Network development plan

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The keyword network development plan refers to two studies on the development of the German electricity and gas transmission network, which are regularly submitted according to the Energy Industry Act (EnWG):

  1. The electricity network development plan ( Section 12 EnWG) is drawn up by the German transmission system operators .
  2. The gas network development plan ( Section 15 EnWG) by the transmission system operator
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The Electricity Network Development Plan ( NEP Strom ) shows the expansion needs of the German electricity network over the next ten and a maximum of 15 years and contains an update for at least the next 15 and a maximum of twenty years (see  Section 12a (1) EnWG). The goals are the safe operation of the power grid with further expansion of generation capacities from renewable energy sources and with further expansion of the European internal market. These plans are carried out by the transmission system operators (TSOs), coordinated in a structured process with several public participations and finally confirmed by the Federal Network Agency. The Energy Line Expansion Act (EnLAG) of 2009 already had a comparable function . For the gas network, a comparable network plan is being developed by the transmission network operators involved there (NEP Gas).

The grid expansion planning for the German power grid is divided into two areas. The four German transmission system operators have been working for the German onshore transport network since 2010 and have drawn up the Electricity Network Development Plan (NEP Strom) . By 2017, the TSOs also submitted the offshore grid development plan ( Section 17 EnWG), which contains the expansion requirements for connecting the offshore wind farms to the grid. Since 2018, due to the amendment of the EnWG of August 29, 2016, this has been replaced by the area development plan of the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency ( Part 2 Section 1 of the Wind Energy Offshore Act ) and by information in the electricity network development plan. The result is the federal requirement plan with the power grid expansion measures, for which "an energy-related necessity and an urgent need" are determined.

Taking into account the results of public and government participation, the BNetzA confirmed the NEP 2030 (2019) on December 20, 2019. The confirmation of the GDP 2030 (2019) includes a total of 114 expansion and strengthening measures that will ensure a secure power supply in the target year 2030. In addition, on January 10, 2020, the transmission system operators submitted the draft scenario framework for the 2035 (2021) network development plan to the Federal Network Agency.

Reason and legal anchoring of the network development plan

The network development planning in a structured procedure with a two-year update implements the corresponding requirements of the European Internal Market Directive of 2009 and is based on the national level on the requirements of the Energy Industry Act (EnWG) in the relevant § 12a to § 12d .

When drawing up the NEP for electricity, the national energy policy is taken into account, which was changed significantly by the federal government shortly after the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011. At the end of June 2011, the Bundestag decided to end the use of nuclear energy and accelerate the energy transition with the “13th Law amending the Atomic Energy Act ”in a roll call with a large majority (513 votes). As a result, related laws have been amended, in particular the Energy Industry Act (there, inter alia, Section 1.1, the purpose of the law is the most secure, inexpensive, consumer-friendly, efficient and environmentally friendly wired supply of electricity and gas to the general public, which is increasingly based on renewable energies. ) new laws have been passed, e.g. As the " Grid Expansion Acceleration Act transmission network (NABEG)". With the amendment of the EnWG in August 2016, the creation cycle of the NEP changed from an annual to a two-year cycle. In addition, the offshore network development plan was discontinued with effect from January 1, 2018 and replaced by the area development plan of the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) and partly by regulations in the NEP ( Section 5 Wind Energy on Sea Act in conjunction with Section 17d EnWG).

The legal requirements for grid expansion planning are not only related to the further expansion of renewable energy , but are also caused by European energy policy as well as maintenance and adaptation requirements that are common and necessary for an infrastructure facility such as the power grid. The European energy strategy “Energy 2020” , together with the “Energy Roadmap 2050”, sets the direction for energy policy in Europe. The key points are additional supply and transport routes, simplified and accelerated approval procedures, the development of alternative energy sources, the development of fair competition within Europe, the “intelligent” connection of all EU internal networks, energy security and consumer protection.

At the European level, the transmission system operators for electricity work together within the framework of the ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity) and publish a joint European network development plan (Ten-Year Network Development Plan, TYNDP) every two years. Similarly, the ENTSO-G (European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas) organization publishes corresponding network plans for the gas sector.

