Nanzhao
Nanzhao ( Chinese 南詔 / 南诏 , Pinyin Nanzhao , W.-G. Nanchao ) was a 750 independent state with its capital that have become Dali on Erhai Lake in today's Chinese province of Yunnan . It existed until 902 , adding the following Dali , until 1254 .
The country had large gold deposits, but also salt and horse breeding, and was relatively independent thanks to the support of Tibetan hill tribes and an alliance policy that alternated between the Tubo Empire and the Tang Dynasty . The population was ethnically and culturally plural, Tibetans , Han Chinese , Tai peoples in general and the ancestors of today's Bai and Yi ethnic minorities in particular . The elite class was called "Cuan" and had an unclear or controversial ethnic composition.
State building
During the Three Kingdoms Period (208–280 AD), the area of present-day Yunnan was referred to as "Yuexi" (越 西) and southern Sichuan as "Nanzhong" (南中). The collapse of the Chinese central power led to greater autonomy for the tribes living there. In AD 225, Zhuge Liang (181–234), the famous Chancellor and regent (since 223) of Shu Han State, led a campaign to Yunnan against local tribes, especially Meng Huo , who had to submit. Originally there were several tribes whose settlement area was around the fertile land near the mountain lake Er Hai . Their names were Mengshe (蒙 舍), Mengxi (蒙 嶲), Langqiong (浪 穹), Tengtan (邆 賧), Shilang (施 浪) and Yuexi (越 西). Each tribe had its own kingdom called a zhao (诏).
At the beginning of the 4th century, the Cuan (爨) clan immigrated to Yunnan. Their leader Cuan Chen (爨 琛) called himself king and ruled from Kunchuan (昆川). Since then, the Cuan family ruled Yunnan for several centuries, albeit under the suzerainty of Chinese dynasties. In 597, Cuan Wan (爨 翫), the leader of the Nanning-Yi (南宁夷) in what is now Qujing, rebelled against Emperor Yang Jian of the Sui Dynasty (r. 581-604), the troops under General Shi Wansui (史 万岁, 550–600) sent against Cuan Wan, who capitulated but was able to avoid being brought to the imperial court by bribing the general.
According to Nanzhao yeshi (南诏 野史), written by Yang Shen (杨慎, 1488–1559) in 1550 , the leader of the Mengshe tribe named Meng Xinuluo (蒙 细 奴 逻, 617–674) founded the in AD 649 Kingdom of Da Mengguo (大 蒙 国) and was referred to as "Qijia Wang" (奇嘉 王), "Excellent King". He recognized the suzerainty of the Tang Dynasty . After the reign of the kings Meng Luoshengyan (蒙 逻 盛 炎, ruled 674–712) and Meng Shengluopi (蒙 盛 逻 皮, ruled 712–728), Meng Piluoge (蒙皮罗 阁, ruled 728–748) became the actual founder of the state by uniting six tribal princes in Yunnan, who were referred to as kings, to form a state that was still dependent on the Tang dynasty. The founding of the capital Dali in 739 is also attributed to him.
As early as 680, the Tibetan Yarlung dynasty claimed sovereignty over Nanzhao with the conquest of the Anrong fortress (安 戎) north of Chengdu . The Chinese recaptured this fortress in 740, but after their defeat by the Arabs on the Talas River in 751, Nanzhao (Tibetan: ʼJa) allied themselves under his king Meng Geluofeng (蒙 阁 逻 凤, Tibetan: Kag-la -bon; r. 748-778) with the Tibetan monarchy , after his ambassadors had previously been badly treated by the Chinese prefect of this area. Meng Geluofeng then killed the prefect and in the summer of 751 faced an 80,000-strong army under the command of Xianyu Zhongtong (鲜 于 仲 通) from Sichuan , a protégé of Chancellor Yang Guozhong (杨国忠, d. 756), who refused to negotiate. Chinese casualties amounted to 60,000 men, not least due to an epidemic, but the commander escaped. After the alliance with the Tibetans, their king, Thride Tsugten, sent Geluofeng a gold seal and gave him the title of Zanpuzhong (赞普 锺, "Cup of General Aid"). At the same time, Meng Geluofeng incorporated 42 tribal groups under the Tang Dynasty into his empire. In the summer of 754, Yang Guozhong sent a new army, which also failed.
