Bog saxifrage

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Bog saxifrage
Bog saxifrage (Saxifraga hirculus) in Auyuittuq National Park in northern Canada

Bog saxifrage ( Saxifraga hirculus ) in Auyuittuq National Park in northern Canada

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Saxifragales (Saxifragales)
Family : Saxifragaceae (Saxifragaceae)
Genre : Saxifrage ( Saxifraga )
Type : Bog saxifrage
Scientific name
Saxifraga hirculus
L.

The marsh saxifrage ( Saxifraga hirculus ), also Bocks-saxifrage and gold Flowery saxifrage called, is a plant species within the family of the Saxifragaceae (Saxifragaceae). It is widespread in the northern hemisphere , but endangered or even lost in Central Europe .

description

illustration

Appearance and leaf

The bog saxifrage grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of (6.5 to) 10 to 40 centimeters. It forms runners in the leaf axils of the basal leaves or rhizomes are formed; this creates loose stocks. The stem is hairy brown-red shaggy.

The alternate leaves are not arranged in rosettes. If petioles are present, then they are 3 to 20 (rarely up to 35) mm long and more or less flattened. The simple, thin to somewhat fleshy leaf blades are (5 to) 10 to 30 mm long, linear or linear-inverted-lanceolate to spatulate with a pointed to pointed upper end. There may be non-secretory hydathodes at the leaf tip . The basal leaves have a brown, shaggy hairy 1.2 to 2.2 cm long petiole. The leaf blades of the basal leaves are 1.1 to 2.2 cm long and 3 to 10 mm wide, elliptical, lanceolate or oblong to linear-oblong with brown, softly haired or bald blade edge and bare leaf surfaces; sometimes their base is hairy brown-red shaggy. The length of the petioles decreases continuously in the stem leaves until they are missing. The simple leaf blades of the stem leaves are 0.4 to 2.2 cm long and 1 to 6 mm wide, lanceolate to oblong with a smooth, brown, shaggy, hairy (ciliate) leaf margin and bare leaf surfaces. The uppermost leaves sometimes encompass the stems. Stipules are missing.

Inflorescence, flower, fruit and seeds

The flowers stand together individually or in pairs to four in a 2 to 3.7 cm long, zymous inflorescence , the axes of which are hairy sparsely to densely reddish-brown shaggy. The bracts are sessile. The 0.9 to 1.3 cm long flower stalks are hairy brown shaggy. The flower buds are hanging.

Five-fold flowers

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five free, sometimes purple-colored sepals are usually glabrous, rarely hairy reddish-brown, 3 to 6.1 mm long and 1.5 to 3.5 mm wide, triangular, elliptical to more or less ovoid, with a blunt or pointed upper end and reddish-brown eyelashed edges. The sepals are erect, ascending to spread and curve back to fruit ripeness and have 3 to 11, rarely up to 13 nerves. The petals are twice as long as the sepals. The five free petals are 6 to 18 mm ( Flora of North America ) or 7.9 to 10.3 mm ( Flora of China ) long and 2.9 to 6.8 mm wide, elliptical to oblong or obovate to narrow - egg-shaped with an almost blunt or pointed upper end. The petals are nailed 0.3 to 0.5 mm long. The yellow petals, which turn cream colored when drying, are often orange to red dotted. The petals have two calluses and 7 to 11, rarely up to 17 nerves. There are two circles with five free, 4 to 5.5 mm long stamens each. The two overlying, 2 to 5 mm long, egg-shaped carpels are only partially fused, with free ends pointing apart. The two styluses have a length of 1 to 1.8 mm.

The bilobed capsule fruit contains many brown seeds .

In China, the flowering time and the ripening time of the fruits are between June and September. In North America, the flowering time is in summer.

Bog saxifrage ( Saxifraga hirculus )
Bog saxifrage ( Saxifraga hirculus )
Bog saxifrage ( Saxifraga hirculus )

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16, 24 or 32; Based on the basic number of the genus Saxifraga of x = 8, diploidy, triploidy and tetraploidy ( degree of ploidy ) result.

Occurrence

Saxifraga hirculus is very widespread in the arctic to temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere ( Holarctic ). It is found in Greenland , Iceland , Spitzbergen , Finland , Norway , Sweden , Denmark , Ireland , the United Kingdom , southern and northern Germany , Switzerland , eastern and central France , Poland , the Baltic States , Belarus , Russia , Ukraine , Romania , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , in Mongolia , in the Chinese provinces of Shanxi , western Sichuan , Xinjiang , Tibet and northwestern Yunnan , in Sikkim , in Canada and the states of the USA: Alaska , Colorado , Montana , New Mexico and Utah .