Starting position

German transmission networks from 50Hertz , Amprion , TenneT and TransnetBW

In Germany, the extra-high voltage lines of the voltage levels 220 kV and 380 kV are owned by four transmission system operators with a few exceptions:

Investments in the networks initially declined after the liberalization of the electricity markets towards the end of the 1990s. According to the 2012 monitoring report by the Federal Network Agency and the Federal Cartel Office, network investments by electricity suppliers and transmission system operators recently reached between 3.6 and 3.8 billion euros per year and have only been at the level before liberalization in the early 1990s for a few years. Network expansions and reinforcements have progressed continuously in recent years. So far, the power grid has not proven to be a bottleneck for the expansion of renewable energies .

In general, the volatile feed-in of renewable energies such as wind energy and photovoltaics and the relocation of generation means that there is a need to expand and convert the power grid. However, the level of this requirement is controversial and depends on a number of different factors. In particular, the design of the power grid for the transport of the last kilowatt hour is considered economically unjustified and is therefore not aimed at in the power grid development plan.

According to the network operator TenneT, the transmission system operators are convinced that they can technically equip the German high-voltage network for the energy transition. The costs of 21 billion euros were high, but in relation to the duration of the investments over 30 to 40 years, they are a manageable sum. On the other hand, there were concerns about the public acceptance of the new routes. The Federal Association for Renewable Energy supports the expansion of the electricity network and also considers the costs to be manageable; Spread over the entire investment period, the estimated costs only amounted to a maximum of 0.5 cents per kilowatt hour of electricity. Further delays in the expansion of the grid would ultimately be much more expensive, as the effort required to stabilize the grid would continue to increase and renewable power plants would increasingly have to be curtailed.

Network development plan scenarios

scenario conventional energies renewable energy
A. Existing systems and all planned systems with network connection commitments or requests Existing systems
B. like scenario A and the construction of natural gas power plants Existing systems and increased expansion
C. like scenario B Existing systems and extensions according to the goals of the federal states (regionalization)

The 2013 network development plan built on the existing network and took into account the possible development of the generation and consumption structure in the next ten years using three scenarios:

  • Scenario A with a moderate increase in the installed capacity of conventional power plants and with the installed capacity of renewable energies
  • Scenario B with a higher output from natural gas power plants and a higher output from renewable energies
  • Scenario C with further increased output of renewable energies on the basis of regional development prognoses and goals of the federal states

Scenario B was classified as a lead scenario and supplemented by an extrapolation for a further ten years (until 2033).

These scenarios are identified as follows in the draft of the 2013 GDP.

" SCENARIO A
In scenario A, a moderate increase in the installed capacity of hard coal-fired power plants in the conventional area is assumed for the year 2023 compared to 2011. All planned lignite and hard coal power plants for which a grid connection request or a grid connection promise according to the Power Plant Network Connection Ordinance (KraftNAV) exists are taken into account. The installed capacity of renewable energies forms the lower edge of the scenario frame. The scenario is a picture of the future over ten years.
SCENARIO B (KEY SCENARIO)
Scenario B for the year 2023 assumes a higher share of renewable energies than in scenario A. In addition, an increase in the installed capacity of natural gas power plants is forecast. This base scenario with a horizon until 2023 is also extrapolated for a further ten years until 2033, resulting in scenarios B 2023 and B 2033.
SCENARIO C
Scenario C for the year 2023 is characterized by a particularly high proportion of renewable energies, which results from regional development prognoses and goals of the federal states. The conventional power plant fleet corresponds to scenario B for the year 2023.
In all scenarios, nuclear energy will no longer be available due to the planned shutdowns by the end of 2022. "

- 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW

The scenario framework was examined in an upstream coordination process in 2012 by the Federal Network Agency (BNetzA) and approved at the end of 2012 with the following summary:

“The approved scenarios cover the range of likely developments.
A scenario is to be considered probable if it is associated with a sufficiently high probability of realization and thus the power grid to be developed in the future must meet the requirements of this scenario with a sufficiently high probability. When determining the scenarios, the current legal and regulatory framework must be assumed. The development of the legal basis by 2023 or 2033 is just as unpredictable as the development of market prices or the spread of new technologies.
The medium and long-term energy policy goals of the Federal Government form the modifying framework for the range of probable developments. For example, a reduction in electricity consumption in accordance with the federal government's energy policy goals is not associated with a sufficiently high probability of realization in the medium term, but is nevertheless taken into account by the obligation of the transmission system operator to determine the effects of a reduction in net electricity demand on the necessary network development needs as part of a sensitivity analysis.
The expansion goals of the individual federal states also form an essential basis. The values ​​reported or subsequently reported by the federal states were based on scenario C 2023 without changes. "

