Nose flute (traditional)
Nose flutes are flutes of different designs, which will be played with breathing air from the nose, irrespective of whether it is tubular or vascular flutes is, and whether they are laterally blown or longitudinal, open or closed (at the lower end Gedackt are). Their main distribution area is in Southeast Asia and Oceania .
General
The commonality of all nasal flutes is only the same blowing technique, otherwise there are no relationships over longer distances between the individual regions of origin. In their design, the nasal flutes are more similar to the mouth-blown flutes of the respective environment, with which they are often related in name.
In addition to some regions in Southeast Asia, nose flutes were common in Polynesia (with the exception of New Zealand and Micronesia ). In the music of New Guinea they are and were rare, their focus here was in the Bismarck Archipelago . In Melanesia they practically only occurred in New Caledonia , the Admiralty Islands and the Fiji Islands . Today, nose flutes are rarely found in the regions mentioned, they are only still played by a few minority peoples on the northern Philippines island of Luzon . The tongali with four finger holes is known. Nose flutes were niche in Africa, India, and South America.
Significantly less blowing pressure can be generated with the nose than with the mouth. In the first half of the 20th century, several researchers explained why flutes are occasionally played with the nose, with the use of the nasal flute in magical and religious rites, especially fertility rites. One idea could have been that mouth air, the main function of which is eating and talking, is profane. The fine nose, on the other hand, enables people to breathe regularly, so it is related to the soul. It is also responsible for the sense of smell, its ideal shape is measured according to an ideal of beauty.
Mostly, nose flutes are longitudinal or transverse flutes with tone holes . Other types of flutes are less common. The playing techniques are comparable to the usual hand-blown flutes. The instruments are usually blown with only one nostril, whereby the other is either blocked (e.g. with leaves) or closed.
There are also modern, simple, compact nasal flutes that are held in front of the mouth and nose. You blow with both nostrils and the slightly open mouth determines the pitch via the shape of the lips and tongue.
Types of nasal flutes
Listed are individual nose flutes sorted by region.
Asia and Oceania
India
- In India in the 19th century, wind instruments were considered impure by some Brahmins because they were played by low-class people. These brahmins were only allowed to play nose flutes. A nasal flute, which used to be popular with snake charmers, occasionally had two playing tubes next to each other that were inserted into both nostrils. This instrument was known under the name pungi (in other spellings pugi, ponga, pongi, pugyi ). In several North Indian languages, this means “pipe” or “pipe”. Pungi is now a widely used name for the snake charmer's wind instrument, which consists of two tubes with single reeds that are blown on by a calabash .
- In the folk music of the north-east Indian state of Assam , the word pepa denotes different types of wind instruments. One of them is a whistle made from a buffalo horn, operated with three fingers and in some cases blown with the nose.
- Gong-gleng is a clay flute about 16 centimeters long with two finger holes from Assam that is played with the nose.
Indonesia and Malaysia
- Saligung , among the Batak on the island of Sumatra
- Sigu nihu , a pipe nose flute with four holes on the nias
- Surune denotes Indonesian double-reed instruments with bell-shaped horns ( sarune ) and saluang- like bamboo flutes, including a noseflute made of reed with square holes on the island of Nias .
- Turali , also turahi, tuahi, is a solo nose flute played by various ethnic groups, mainly the Kadazan-Dusun, in the Malaysian state of Sabah at the northern tip of Borneo . Both genders use it to express their personal feelings. Traditionally, like other nasal flutes, it is used especially at funeral ceremonies and mourning for the dead. The turali is approx. 70 cm long and has four finger holes.
- Sangoi , also sangui , similar to the turali , but larger (over 1 meter long), among the Kanowites in the northwestern part of Borneo
- Silingut , also selingut, selengut is a nasal flute with a length of about 60 cm, similar to the turali, with four finger holes, which occurs in several ethnic groups in the state of Sabah on Borneo and on the Malian peninsula. Here the flute has a thumb hole and five front finger holes
- Suling Idong ( suling Indonesian, "flute, pipe"), an approximately 70 to 100 cm long open Nasenflöte of bamboo, in the Iban in the northwest part of Borneo
- Pensol is a nose flute of the Semai in the Malaysian state of Perak and the Temiar in the highlands of Perak and Kelantan . The bamboo flute with three to four finger holes is played by men and women alike, its improvised melodies express love and sadness.
Philippines
- Tungali , also tongali , a nose flute still in use today in the mountainous province of Kalinga in the central north of Luzon, Philippines. It consists of a bamboo tube and is held like a flute. The lower end is open, there is a blow hole, a thumb hole on the back and four finger holes on the front.