Swing policy and expansion
This established the kingdom of Nanzhao. However, it was still a vassal state of Tibet; H. the king of Nanzhao was the "younger brother" of the Tibetan king Trisong Detsen (r. approx. 755–797) and supported him militarily and financially, which eventually became too depressing. At that time there were many fights against the Chinese generals Cui Ning (崔宁, 723–783) and Wei Gao (韦皋, 745–805), but they did not endanger the state. The alliance with Tibet lasted for over 40 years, but in 794 King Meng Yimouxun (蒙 异 牟 寻, ruled 778–808) made an alliance with the Tang Dynasty against the Tibetan monarchy, whose armies were defeated in league with Wei Gao were.
Around 800 Nanzhao had become centralized, although six large population groups could still be distinguished. It imitated Chinese role models in politics and culture, but was also permeated by Tibetan and Indian influences. The population grew considerably in this fertile farmland, protected by mountains and a stable government. In the 9th century this allowed for a policy of expansion which, given the increasing weakness of the Tang Dynasty, achieved some success.
Under Meng Quanfengyou (蒙 劝 丰 佑, ruled 824–859) Nanzhao conquered Chengdu in 829, but the Chinese politician Li Deyu (787–850) intervened here in 831 and stabilized the situation. After the Manshu jiaozhu (蛮 书 校 注) of Fan Chuo was completed in 862 , it conquered the Pyu kingdom Sri Ksetra on the lower Irrawaddy in Burma in 832 . With the loss of Chengdu under Meng Shilong (蒙 世隆, r. 859–878) in 873, the country began to decline.
In addition to Burma and Sichuan, the king of Nanzhao also turned his eyes to North Vietnam and the Chinese province of Lingnan . It was about the lucrative sea trade along the coast northwards to Chang Jiang .
Around 861 Meng Shilong finally demanded diplomatic equality with the Tang Dynasty, i.e. H. the imperial title; his posthumous memorial name is accordingly Jingzhuang Di (景 莊 帝). The result were several forays by Nanzhao with the aim of Hanoi (then: Shenglong), which degenerated into heavy fighting with the Chinese prefects there from 858 to 866. Nanzhao offered e.g. B. on the Pyu vassals from Northern Burma, the Chinese even confiscated merchant ships to finance the war. Hanoi has been conquered and retaken several times. Eventually, the Chinese military Gao Bian recorded a victory in 866 and the war shifted to Sichuan. After a failed Chinese attack on Nanzhao (865–867), it temporarily controlled the province of Sichuan . In 875 Gao Bian was ordered there, whereupon the pressure eased.
The expansion of the area of Nanzhao did not last, but two kings called themselves emperors ( Huangdi ) and in 880 a marriage alliance was concluded with the Tang dynasty, which fell in the Huang Chao uprising .
Decline and decline
This passed the peak of power in Nanzhao, but due to the weakness of the subsequent Chinese dynasties, including the Song dynasty, little changed in the country's relative independence. Between 902 and 937 the dynasty changed four times (most recently to the Duan dynasty), and the kingdom was now also called Dali . It is noteworthy that the trade route via Nanzhao was blocked because of this internal disorder, so that the Burmese turned to sea trade.
The independence of the state was ended by the Mongols under Prince Kubilai , who later founded the Yuan Dynasty , in 1253/54. He was attracted by the gold deposits and the opportunity to build a base of operations against the wavering Song dynasty . Dali's troops under Minister Gao Taixiang were bypassed and beaten. King Duan Xingzhi surrendered after the relatively bloodless loss of his capital Dali and was reinstated as a vassal, but only a fifth of the soldiers of Kubilai's army returned. The royal house is mentioned until 1382.
