Mary Knight Beard

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Mary Ritter Beard 1914

Mary Ritter Beard (born August 5, 1876 in Indianapolis , Indiana , USA as Mary Ritter ; died August 14, 1958 in Phoenix , Arizona , USA) was an American historian , author, suffragette, and archivist for women's history who fought for social justice throughout her life started. As a reformer of the Progressive Era (1896–1916), Beard was active in both the labor and women's rights movements.

She is considered the most influential forerunner in women's history research. She has authored several books on the role of women in history, including On Understanding Women (1931) and her major work Woman as Force in History: A Study in Traditions and Realities (1946). She also worked with her husband, historian Charles Austin Beard , as the co-author of seven textbooks that shaped the minds of Americans for generations.

Life

Youth and Studies

Mary Ritter's parents were Narcissa Ritter née Lockwood and the lawyer Eli Foster Ritter. The devout Methodists had married in 1866. Mary Ritter was the fourth child in the family and the oldest daughter. In 1893 she finished her schooling at Shortridge High School top of the class and gave the farewell speech. When she was about 16, she enrolled at DePauw University in Greencastle the same year her father and siblings had studied. She became a member of the Kappa Alpha Theta Sorority and president of her class.

Ritter later stated that he was influenced by two Sorority members at DePauw who did not limit themselves to conventional classes and activities for women. During his studies, Ritter met Charles Austin Beard, who had also studied in DePauw since 1895, and became engaged to him. She graduated from DePauw in 1897 with a Bachelor of Philosophy (PhB). She then worked as a German teacher at the high school in Greencastle. Her fiancé went to England for a year in 1898 to study at Oxford . He helped set up Ruskin Hall (now Ruskin College ), where evening and correspondence courses were offered for workers.

Stay in Europe from 1900 to 1902

Charles Beard returned home for a short time at the end of 1899. He and Mary Ritter married in March 1900 and moved to England together, where they lived first in Oxford and then in Manchester. Charles Beard continued his studies and worked as the director of the Ruskin Hall extension in Manchester. Mary Beard studied history and first published an essay in the Journal of Ruskin Hall. In 1901 their daughter Miriam was born.

Mary Beard had grown up in comfortable circumstances. Now she was learning about the plight of the working class in British industrial society. She was particularly influenced by Emmeline Pankhurst , a close neighbor in Manchester who soon became famous for her campaigning for the right to vote. She interested Beard in the life and problems of wage workers and in women's suffrage as a force for change. It was during this time that Beard read Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Women and Economics (1898), the compelling indictment of Victorian gender roles.

Commitment to the women's suffrage movement until the end of the First World War

In 1902 the Beards returned to the United States and settled in New York. Both enrolled as PhD students at Columbia University's School of Political Science . Female doctoral students were not unusual at the time, but female doctoral students with a one-year-old child were. Charles Beard successfully completed his doctorate in 1904 with a PhD and then taught at this university until 1917, initially as a lecturer , from 1915 as a professor of politics. Mary Ritter Beard, on the other hand, dropped out of her sociology degree in 1904.

In 1907 the Beards had another child, their son William. That same year, they bought a 16-room home in New Milford , Connecticut , which they initially used as a summer home. There is little data on Mary Beard's activities during these years, but the traces indicate that she was involved - partly together with her husband - on issues relating to the labor and women's movement. From 1907 to 1913 she was active in several women's organizations, including the Women's Trade Union League of New York, the Equality League for Self-Supporting Women (an electoral group founded by Harriot Stanton Blatch ), and the American Socialist Society, which advocated the education of workers began. In 1910 and 1911 she was the editor of The Woman Voter magazine , published by the Woman Suffrage Party of New York State under the direction of Carrie Chapman Catt .

Beard's parents died in 1913. In the same year, Beard broke completely with Catt when she did not support the now internationally controversial Emmeline Pankhurst. That same year, Alice Paul and Lucy Burns Beard recruited into the inner circle of the Congressional Union. This was a new militant suffrage group (later the National Woman's Party ) that focused solely on achieving suffrage through constitutional amendments and political method. The National American Woman Suffrage Association, which had been established for some time, was limited to state and educational policy means. Beard became a key player in the new organization and built a strong network. In 1917 she led a New York Union delegation to protest the detention of picket lines for women's suffrage. In November of this year, however, she gave up her position on the Union's advisory board for unknown reasons.