- Federal Network Agency (BNetzA)

In the scenario framework draft for the network development plan 2035 (2021), the addition of natural gas power plants is no longer taken into account. The central characteristics of the scenarios consist of the sector coupling and the electricity grid- oriented usage behavior of producers and consumers, the time of the coal phase-out and the penetration with electric cars, heat pumps and power-to-gas systems. A lead scenario is no longer mentioned, but the start-up and extension network are considered in all scenarios.

scenario Role of sector coupling conventional energies Share of renewable energies in gross electricity consumption Penetration with electric cars, heat pumps and power-to-gas systems
A 2035 subordinate Ongoing transformation, incomplete coal exit 73% low
B 2035 big like scenario A and coal phase-out by 2035 75% elevated
B 2040 82%
C 2035 crucial like scenario B 77% very high

Generation structure of power plants

Power of the power plants

Capacity of power plants to generate electricity in Germany in 2011, scenarios 2023 and 2033 in the 2013 network development plan
Output of the power plants in the scenarios of the NEP 2013
and comparison with the status 2011 (data in gigawatts (GW)) 		Output of the power plants in the scenarios of the NEP 2035 (2021)
and comparison to the status 2018 (data in gigawatts (GW))
2011 2023 2033 2018 2035 2040
Duration Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C Scenario B Duration Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C Scenario B
Nuclear energy 12.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Brown coal 20.2 18.0 17.6 17.6 11.8 18.9 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
Hard coal 26.3 31.9 25.7 25.7 20.2 21.8 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
natural gas 26.5 23.2 33.0 33.0 41.0 25.4 33.8 34.2 34.2 34.2
Oil and rest 7.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 3.3 6.8 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.1
Pump storage 6.4 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 9.3 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8
Sum conv. Ore. 99.4 90.1 93.3 93.3 87.3 91.6 55.0 49.3 49.3 49.2
Wind (onshore) 28.9 45.7 49.3 86.0 66.3 52.2 84 90 98 95
Wind (offshore) 0.2 10.3 14.1 17.8 25.3 6th 27.1 30th 35 40
Photovoltaics 25.3 55.3 61.3 55.6 65.3 44.1 112 119 128 138
Biomass 5.5 8.1 8.5 9.0 7.3 7.4 5.6 6.5 8.4 6.2
Hydropower
u. other reg. Ore.		 5.3 5.5 6.3 6.2 7.3 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6
Total reg. Ore. 65.2 124.9 139.5 172.9 173.2 116.3 235.3 252.1 276.0 285.8
total 164.6 215.0 232.8 266.2 260.5 207.9 290.3 301.4 325.3 335.0

Electricity generation by the power plants

Electricity generation by power plants in Germany in 2011 , scenarios 2023 and 2033 in the 2013 grid development plan
Electricity generation of the power plants in the scenarios of the NEP 2013
and comparison with electricity generation 2011
(data in terawatt hours per year (TWh / a))
2011 2023 2033
Duration Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C Scenario B
Nuclear energy 108.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Brown coal 150.1 133.3 129.4 119.5 82.2
Hard coal 112.4 195.6 148.9 103.6 70.9
natural gas 86.1 32.7 54.7 43.9 63.5
Oil and rest 32.8 15.0 14.0 15.0 12.5
Pump storage k. A. 0.1 0.3 2.1 0.5
Sum conv. Ore. 491.5 376.7 347.3 284.1 229.6