Oceania
- Angun , a reed nasal flute in Truk , Micronesia
- Fagufagu , a closed bamboo cylinder with two blow holes and two finger holes, in Tutuila , American Samoa
- Fango-fango , a closed nose flute with two blowing holes and six tone holes, in Fiji
- Ohe hano , a bamboo nose flute with four holes from Hawaii
- Ipu hokoikio , a vascular nasal flute made from calabashes, in Hawaii
- Pu ihu , reed nose flute, Marquesas , French Polynesia
- Wivo or Vivo , an open nose flute in Tahiti , French Polynesia. It is made of bamboo cane wrapped in coconut fiber and has two finger holes.
South America
- Tsihali , a vascular nasal flute of the natives of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso . It contains two pumpkin shells and has two finger holes.
See also
literature
- Willy Foy , On the spread of the nose flute , in: Ethnologica , Volume 1, Leipzig 1909, pp. 239–245
- Curt Sachs , The musical instruments of India and Indonesia , 1923 (also as a reprint 1983, ISBN 3-487-07352-8 )
- Siegfried Wolf, On the Problem of the Nose Flute , 1941
- Anthony Baines , Woodwind instruments and their history , 1962, pp. 184 f
- Curt Sachs, Reallexikon der Musikinstrumenten , 1962 (reprint of the 1913 edition), (article Nasenflöte on p. 269, there cross-references to individual types)
- Robert Günther (ed.): Musical cultures of Asia, Africa and Oceania in the 19th century , 1973, ISBN 3-7649-2072-6
- Museum für Völkerkunde (Vienna) (Ed.), Musikinstrument der Völker , 1975, p. 201
- William P. Malm, Music cultures of the Pacific, the Near East, and Asia , 2nd ed. 1977
- Wolfgang Ruf (Ed.), Lexicon Musical Instruments , 1991, ISBN 3-411-07641-0 , p. 336
- Anthony Baines, Lexicon of Musical Instruments , 1996, ISBN 3-476-00987-4 , p. 216 f
- Section nose flutes in the article Flutes , in The Music in Past and Present , 2nd edition, subject part, Volume 3, Sp. 564
- Mervyn McLean, article Nose flute , in: The New Grove , 2nd ed., 2001
Individual evidence
- ↑ Tongali. ( Memento of August 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) World Instrument Gallery
- ↑ Mervyn Mc Lean: Nose flute. In: Stanley Sadie (Ed.): The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians Vol. 17. Macmillan Publishers, London 2001, p. 70
- ↑ Beatrice Edgerly: From the hunter's bow: The history and romance of musical instruments. GP Putnam's Sons, New York 1942, p. 168
- ↑ Alastair Dick: Pungi . In: Stanley Sadie (Ed.): The New Groove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. 20. Macmillan Publishers, London 2001, p. 600
- ↑ Dilip Ranjan Barthakur: The music and musical instruments of North Eastern India. Mittal Publications, New Delhi 2003, pp. 115, 127
- ↑ Art. Indonesia , MGG2, subject part, Volume 4, Col. 834
- ↑ Sachs 1962, p. 346; Art. Indonesia , MGG2, factual part, Volume 4, Col. 838 (only called Sigu there)
- ↑ Sachs 1962, p. 365 f
- ↑ Gretel Schwörer-Kohl, Art. Malaysia , MGG2, Sachteil, Volume 5, Sp. 1613, 1615
- ↑ Sachs 1962, p. 331
- ↑ Sachs 1962, p. 346
- ↑ Gretel Schwörer-Kohl, Art. Malaysia , MGG2, Sachteil, Volume 5, Sp. 1613 and 1615
- ↑ Sachs 1962, p. 364
- ↑ Gretel Schwörer-Kohl, Art. Malaysia , MGG2, Sachteil, Volume 5, Sp. 1613, 1615; Patricia Ann Matusky, Sooi Beng Tan: The music of Malaysia: the classical, folk, and syncretic traditions. Ashgate Publishing, Farnham 2004, pp. 290-292
- ↑ Art. Flöten , MGG2, Sachteil, Volume 3, Col. 564
- ↑ Sachs 1962, p. 13
- ^ Musical instruments of the peoples 1975, p. 201
- ↑ Sachs 1962, p. 137
- ↑ Sachs 1962, p. 277
- ↑ Baines 1996, p. 217
- ↑ Sachs 1962, p. 307
- ↑ Sachs 1962, p. 424; Musical instruments of the peoples 1975, p. 201
- ↑ Sachs 1962, p. 398
- ^ The scanned full text of the 1913 edition is available on archive.org .