At the same time, Mary Beard encouraged her husband to write a high school textbook together. In the high school classes of that time, female students increasingly made up the majority. Mary Beard suggested writing a civic education textbook highlighting women's contributions to American democracy. American Citizenship came out in 1914 . It was the beginning of a decade-long collaboration that led to the publication of seven extremely successful works together. Yet Mary Beard also wrote her own book, which appeared the following year (Woman's Work in Municipalities) , in which she highlighted women's social reform efforts as political activities and encouraged women to take on leadership positions at the local level.

After New York women were given the right to vote in a 1917 state referendum, Mary Beard withdrew from the suffrage movement. From then on, she focused on research and analysis, writing a second book, A Short History of the American Labor Movement , which finally appeared in 1920 and was part of the Workers' Education Bureau 's Worker's Bookshelf series , which she and her husband wrote had co-founded. In October 1917, Charles Beard resigned his professorship in a dispute with the university management over the restriction of teaching freedom, but continued his career as a writer and historian without any affiliation with an institution.

When the National Woman's Party later pushed the Equal Rights Amendment , Mary Beard finally broke with the suffrage movement. She shared the view of many activists in the labor movement that this would be a disadvantage for women workers in particular.

After the First World War until the end of the 1940s: Worked as a historian

After the end of World War I, the family lived year-round in their New Milford home, which had a library of over 7,000 books. The couple made two trips to Japan and China from 1922 to 1923 and visited Yugoslavia in 1927. In the 1930s, the Beards spent the winter months in Washington DC hotels doing research at the Library of Congress while trying to influence politics. In 1935 the New York Sun listed Mary Beard as one of several leading feminists conceivable as President of the United States. Because of Charles Beard's increasing hearing loss, he was dependent on the support of his wife, such as at hearings before Congress. In 1939 Mary Beard was retrospectively inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa Academic Honor Society . Typically, this type of enrollment occurs at graduation, but in 1897, when Beard graduated from DePauw University, only men were honored in this way. Around 1940 Charles Beard spoke out against the entry of the USA into the Second World War, for which he - like Mary Beard - was attacked.

Mary Ritter Beard in later years

Joint publications with Charles A. Beard

Mary and Charles Beard jointly published six books after World War I, beginning with the two-volume work The Rise of American Civilization in 1927. This comprehensive history of the United States was fundamentally different from other historical accounts written before the 1970s: The Beards Raised extracted the nation's natural and industrial resources, incorporated literature and art, and considered the historical contributions and situation of women. It is believed that Mary Beard brought this far-reaching concept of "civilization" that so differentiated The Rise from the work of previous historians. The Rise attracted a very broad readership, including outside of academia. It has, as historian Ann J. Lane noted, shaped the "thinking of generations of Americans." One historian described The Rise as "a Bible for thousands of us in the 1930s". The sequels America in Midpassage (1939, two volumes) and The American Spirit followed. A Study of the Idea of ​​Civilization in the United States (1942). The latter bore primarily Mary Beard's handwriting. In addition, the couple wrote two textbooks on US history together and, as a last joint project, the inexpensive paperback A Basic History of the United States (1944), which sold over 600,000 copies. The social scientist and historian Margaret Crocco emphasized that the palpable “exuberance” of these “gigantic” works reflected the joy of working together and the feeling of intellectual excitement that the couple felt at work.

Publications on women's history in the 1930s

Mary Beard believed that it was necessary to go beyond the narrow political to arrive at a history of all humanity, including women. This belief manifested itself in her first book, On Understanding Women , in 1931 , which traced the role of women in the history of Western civilization. In the 1930s, Beard peaked in productivity. In rapid succession she published America through Women's Eyes (1933), an anthology of women's documents in US history, Laughing Their Way (1934), a collection of women's humor she co-edited with Martha Bruere, a curriculum of study topics and questions for the American Association of University Women entitled A Changing Political Economy as It Affects Women (1934) and a series of articles on women's relationship to the economic crisis.