The moor saxifrage was moderately common in Germany, but it has been lost since the 1990s, as has been the case in Austria. There is still one place of growth in Switzerland.

The bog saxifrage inhabits moist locations. In Germany it was restricted to low-nutrient intermediate and flat moors . In China, Saxifraga hirculus thrives in forests, alpine meadows and in rock crevices at altitudes between 2100 and 5000 meters. Saxifraga hirculus thrives in North America in moist, mostly mossy, arctic and alpine tundras and moist alpine mats.

The moor saxifrage occurs in the meridional to arctic climate zone in subcontinental to continental climates. It thrives in the planar to colline altitudes (flat and hill country) or indifferent and the area type (according to Oberdorfer) is Nordic (type of boreal coniferous forest and birch forest area). The occurrences in Central Europe are considered a glacial relic . The climatic stress in Central Europe leads to a decline in ice age relic species of the moors to extinction, including this species.

The bog saxifrage is a characteristic of the Caricion lasiocarpae Vanden Bergh association. in Lebr. et al. 1949. Another major deposit is in the order Montio-Cardaminetalia Pawl. 1928.

Pointer values ​​( pointer values ​​according to Ellenberg ) are: light number: 9 = full light plant, temperature number: 5 = moderate heat pointer, continental number: 7 = showing moderate steppe to steppe climate, humidity number: 9 = wetness pointer, moisture change: showing flooding, reaction number: 4 = acid to moderate acidity indicator , Nitrogen number: 2 = showing pronounced nitrogen poverty to nitrogen poverty.

Danger

The bog saxifrage is endangered in Europe and worldwide; it is threatened with extinction throughout Central Europe. At the European level, the bog saxifrage is therefore listed by the European Union in the Habitats Directive , Annex II and IV and is therefore one of the strictly protected animal and plant species of Community interest, for whose conservation special protected areas must be designated.

Germany saw a sharp decline in the 20th century and it was classified as critically endangered. It is strictly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act. In Schleswig-Holstein (1990), Lower Saxony and Bremen (1993), Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (1992), Brandenburg and Berlin (1993, 2006), Baden-Württemberg (1999) and Hamburg (1998) the moor saxifrage is considered to be extinct or lost (in brackets the year of the evaluation of the data). In 1987 it was considered critically endangered in Bavaria. Most of the bog saxifrage had already disappeared at the end of the 19th century. According to Merxmüller, stocks in Bavaria were about to expire in 1965. The last record was in southern Swabia in 1981, in Murnauer Moos it last bloomed in 1992 and has been missing since 1995. Since then it has been considered lost in Germany and has probably become extinct in all of Germany (NABU as of 2005).

The bog saxifrage is also extinct in Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol.

The bog saxifrage was rare in Switzerland even earlier. It occurred at several locations in the Jura from La Dôle to Tavannes, between Lake Geneva and Lake Gruyère, near Bex, in the Vaudois and Freiburg Alps, on the Geissberg above Zug and near Einsiedeln. Since the 1950s there is only one known population at Col du Marchairuz , in the Marais des Amburnex.

Systematics

The first publication of Saxifraga hirculus was in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . The Latin word hirculus means “goat”, this refers to the two croissant-shaped styluses, which are also easily recognizable on the fruit (see illustration) and to the pungent smell. Synonyms for Saxifraga hirculus L. are: Leptasea alaskana Small , Saxifraga autumnalis L. , Saxifraga flava Lam. , Saxifraga lanuginosa Decne. , Saxifraga lutea Gilib. , Saxifraga nutans Adams , Saxifraga palustris Salisb. , Saxifraga propinqua R.Br. , Hirculus punctatus Raf. , Hirculus ranunculoides Haworth and Saxifraga reflexa St.-Lag.

The species Saxifraga hirculus belongs to the series Hirculoideae from the subsection Hirculoideae in the section Ciliatae within the genus Saxifraga .

Some authors (e.g. O. Hedberg 1992) have up to four subspecies of the species Saxifraga hirculus . Other authors do not recognize these subspecies (for example in the Flora of North America and PK Holmgren & NH Holmgren 1997). Further research is needed to clarify this.

