as “divorced”.
37. ^ Kurt von Reibnitz (published anonymously): Gestalten around Hindenburg. Leading figures of the republic and today's Berlin society. Reissner, Dresden, 3rd edition 1930, p. 185 f.
38. ↑ Brandenburgisches LHA (BLHA), Rep. 36 A Oberfinanzpräsident Berlin-Brandenburg G 2477: Lease from March 23, 1931.
39. ↑ Berlin State Administration Office, Compensation Authority, Reg. 58,168.
40. ↑ LAB B Rep. 025, No. 21 WGA 6863/59.
41. ↑ Former No. 8, the street was completely renumbered in 1937.
42. ↑ Berlin Compensation Office, Reg. 58 168: as a result of the house swap, the mother had to pay “only” 147,284 M tax.
43. ↑ SMB-ZA, IV / NL Bode 1915, 1916: Correspondence with Wilhelm Bode at the time when she set up the Palais on Pariser Platz.
44. ↑ [2] and [3] (accessed January 2013); the portrait of Rigaud was intended for the Linz Museum.
45. ↑ LAB B Rep. 025-02 WGA No. 10230/59.
46. ↑ [4] [5]
47. ↑ Berlin State Administration Office, Compensation Authority, Reg. 58.168, named for 1943.
48. ↑ “Yesterday I was at Goldschmidt-Rothschild. She 'only' has the 'Arlesienne' by van Gogh, a fabulous Frans Hals, two Holbeins, Toulouse-Lautrec, Monet and Manet […] the house has been highly cultivated […] of great calm - no frills, very, very beneficial. " From: Alma-Mahler Werfel: Mein Leben , Frankfurt am Main 2005, p. 348.
49. ↑ http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/node/3250/print Photo: Kristen Cramer and Nina Miness (2007) and http://www.patrickmcmullan.com/site/search.aspx?t=person&s=Nina+Miness (2010), accessed January 2013.
50. ↑ LAB B Rep. 025, No. 21 WGA 10230/59.
51. ↑ LAB B Rep. 032, Trustee Reg. No. D / 3830 / G.
52. ↑ LAB B Rep. 025, No. 21 WGA 6863/59; the replacement value of the facility was set in 1956 at RM 1,253,895.