Commitment to the World Center for Women's Archives (WCWA) 1935 to 1940

In 1935 the internationally active pacifist and feminist Rosika Schwimmer suggested to Mary Beard that the World Center for Women's Archives (WCWA) be founded. The first organizational meeting took place on October 15, 1935 in New York . Schwimmer's motivation was to preserve "the facts of the struggle and the achievements of women" for peace in the world. Beard took the goal wider than just documenting the role of women in the peace movement. In their view, the WCWA should collect material on the various activities of women and act as both an archive and an educational center for the study of women. She once wrote in a letter:

“Papers. Records. These we must have. Without documents; no history. Without history; no memory. Without memory; no greatness. Without greatness; no development among women. "

"Papers. Records. We must have this. Without documents; no story. Without a story; no memory. Without memory; no size. Without size; no development among women. "

- Mary Ritter Beard : Letter to Dorothy Porter, Harvard University Librarian, March 31, 1940

Due to the expansion of the work area, Schwimmer retired from the organizing committee in 1936. Beard gained many sponsors including Carrie Chapman Catt , Jane Addams , Harriet Eaton Stanton Blatch , Alice Paul , Georgia O'Keeffe , Eleanor Roosevelt , Frances Perkins , Fannie Hurst, and Inez Haynes Irwin . The center was officially launched on December 15, 1937, but funding was never sufficient and racial conflicts developed over the next few years. Beard resigned in frustration in 1940. In the same year the WCWA was closed. Although ultimately unsuccessful, the project of the forerunners of the great collections was that in the 1940s at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study of Harvard University ( Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America) and at Smith College ( Sophia Smith Collection founded) were. Mary Beard acted as a consultant on these initiatives and also contributed documents that had been collected as part of the WCWA initiative and that had remained with her for safekeeping after its end.

Study to analyze the Encyclopædia Britannica from a feminist perspective 1941–1942

In 1941 the editor-in-chief of the Encyclopædia Britannica , Walter Yust (1894–1960), commissioned Mary Beard to analyze the encyclopedia from a feminist point of view. She put together a team of three scientists (Dora Edinger, Janet A. Selig and Marjorie White) and worked herself as an unpaid consultant for the project. Eighteen months later, in November 1942, they submitted a 42-page report on the representation of women in the Encyclopædia Britannica, which also pointed out Protestant biases . Although Yust had repeatedly shown interest and assured that the proposals would be incorporated into future editions of the Britannica, little of the proposals in the report was implemented. Beard was disappointed with the result. In a private letter to an acquaintance in 1947, she wrote that she would no longer ask any woman to write for the encyclopedia.

Woman as Force in History 1946

In 1946, at the age of 70, she published her most ambitious and best-known work, Woman as Force in History (1946). In it she presented her complex and sometimes contradicting points of view and sharply criticized male historians for their disregard for the female past. Beard also attacked the view of feminists in this book, arguing that women, alongside men, have always been active actors in history. She further asserted that the view of women only as victims is a distortion of their influence on world events. Beard also stressed the importance of a woman's social class in her story.

Late years and death

Charles Beard died in 1948. Mary Beard continued writing and remained active through her late seventies. Her last books were The Force of Women in Japanese History (1953), published three decades after she and her husband visited Japan, and The Making of Charles Beard (1955), a tribute to her late husband.

After falling ill at the age of about eighty, Mary Beard moved to Scottsdale , Arizona to live near her son William. She died of kidney failure on August 14, 1958 at the age of eighty-two .

plant

Publications on American History

The History of the United States (1921) by the Beard couple differed from other textbooks in their organization - thematically rather than narrative , but without completely abandoning the chronological presentation - their emphasis on the "causes and consequences of wars" instead of specific military details and materials at the end of each chapter that should be used to develop critical thinking skills. The Beards provided reference sources, discussion questions, ideas on research topics, and referred to thematically appropriate works of historical fiction . In addition, her textbooks also presented modern history (from 1890 to 1920) and the Beards' views on America's role in world politics. The History of the United States and its successors also contained Mary Beard's views on the contributions of women to the Civilization, profiles of well-known women and topics such as the work and education of women, political status and the influence of women or women's rights.