The four subspecies according to O. Hedberg 1992:

  • Saxifraga hirculus L. subsp. hirculus : (2n = 32) It occurs circumboreally, for example in North America from Ontario to Alaska.
  • Saxifraga hirculus subsp. coloradoensis Hedberg : (2n = 16) It occurs only in Colorado.
  • Saxifraga hirculus subsp. compacta Hedberg (Syn .: Saxifraga hirculus subsp. alpina (Engl.) Á.Löve ): (2n = 32). It occurs mainly in Arctic Eurasia, on islands in the North Atlantic (Iceland, Spitsbergen), in eastern Greenland and in Alaska.
  • Saxifraga hirculus subsp. propinqua (R.Br.) Á.Löve & D.Löve : (2n = 16, 24) It occurs near the Arctic in Labrador and from northwestern Greenland to Alaska.

swell

  • Pan Jintang, Richard Gornall, Hideaki Ohba: Saxifraga. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 , Saxifraga hirculus , p. 312 (English, online ). (Sections Description, Occurrence and Systematics)
  • Luc Brouillet, Patrick E. Elvander: Saxifraga. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 8: Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6 , Saxifraga hirculus , p. 138 (English, online and printed work. ). (Section description, occurrence and systematics)
  • Christoph Käsermann: EN Saxifraga hirculus L. - Golden flowering saxifrage - Saxifragaceae. In: Christoph Käsermann, Daniel M. Moser (Hrsg.): Information sheets on species protection - flowering plants and ferns. Federal Office for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, Bern 1999, pp. 252–253 (PDF file). (Sections Description and Occurrence)
  • Bog saxifrage. In: FloraWeb.de. (Section Description and Occurrence)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Moor saxifrage - Bocks saxifrage - golden flowering saxifrage in botany in the picture / flora of Austria .
  2. ↑ a b Saxifraga hirculus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Pan Jintang, Richard Gornall, Hideaki Ohba: Saxifraga. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 , Saxifraga hirculus , p. 312 (English, online ).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Moor saxifrage. In: FloraWeb.de.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Luc Brouillet, Patrick E. Elvander: Saxifraga. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 8: Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6 , Saxifraga hirculus , p. 138 (English, online and printed work. ).
  6. ↑ a b Thomas Hövelmann: Strictly protected plant species in Appendix IV of the Habitats Directive in Germany. In: Pulsatilla - journal for botany and nature conservation. Volume 8, 2005, p. 45 (PDF file).
  7. ^ A. Wagner, I. Wagner: Protection and management of moors - Ice Age relics in climatic stress? Lecture on the subject of ice age relics and climate change within the framework of the ANL conference from 2. – 3. December 2008 in Laufen (PDF file; 4 MB) .
  8. ↑ Council Directive 92/43 / EEC of May 21, 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora (Habitats Directive) in the consolidated version of July 1, 2013 , Annex II. In: OJ. L 206,. July 1992, p. 39.
  9. ↑ Michael Ristow: Red list of the established vascular plants in Brandenburg (and Berlin). In: Nature conservation and landscape maintenance in Brandenburg. Volume 15, No. 4, Supplement, 2006 (PDF file). ( Memento of the original from November 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mugv.brandenburg.de
  10. ^ H. Paul: Results of the plant-geographical research of Bavaria. The bog plants of Bavaria. In: Reports of the Bavarian Botanical Society on research into the local flora. Volume 12, No. 2, 1910, pp. 136–228 (here: p. 174; PDF file ).
  11. ^ Hermann Merxmüller: New overview of the ferns and flowering plants indigenous to Bavaria on the right bank of the Rhine I. In: Reports of the Bavarian Botanical Society for research into the local flora. Volume 38, 1965, pp. 93–115 (here: p. 114; PDF file ).
  12. ↑ Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
  13. ↑ Rothmaler Exkursionsflora Volume 4 - corrections, additions, discussion forum. Status 2008 (PDF file).
  14. ↑ Christoph Käsermann: EN Saxifraga hirculus L. - Golden flowering saxifrage - Saxifragaceae. In: Christoph Käsermann, Daniel M. Moser (Hrsg.): Information sheets on species protection - flowering plants and ferns. Federal Office for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, Bern 1999, pp. 252–253 (PDF file).
  15. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 402 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D402%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  16. ↑ Saxifraga hirculus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  17. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 , p. 291 restricted preview in the Google book search.
  18. ↑ a b Saxifraga hirculus - SaxBase from The Saxifrage Society .
  19. ↑ a b K. Olov Hedberg: Taxonomic differentiation in Saxifraga hirculus L. (Saxifragaceae). A circumpolar Arctic-Boreal species of Central Asiatic origin. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 109, No. 3, 1992, pp. 377-393 DOI: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.1992.tb00280.x .
  20. ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen, Raino Lampinen, Arto Kurtto (eds.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 12. Resedaceae to Platanaceae. Akateeminen Kirjakauppa & Tiedekirja, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1999, ISBN 951-9108-12-2 , pp. 128-130.

Web links

Commons : Moor saxifrage ( Saxifraga hirculus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files