Electricity generation of the power plants in the scenarios of the NEP 2013
and comparison with electricity generation 2011
(data in terawatt hours per year (TWh / a)) 		Electricity generation by the power plants in the scenarios of the NEP 2035 (2021)
(data in terawatt hours per year (TWh / a))
2011 2023 2033 2035 2040
Duration Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C Scenario B Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C Scenario B
Wind (onshore) 48.9 97.6 105.2 178.0 140.7 108.4 120.0 140.0 160.0
Wind (offshore) 0 43.8 60.1 74.3 106.5 201.6 216.0 235.2 228.0
Photovoltaics 19.6 49.6 55.0 49.8 58.5 106.4 113.1 121.6 131.1
Biomass xy 45.4 47.6 39.5 50.2 30.2 35.1 45.4 33.5
Hydropower
u. other reg. Ore.		 17.7 22.8 26.3 26.3 31.9
Running water 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6
Others 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
waste

(renewable part)

6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7
Storage water 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1
Total reg. Ore. 123.8 259.2 274.2 367.9 387.8 474.0 511.6 569.6 580
total 613.1 635.9 621.5 652.0 617.4

Development of electricity consumption

In addition to the generation structure, the development of electricity consumption is important when defining the scenarios. When narrowing down the scenarios at the end of 2012, it was established that the development of energy demand was subject to some uncertainties and that both increases through new areas of application such as electric mobility and reductions through measures to increase energy efficiency were possible. However, the net electricity consumption was set to be the same in all scenarios at 535.4 TWh / a. After discussing the scenario framework, a sensitivity analysis (see below) was also agreed, in which a reduced electricity consumption is also considered. A total decrease of 11% within ten years is assumed, so that the electricity demand is estimated at 476.5 TWh / a. The annual peak load is assumed to be the same in all initial scenarios at 84 GW; in the sensitivity analysis it is reduced to 74.8 GW in accordance with the reduced demand.

The draft scenario framework 2035 (2021) states that the energy industry will play a key role in decarbonisation and the success of the energy transition. Therefore, despite the increased energy efficiency, this plan assumes an overall increase in electricity demand , mainly due to the sector coupling.

Sensitivity considerations as a supplement to the NEP

The sensitivity analysis required for the 2013 GDP includes in detail:

  1. the effects of a reduction in the net electricity demand to 476.5 TWh and an associated reduction in the annual peak load to 74.8 GW in scenario B 2023 on the measures contained in the 2013 network development plan,
  2. the effects of a blanket restriction of the power fed in to 80% of the power installed in the individual federal states for “wind onshore in scenario B 2023” on the measures contained in the 2013 grid development plan and
  3. the effects of an alternative "regionalization of the installed power onshore wind, offshore wind, photovoltaics and biomass in scenario B 2023" on the need for network development.

The results were presented in a separate document by the transmission system operators at the beginning of July 2013. For sensitivity 1 (net electricity demand and annual peak load), the processors summarize that the market compensates for the load reduction. They come to the conclusion that the assumed decrease in consumption in Germany by approx. 62 TWh annually will lead to reduced imports and increased exports, so that domestic generation from conventional fossil power plants will only decrease by approx. 27 TWh. The main reason is the retention of the power plant fleet in Germany, as it was specified in the approved scenario framework for the market simulation by the Federal Network Agency.

Regarding sensitivity 2 (capping of the generation peaks), the processors draw the conclusion that the specified peak capping has hardly any effect on the overall energy balance. They find that the associated decrease in regenerative generation by approx. 1.1 TWh has around 1% of the theoretically available amount of energy from onshore wind turbines or 0.3% of the total regenerative feed-in in scenario B 2023.

Even with sensitivity 3 (regionalization), the authors see only a slight influence on the transport requirement, since the changed regional distribution of the regenerative generation plants with the same installed power according to the given method does not lead to a change in the regeneratively generated electrical energy compared to scenario B 2023 .

In the network development plan 2020 (2019), a sensitivity calculation for the coal phase- out is carried out.

In the draft scenario framework of the NEP 2035 (2021), a sensitivity calculation is proposed in which the effects of the North Sea Wind Power Hub (NSWPH) planned on the Doggerbank are examined.

Individual technical aspects

Offshore wind energy

The 2013 NEP indirectly states that the expansion plans for offshore wind energy will not be achieved in the next few years (accessibility is only mentioned for scenario B 2033).

"In Scenario B 2033, the objective of" increasing offshore wind power to 25 GW by 2030 "based on the assumptions is met."