The Rise of American Civilization (1927) integrated cultural, social, economic, and political history and recognized the impact women had on these aspects of civilization. The textbook cited numerous examples of how patriarchy had restricted opportunities for women in American history. In anticipation of her later work Woman as Force in History , Mary Beard already described the contribution women made to history. Presumably influenced by their trips to Japan and China, the author couple also began in this book to describe the history of women in the USA in a transnational comparison, thus showing the changing and relative nature of the status of women at each historical point in time. In America in Midpassage (1939), a political and economic study of the 1920s and 1930s, the Beards criticized Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policy prior to World War II . They also rejected the notion that women were more inclined to pacifism and "naturally" more opposed to war than men. In The American Spirit of 1942, the Beards set out why they preferred to write US history with reference to the concept of "civilization." "Civilization" is about taking care of public affairs. This view allows the social reforms advanced by women to be presented as political activities.

Both reviewers and later historians largely ignored Mary Beard's authorship of the joint works. The historian Howard K. Beale wrote in 1954: "Nobody knows the nature of their collaboration ... So I discussed the joint work as the Charles Beards." After his death, historians described The Rise as his greatest work and dazzled his part Co-author from. Charles Beard himself had tried to counteract this by asking publishers to highlight what they had in common in advertising. He instructed not to cite excerpts from reviews that identified him as the sole author. To the publishers of The Rise he stressed that the "scope of the book outside of politics was due to Mrs. Beard's interests and work". Without her, he would have neither conceived nor implemented this grand plan. Only later historians such as Barbara Turoff, Ann J. Lane, Nancy Cott and Ellen Nore have analyzed and presented the writing of these books as a true partnership.

Critique of Encyclopædia Britannica

Historian Ann J. Lane has excerpts of the report 42seitigen A Study of the Encyclopaedia Britannica in relation to its treatment of Women ( A study of the Encyclopaedia Britannica in terms of the representation of women published) by 1942 in a source edition of Mary Beard's writings. The report consists of three parts. The first and shortest part lists the satisfactory articles, while the second part, which is 28 pages, analyzes the unsatisfactory articles. In the third part, new, additional articles are proposed and articles to be revised are named. Probably because the report was not intended for publication, it is kept in an ironic, unusually harsh and loose style, which corresponds more closely to Beard's style in correspondence than in her published texts. In their study, the researchers criticized the hiding of the contributions or the presence of women in the presentation of the various lemmas, as well as the omission of articles for social or everyday or “feminine” topics.

An example of the criticism of the second part is the suggestion that abortion is more than a moral question. The issue should also be addressed from demographic, political, health, medical and social perspectives. The scientists pointed out sarcastically that there was not a single indication in the article “American Frontier” (in German “ Wilder Westen ”) that there were women there. The article is based on a one-sided and qualitatively inadequate selection of literature. In the articles "Cookery" (" Cooking ") and "Song" ("Lied"), sarcasm is used in criticizing the womanless portrayal ("A reader would scarcely suppose from this article that woman was ever in a kitchen!" , German “A reader would hardly suspect from this article that a woman has ever been in a kitchen!”; “No woman sang in Europe, it appears from this review.”, German “No woman has sung in Europe, that comes from this one Review. "). With the article "King" (" King "), Beard's team complained that on the one hand it was completely geared towards Great Britain, on the other hand English queens were not treated. In the third part they suggested articles on bathing , bread-making , dyeing , women in the hospital sector , Hull House (after all , Toynbee Hull would also have an article), hunger , nuns , salons , washing clothes .

Reception and impact history

Mary Beard is credited with having been the most influential forerunner in women's history research. From the 1930s she was "the most famous authority and advocate of women's history in the United States." Her historical publications and lifelong activities for women's suffrage, labor issues and the establishment of women's archives have helped highlight and illuminate the contributions women have made to history throughout history. The pioneer of women's history, Gerda Lerner , described her own research on women's history in 1979 as a continuation of the work that Beard had started. For the historian Margaret Crocco, Mary Beard was still in 1997 with her perspective on women's history, especially her view that women (also)? Actors in history are still at the forefront of this scientific discipline.

