Molochna
| Molochna | |||||||
 Molotschna with Kamjana Mohyla near Myrne , north of Melitopol
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| Data | |||||||
| location | Zaporizhia Oblast ( Ukraine ) | ||||||
| source |
Azov Highlands 47 ° 16 ′ 11 ″ N , 36 ° 22 ′ 40 ″ E |
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| Source height | approx. 260 m | ||||||
| muzzle |
Sea of Azov Coordinates: 46 ° 42 ′ 5 " N , 35 ° 17 ′ 55" E 46 ° 42 ′ 5 " N , 35 ° 17 ′ 55" E |
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| Mouth height | 0 m | ||||||
| Height difference | approx. 260 m | ||||||
| Bottom slope | approx. 1.3 ‰ | ||||||
| length | 197 km | ||||||
| Catchment area | 3450 km² | ||||||
| Left tributaries | Tokmak , Juschanly | ||||||
| Big cities | Melitopol | ||||||
| Medium-sized cities | Tokmak | ||||||
| Small towns | Molochansk | ||||||
| Communities | Myrne , Voznesenka , Kostyantynivka | ||||||
The Molotschna (Ukrainian Молочна ; Russian Молочная / Molotschnaja ) is a tributary of the Azov Sea in southeast Ukraine .
course
The actual Molotschna arises immediately west of the city of Tokmak from the small rivers Tschyngul and Kurkulak. A little below, near the small town of Molotschansk , the significantly longer Tokmak joins from the left, so that it is also considered the upper reaches of the Molotschna. The total length of the Molochna with Tokmak is 197 km. All source rivers arise on the southern flank of the 300 m high Azov Heights .
The Tokmak initially flows from its source to the city of Tokmak in a westerly direction and already overcomes most of its gradient in the first few kilometers. The Molotschna then flows from the confluence at Tokmak, mostly meandering in a south-south-west direction through a wide valley with a steep right (west) and flat left (east) flank. The difference in altitude on this more than 100 kilometers to the mouth is only about 25 m.
In the lower reaches, the Molotschna is up to 15 m wide and 2 m deep. It finally flows a few kilometers south of the city of Melitopol , around which it flows to the east, in the approximately 35 km long, up to 8 km wide and under nature protection according to the Ramsar Convention Molotschna Liman of the Azov Sea.
The Molotschna flows through the Zaporizhia Oblast along its entire course .
Hydrography
The catchment area covers 3450 km². The mean flow rate is 2.1 m³ / s. The water flow varies greatly depending on the rainfall. Floods occur particularly in autumn and winter, while the river can dry out completely in dry summers or freeze to the bottom in cold winters.
history
North of Melitopol, directly on the right bank of the Molotschna, lies the Kamjana Mohyla sandstone rock group (literally "stone grave "). A large number of petroglyphs dating back to the Neolithic Age have been discovered here . This outstanding archaeological site was nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site by Ukraine in 2006.
In ancient times, the Molotschna was known as Gerrhus , Gerrus or Gerros ( Greek Γέρρος ποταμός ).
At the beginning of the 19th century, German Mennonites founded a colony on the left bank of Molotschna and Tokmak south of the city of Tokmak, in which 57 villages had emerged by 1863, and named them after the Molotschna river (in Plautdietsch variation Molosch ). From their main village Halbstadt (namesake for the later Siberian "daughter colony" Halbstadt in the Altai region ) today's small town Molotschansk, also named after the river, arose.
During the war against the Soviet Union in 1941–1945 , the German Wehrmacht built a strong line of defense along the Molotschna as part of the so-called "Eastern Wall" . On this southernmost part of the Wotan Line , the German 6th Army was able to bring the Red Army troops to a standstill after their advance during the Donets Basin operation on September 22, 1943. The line was then overcome by the 4th Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in a month and a half of fierce fighting as part of the Melitopol operation , in which almost 130,000 soldiers were killed on both sides.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Article Molotschnaja in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ^ Archaeological Site “Stone Tomb” on the UNESCO website.
- ↑ Melitopoler Operation ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Russian).