- 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW

The BDEW refers to the EEG dialogue of the Federal Environment Ministry on wind energy on February 12, 2013, at which there was broad agreement that a realistic expansion of a total of 6 to 8 gigawatts (GW) of offshore wind energy could be achieved by 2020 . In the 2013 GDP, scenario B 14.1 GW and scenario C 17.8 GW are assumed for 2023. Compared to the NDP 2012, the NDP 2013 expects an additional 3 GW for the "transport of wind power" from north to south despite the generally expected lower expansion of offshore wind energy.

Regionalization

The interaction with the downstream network levels of the medium and low voltage network plays an important role in the load calculation for the extra high voltage networks, which are the subject of the NEP. For the design, the high generation capacities with the system and technology-related fluctuations in generation must be taken into account as well as the regionally different and also daily fluctuations in demand. The 2013 NEP was the first to take a look at the level of the federal states.

In the BDEW's assessment , the data and knowledge of the distribution network operators were only partially incorporated into the creation of the scenario framework as the basis for the 2013 NEP . In the regionalization, data from the federal states were only included for scenarios A and B, which were recorded inconsistently. Especially for Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony and Rhineland-Palatinate, the performance for 2023 is set too low in the scenarios, as it is still below the values ​​that the distribution network operators are already expecting for 2015. According to the BDEW, these essential influences from the regionally different generation and consumption conditions must be taken into account in future planning by means of regionally collected data and planning information, taking into account the network interconnection points.

Reduced renewable energy sources in Germany (source :)
year Limited (in GWh)
2010 127
2011 421
2012 385
2013 555
2014 1,753
2015 4,578
2016 3,743
2017 5,518
2018 6,598

Consideration of the system-related volatile power feed

In the NEP 2013, it is basically assumed that all electricity generated from renewable energies will be included in the electricity grid. Only with the subsequent sensitivity analysis is it examined how the curtailment of generation peaks affects the expansion requirement. Since 2010, the network operators have been technically authorized via telecontrol systems for the direct curtailment of renewable energy generation plants on the basis of the corresponding specifications in the EEG, should network bottlenecks occur. Distribution network operators are making increasing use of this. A fundamental discussion and weighing up of such reductions in power peaks and the higher costs of network expansion is encouraged from specialist circles. From an economic point of view, a slight curtailment of wind turbines, in which a few tenths of a percent of the possible energy generation is lost over the course of the year, makes sense, since the grid expansion can be significantly less than with a full feed-in in any grid situation and the grid expansion can be realized much cheaper.

In its statement on the NEP 2013, the BDEW supported this basic idea and encouraged further discussions of the opportunities and risks. For this purpose, curtailments should be determined at the regional level with three levels and specifications of performance and work limits. In addition, clear regulations on remuneration are required. Another possibility of reducing the need for grid expansion is to install so-called low-wind systems with a relatively large rotor with a relatively low nominal power instead of conventional wind turbines with a comparatively large rotor. The higher full-load hourly values ​​of the systems result in an overall more system-friendly mode of operation as well as lower network expansion and storage requirements.

Consideration of the transit and export quantities

From the market simulation of the GDP 2013, higher export volumes of electricity result in all three scenarios for 2023 than currently. In addition, there are transit quantities of electricity in the majority of the time periods, e.g. B. in scenario B 2023 in approx. 87% of the hours. Germany is of great and increasing importance in the European internal energy market, which is to be further developed through network expansion. For this reason, too, the network development plan was introduced as part of the third EU internal market package.

Coordination of the network connection points

The electrotechnical connection of the high-voltage network determined in the NEP and the subordinate distribution networks is achieved with transformers, the arrangement and mode of operation of which, as a so-called network topology, should be agreed between the parties involved at an early stage.

From an electrical engineering point of view, it is fundamentally to be clarified whether the high-performance roads allow a later connection and meshing. For this purpose, solutions with west-east running traverses or with north-south connections are available, for example, in a ring concept, which entail different costs due to the location, size and type of the transformers and the network connection routes.

Interaction between power plants and the power grid

In the NEP, electricity generation is determined based on power plant capacities and their cost-optimal use. The power grid is only included in the planning in a subsequent step. From technical and political circles, the further search and determination of the economic optimum is encouraged, which can result from an early comparison of the interaction of power grid levels and power plants.