Mary Beard and her husband Charles Beard, whose pacifist stance had been controversial for the last decade of their lives, destroyed almost all of their personal correspondence and documents that they considered confidential. In 1988 the historian Ann J. Lane published an edition of the sources with excerpts from Mary Beard's published and unpublished works, along with a biographical introduction. Lane had originally intended to write a full biography of Mary Beard, but the Beard couple prevented that by destroying their documents. Some of her letters have been preserved in the papers of her correspondents. As part of a systematic archive search, the historian Nancy Cott managed to find several hundred of the letters that Mary Beard had written between 1910 and 1950. She published a selection of these in 1991 in consultation with the Beards' grandchildren.

The interdisciplinary approach that the Beard couple used in their textbooks encouraged the development of corresponding academic programs at American colleges and universities such as Yale University, Brown University, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Pennsylvania in the 1930s and 1940s. One of Mary Beard's indirect legacies was the development of women's history courses that became standard in American colleges. Her 1934 work, A Changing Political Economy as It Affects American Women, is an early example of a curriculum for women's history courses.

Fonts (selection)

  • American Citizenship (1914, with Charles A. Beard)
  • Woman's Work in Municipalities (1915)
  • A Short History of the American Labor Movement (1920) ( online )
  • History of the United States (1921, with Charles Beard)
  • The Rise of American Civilization (1927, with Charles Beard)
  • The American Labor Movement: A Short History (1931)
  • On Understanding Women (1931)
  • America Through Women's Eyes (Editor, 1933)
  • Laughing Their Way: Women's Humor in America (1934, edited with Martha Bensley Bruiere)
  • The Making of American Civilization (1937, with Charles Beard)
  • America in Midpassage (1939, with Charles Beard)
  • The American Spirit: A Study of the Idea of ​​Civilization in the United States (1942, with Charles Beard)
  • Basic History of the United States (1944, with Charles Beard), German history of the United States of America (1948)
  • Woman as Force in History: A Study in Traditions and Realities (1946), German Women as Power in History: Tradition and Reality (1951)
  • The Force of Women in Japanese History (1953)
  • The Making of Charles Beard (1955)

literature

  • Sarah Bair: Mary Ritter Beard . In: Margaret Crocco, OL Davis (Ed.): Building a legacy. Women in social education, 1784-1984 (=  NCSS bulletin . Volume 100 ). National Council for the Social Studies, Silver Spring, Md. 2002, ISBN 0-87986-091-X , pp. 41-42 ( dickinson, edu ).
  • Sarah D. Bair: Citizenship for the Common Good: The Contributions of Mary Ritter Beard (1876-1958) . In: International Journal of Social Education . tape 21 , no. 2 , 2006, p. 1–17 ( ed.gov [PDF]).
  • Nancy F. Cott: Two Beards: Coauthorship and the Concept of Civilization . In: American Quarterly . tape 42 , no. 2 , 1990, ISSN  0003-0678 , pp. 274-300 , doi : 10.2307 / 2713018 , JSTOR : 2713018 .
  • Nancy F. Cott: A woman making history. Mary Ritter Beard through her letters . Yale University Press, New Haven 1991, ISBN 978-0-300-04825-4 ( archive.org ).
  • Nancy F. Cott: Beard, Mary Ritter (1876-1958), historian. In: American National Biography. 1999, accessed December 28, 2020 .
  • Margaret Smith Crocco: Forceful Yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History . In: The History Teacher . tape 31 , no. 1 , 1997, ISSN  0018-2745 , pp. 9-31 , doi : 10.2307 / 494178 , JSTOR : 494178 .
  • Ann J. Lane: Mary Ritter Beard. A sourcebook . Northeastern University Press, Boston 1988, ISBN 1-55553-029-X ( archive.org ). New edition: Ann J. Lane: Making women's history. The essential Mary Ritter Beard . Feminist Press, New York 2000, ISBN 1-55861-219-X ( archive.org ).
  • Bonnie G. Smith: Seeing Mary Beard . In: Feminist Studies . tape 10 , no. 3 , 1984, ISSN  0046-3663 , pp. 399-416 , doi : 10.2307 / 3178030 , JSTOR : 3178030 .
  • Mary Trigg: "To Work Together for Ends Larger Than Self": The Feminist Struggles of Mary Beard and Doris Stevens in the 1930s . In: Journal of Women's History . tape 7 , no. 2 , 1995, ISSN  1527-2036 , pp. 52-85 , doi : 10.1353 / jowh.2010.0307 ( jhu.edu ).
  • Barbara K. Turoff: Mary Beard as force in history . Wright State university, Dayton, Ohio 1979.
  • Barbara Kivel Turoff: Mary Beard: Feminist Educator . In: The Antioch Review . tape 37 , no. 3 , 1979, ISSN  0003-5769 , pp. 277-292 , doi : 10.2307 / 4638192 , JSTOR : 4638192 .
  • Anke Voss-Hubbard: "No Document — No History": Mary Ritter Beard and the Early History of Women's Archives . In: The American Archivist . tape 58 , no. 1 , 1995, ISSN  0360-9081 , p. 16-30 , JSTOR : 40293886 .
  • Catherine E. Forrest Weber: Mary Ritter Beard: Historian of the Other Half . In: Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . tape 15 , no. 1 , 2003, p. 5-13 ( oclc.org ).