The kings of the ruling dynasties of Nanzhao
Dameng Dynasty (大 蒙)
| Temple name | Posthumous title | Government currency (noun) | Surname | Term of office | Lifetime |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meng Gaozu (蒙 高祖) | Qijia Wang (奇嘉 王) | Meng Xinuluo (蒙 细 奴 逻), Meng Duluo (蒙 独 逻) | 649-674 | 616-674 | |
| Meng Shizong (蒙 世宗) | Xingzong Wang (兴宗 王) | Meng Luoshengyan (蒙 逻 盛 炎), Meng Luosheng (蒙罗 晟) | 674-712 | 634-712 | |
| Meng Yange (蒙 炎 阁) | 712 | ? -712 | |||
| Meng Taizong (蒙 太宗) | Weicheng Wang (威 成 王) | Meng Shengluopi (蒙 盛 逻 皮), Meng Chenglekui (蒙 诚 乐 魁) | 712-728 | 673-728 | |
| Guiyi Wang (归 义 王) | Meng Piluoge (蒙皮罗 阁), Meng Kuilejue (蒙 魁 乐 觉) | 728-748 | 666-748 | ||
| Shenwu Wang (神武 王) | Changshou (长寿, 769-779) | Meng Geluofeng (蒙 阁 逻 凤), Meng Juelefeng (蒙 觉 乐 凤) | 748-779 | 712-779 | |
| Xiaohuan Wang (孝 恒 王), Ridong Wang (日 东 王) | Shangyuan (上元, 784–?), Yuanfeng (元 封,? -?) | Meng Yimouxun (蒙 异 牟 寻) | 779-808 | 754-808 | |
| Xiaohui Wang (孝惠 王) | Meng Xungequan (蒙 寻 阁 劝), Meng Xinjuequan (蒙 新 觉 劝) | 808-809 | 778-809 | ||
| You Wang (幽王) | Longxing (龙兴, 810–816) | Meng Quanlongsheng (蒙 劝 龙 晟), Meng Longsheng (蒙 龙盛) | 809-816 | 797-816 | |
| Jing Wang (靖 王) | Quanyi (全 义, 817–819), Dafeng (大丰, 820–823) | Meng Quanlisheng (蒙 劝 利 晟), Meng Quanli (蒙 劝 利) | 816-823 | 802-823 | |
| Zhaocheng Wang (昭 成 王) | Baohe (保 和, 824–839?), Tianqi (天啟,? -?) | Meng Quanfengyou (蒙 劝 丰 佑), Meng Fengyou (蒙 丰 祐) | 823-859 | 817? -859 |
Dali dynasty (大礼)
| Posthumous title | Government currency (noun) | Surname | Term of office | Lifetime |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jingzhuang Di (景 莊 帝) | Jianji (建 極, 860–872?), Fayao (法 堯,? -?) | Meng Shilong (蒙 世隆), Meng Youlong (蒙祐 龙), Meng Qiulong (蒙 酋 龙) | 859-877 | 844-877 |
Dafengmin Dynasty (大 封 民)
| Posthumous title | Government currency (noun) | Surname | Term of office | Lifetime |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shengming Wenwu Di (聖 明文 武帝) | Zhenming (贞 明, 878–?), Chengzhi (承 智,? -?), Datong (大同, 860–872?), Cuoye (嵯 耶,? -?) | Meng Longshun (蒙隆 舜), Meng Shishun (蒙 世 舜), Meng Fa (蒙 法) | 877-897 | 861? -897 |
| Xiao'ai Di (孝 哀帝) | Zhongxing (中兴, 898–902) | Meng Shunhuazhen (蒙 舜 化 贞) | 897-902 | 877-902 |
Footnotes
- ↑ After Bin Yang: Between Winds and Clouds. The Making of Yunnan, Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE [1] , zhāo is a loan word from a local language, not originally Chinese; see. Thai เจ้า [ câːu ] "king, ruler".
- ↑ See H. Schmidt-Glintzer: China. Multi-ethnic and unitary state, p. 146
- ↑ Camille Sainson, Nan-tchao ye-che. Histoire particulière du Nan-tchao: traduction d'une histoire de l'ancien Yun-nan; accompagnee d'une carte et d'un lexique geographique et historique, Paris 1904
- ↑ This weakening of the Pyu promoted the immigration of the Burmese into what is now Myanmar and ultimately led to the establishment of Bagan . The city of Bagan surrounded by a wall is attested to the middle of the 9th century.
literature
- Denis C. Twitchett, John K. Fairbank (Eds.): The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3, Sui and T'ang China, 589-906. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1979, ISBN 0-521-21446-7 .