Web links

Commons : Mary Ritter Beard  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nancy F. Cott: Beard, Mary Ritter (1876-1958), historian. In: American National Biography. 1999, accessed December 28, 2020 .
  2. ↑ a b c Ann J. Lane: Mary Ritter Beard. A sourcebook . Northeastern University Press, Boston 1988, ISBN 1-55553-029-X , here pp. 11-19 ( archive.org ).
  3. ^ A b Nancy F. Cott: A woman making history. Mary Ritter Beard through her letters . Yale University Press, New Haven 1991, ISBN 978-0-300-04825-4 , pp. 5-8 ( archive.org ).
  4. ↑ Ann J. Lane: Mary Ritter Beard. A sourcebook . Northeastern University Press, Boston 1988, ISBN 1-55553-029-X , pp. 21-22 ( archive.org ).
  5. ^ Nancy F. Cott: A woman making history. Mary Ritter Beard through her letters . Yale University Press, New Haven 1991, ISBN 978-0-300-04825-4 , pp. 8-10 ( archive.org ).
  6. ↑ Ann J. Lane: Mary Ritter Beard. A sourcebook . Northeastern University Press, Boston 1988, ISBN 1-55553-029-X , pp. 4 ( archive.org ).
  7. ^ A b Nancy F. Cott: A woman making history. Mary Ritter Beard through her letters . Yale University Press, New Haven 1991, ISBN 978-0-300-04825-4 , pp. 10-14 ( archive.org ).
  8. ↑ Ann J. Lane: Mary Ritter Beard. A sourcebook . Northeastern University Press, Boston 1988, ISBN 1-55553-029-X , pp. 15-16 ( archive.org ).
  9. ^ Nancy F. Cott: A woman making history. Mary Ritter Beard through her letters . Yale University Press, New Haven 1991, ISBN 978-0-300-04825-4 , pp. 14-15 ( archive.org ).
  10. ^ Margaret Smith Crocco, Forceful Yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History . In: The History Teacher . tape 31 , no. 1 , 1997, ISSN  0018-2745 , pp. 9–31 , here p. 11 , doi : 10.2307 / 494178 , JSTOR : 494178 .
  11. ↑ Nancy F. Cott (Ed.): A Woman Making History: Mary Ritter Beard Through Her Letters . Yale University Press, New Haven 1991, ISBN 0-300-04825-4 , p.  15 .
  12. ↑ Ann J. Lane: Mary Ritter Beard. A sourcebook . Northeastern University Press, Boston 1988, ISBN 1-55553-029-X , pp. 26-29 ( archive.org ).
  13. ^ Sarah D. Bair: Citizenship for the Common Good: The Contributions of Mary Ritter Beard (1876-1958) . In: International Journal of Social Education . tape 21 , no. 2 , 2006, p. 1–17 , here p. 10 ( ed.gov [PDF]).
  14. ^ Nancy F. Cott: Two Beards: Coauthorship and the Concept of Civilization . In: American Quarterly . tape 42 , no. 2 , 1990, ISSN  0003-0678 , pp. 274-300 , 298 (note 16) , doi : 10.2307 / 2713018 , JSTOR : 2713018 .
  15. ^ A b c Margaret Smith Crocco: Forceful Yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History . In: The History Teacher . tape 31 , no. 1 , 1997, ISSN  0018-2745 , pp. 9–31 , here pp. 12–15 , doi : 10.2307 / 494178 , JSTOR : 494178 .
  16. ^ A b Nancy F. Cott: A woman making history. Mary Ritter Beard through her letters . Yale University Press, New Haven 1991, ISBN 978-0-300-04825-4 , pp. 16-17 ( archive.org ).
  17. ^ Catherine E. Forrest Weber: Mary Ritter Beard: Historian of the Other Half . In: Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . tape 15 , no. 1 , 2003, p. 5–13 , here p. 9 ( oclc.org ).
  18. ^ A b Ann J. Lane: Mary Ritter Beard. A sourcebook . Northeastern University Press, Boston 1988, ISBN 1-55553-029-X , pp. 3 ( archive.org ).
  19. ^ A b Anke Voss-Hubbard: "No Document — No History": Mary Ritter Beard and the Early History of Women's Archives . In: The American Archivist . tape 58 , no. 1 , 1995, ISSN  0360-9081 , p. 16-30 , here pp. 19-22 , JSTOR : 40293886 .
  20. ^ A b Nancy F. Cott: A woman making history. Mary Ritter Beard through her letters . Yale University Press, New Haven 1991, ISBN 978-0-300-04825-4 , pp. 46-48 ( archive.org ).
  21. ↑ Cott p. 48
  22. ^ Walter Yust | American editor. In: Encyclopædia Britannica. December 5, 2020, accessed December 31, 2020 .
  23. ^ A b Ann J. Lane: Mary Ritter Beard. A sourcebook . Northeastern University Press, Boston 1988, ISBN 1-55553-029-X , pp. 215-216 ( archive.org ).
  24. ^ Margaret Smith Crocco, Forceful Yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History . In: The History Teacher . tape 31 , no. 1 , 1997, ISSN  0018-2745 , pp. 9–31 , here pp. 24–25 , doi : 10.2307 / 494178 , JSTOR : 494178 .
  25. ↑ Sarah Bair: Mary Ritter Beard . In: Margaret Crocco, OL Davis (Ed.): Building a legacy. Women in social education, 1784-1984 (=  NCSS bulletin . Volume 100 ). National Council for the Social Studies, Silver Spring, Md. 2002, ISBN 0-87986-091-X , pp. 41-42 ( dickinson, edu ).
  26. ^ Catherine E. Forrest Weber: Mary Ritter Beard: Historian of the Other Half . In: Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . tape 15 , no. 1 , 2003, p. 5-13 , here pp. 12-13 ( oclc.org ).
  27. ^ A b c Margaret Smith Crocco: Forceful Yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History . In: The History Teacher . tape 31 , no. 1 , 1997, ISSN  0018-2745 , pp. 9–31 , here pp. 15–16 , doi : 10.2307 / 494178 , JSTOR : 494178 .
  28. ^ Nancy F. Cott: Two Beards: Coauthorship and the Concept of Civilization . In: American Quarterly . tape 42 , no. 2 , 1990, ISSN  0003-0678 , pp. 274-300 , here p. 282 , doi : 10.2307 / 2713018 , JSTOR : 2713018 .
  29. ^ Margaret Smith Crocco, Forceful Yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History . In: The History Teacher . tape 31 , no. 1 , 1997, ISSN  0018-2745 , pp. 9–31 , here p. 18 , doi : 10.2307 / 494178 , JSTOR : 494178 .
  30. ^ Margaret Smith Crocco, Forceful Yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History . In: The History Teacher . tape 31 , no. 1 , 1997, ISSN  0018-2745 , pp. 9–31 , here p. 19 , doi : 10.2307 / 494178 , JSTOR : 494178 .
  31. ^ Howard K. Beale: Beard's Historical Writings . In: Howard K. Beale (ed.): Charles A. Beard: An Appraisal . University of Kentucky, Lexington 1954.
  32. ^ Nancy F. Cott: Two Beards: Coauthorship and the Concept of Civilization . In: American Quarterly . tape 42 , no. 2 , 1990, ISSN  0003-0678 , pp. 274-300 , here p. 275 , doi : 10.2307 / 2713018 , JSTOR : 2713018 .
  33. ^ Nancy F. Cott: Two Beards: Coauthorship and the Concept of Civilization . In: American Quarterly . tape 42 , no. 2 , 1990, ISSN  0003-0678 , pp. 274-300 , here p. 277 , doi : 10.2307 / 2713018 , JSTOR : 2713018 .
  34. ^ Nancy F. Cott: Two Beards: Coauthorship and the Concept of Civilization . In: American Quarterly . tape 42 , no. 2 , 1990, ISSN  0003-0678 , pp. 274-300 , here p. 283 , doi : 10.2307 / 2713018 , JSTOR : 2713018 .
  35. ^ Margaret Smith Crocco, Forceful Yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History . In: The History Teacher . tape 31 , no. 1 , 1997, ISSN  0018-2745 , pp. 9–31 , here p. 20 , doi : 10.2307 / 494178 , JSTOR : 494178 .
  36. ↑ a b c Ann J. Lane: Mary Ritter Beard. A sourcebook . Northeastern University Press, Boston 1988, ISBN 1-55553-029-X , pp. 216-224 ( archive.org ).
  37. ^ Judit P. Zinsser: History and feminism. A glass half full . Twayne, New York 1993, ISBN 0-7881-6225-X , pp. 31 ( google.de ).
  38. ↑ Gerda Lerner: The majority finds its past. Placing women in history . Oxford University Press, New York 1979, ISBN 0-19-502597-0 .
  39. ^ Margaret Smith Crocco, Forceful Yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History . In: The History Teacher . tape 31 , no. 1 , 1997, ISSN  0018-2745 , pp. 9–31 , here pp. 21–22 , doi : 10.2307 / 494178 , JSTOR : 494178 .
  40. ^ Margaret Smith Crocco, Forceful Yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History . In: The History Teacher . tape 31 , no. 1 , 1997, ISSN  0018-2745 , pp. 9–31 , here p. 28 , doi : 10.2307 / 494178 , JSTOR : 494178 .
  41. ^ Nancy F. Cott: A woman making history. Mary Ritter Beard through her letters . Yale University Press, New Haven 1991, ISBN 978-0-300-04825-4 , pp. ix ( archive.org ).
  42. ↑ Ann J. Lane: Mary Ritter Beard. A sourcebook . Northeastern University Press, Boston 1988, ISBN 1-55553-029-X , pp. 9 ( archive.org ).
  43. ^ Nancy F. Cott: A woman making history. Mary Ritter Beard through her letters . Yale University Press, New Haven 1991, ISBN 978-0-300-04825-4 , pp. x-xi ( archive.org ).
  44. ^ Margaret Smith Crocco, Forceful Yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History . In: The History Teacher . tape 31 , no. 1 , 1997, ISSN  0018-2745 , pp. 9–31 , here p. 27 , doi : 10.2307 / 494178 , JSTOR : 494178 .
  45. ^ Catherine E. Forrest Weber: Mary Ritter Beard: Historian of the Other Half . In: Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . tape 15 , no. 1 , 2003, p. 5–13 , here p. 13 ( oclc.org ).
personal data
SURNAME Beard, Mary Ritter
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ritter, Mary (maiden name)
SHORT DESCRIPTION American historian, author, suffrage activist and archivist for women's history
DATE OF BIRTH August 5, 1876
PLACE OF BIRTH Indianapolis
DATE OF DEATH August 14, 1958
Place of death Phoenix