Starting network

The existing network, together with the EnLAG measures, all network expansion measures already being implemented and all measures based on other obligations, are considered to be the starting network for the further development of the network development plan .

Expansion requirements in the network development plan - overview

The network development plan is drawn up in several steps according to the so-called NOVA principle (network optimization before reinforcement before expansion).

The planning in the 2013 network development plan essentially came to the conclusion that the construction of 1,700 km of three-phase current lines and 2,100 km of high-voltage direct current lines as well as the network reinforcement and optimization of 4,400 km of the existing network in Germany will be necessary over the next ten years . The costs were estimated at 21 billion euros.

The four major "electricity highways" should therefore run as follows:

According to the 2014 network development plan presented in 2014 based on new calculations, there is still a high need for expansion between northern and southern Germany, which is to be covered by four high-voltage direct current transmission routes. Three of them are already part of the approved network development plan, and another (route corridor B) has not yet been approved. The lines are intended to improve the transport of the wind power mainly produced in the north to the high-consumption south; so far, the wind turbines have to be partially regulated when production is high. In the years 2010–2016, the amount of regulated energy from renewable energies rose sharply, with the largest amount coming from onshore wind turbines (93.5%).

According to the network development plan 2030 (2019), there is a need in all scenarios for high-voltage direct current lines for the following connections, which have already been taken into account in the federal requirements plan:

  • HVDC connection DC1 Emden / Ost - Osterath ( A-Nord )
  • HVDC connection DC2 Osterath - Philippsburg ( Ultranet )
  • HVDC link DC3 Brunsbüttel - Großgartach ( south link )
  • HVDC link DC4 Wilster / West - Bergrheinfeld / West ( south link )
  • HVDC link DC5 Wolmirstedt - Isar ( southeast link )

Implementation of grid expansion measures

Expansion of the existing power grid

At the end of December 2012, the u. a. The 380 kV line from Schwerin to Krümmel, known as the “wind busbar”, and the reinforcement of the southern German electricity bridge between Remptendorf in Thuringia and the Bavarian border with high-temperature cables significantly increased the transmission capacity between the eastern and western German power grids. Previously there were only three east-west coupling lines, which meant that the limited transmission capacity between East and West Germany was a bottleneck in the German power grid. In particular, the South German power line shall also continue to be congested, so the Thuringian current bridge and the construction of an additional Thuringian-Bavarian power line between the substations Vieselbach and Redwitz an der Rodach done.

Map of the line projects from the Federal Requirements Plan Act (as of 2013)

Federal Requirements Plan Act - Act to expand high-voltage power lines

On April 25, 2013, the German Bundestag passed a law to expand high-voltage power lines, the Federal Demand Plan Act. The law came into force on July 27, 2013 and comprises 36 individual projects for which the necessity for the energy industry and the urgent need to ensure safe and reliable network operation was determined on the basis of the network development plan. The projects include the construction of 2,800 kilometers of new pipeline routes and the reinforcement of 2,900 kilometers of existing routes. Eight projects are identified as pilot projects for low-loss transmission over long distances; another project as a pilot project for high-temperature conductor cables.

In 2013, Oliver Krischer, a critic of the law, criticized the fact that some technological innovations such as high-temperature ropes or storage systems were not given enough attention and that citizens' options for legal action were reduced from two to one instance.

The Federal Requirements Plan Act in its 2019 version includes 43 projects for high-voltage lines with a total length of around 5900 kilometers, which are listed as a federal requirements plan in the annex to the law. The four project nos. 16, 22, 23 and 36 contained in the first version have meanwhile been deleted following the network development plan reviews; the consecutive project numbering remained unaffected.

Priority of underground cabling

In October 2015, the federal government decided to give priority to underground cabling over overhead lines for direct current lines in order to counter local acceptance problems. The Federal Ministry of Economics expects increased costs of three to eight billion euros due to the priority use of the more expensive underground cabling. Individual calculations, however, show that full cabling can be cheaper than partial cabling, as it avoids costly transition interfaces between underground and free cables. The overhead line is still the standard technology for three-phase current, but the options for partial underground cabling have been expanded.

Local acceptance

For years there have been protests from residents against the construction of new power lines. The former Federal Environment Minister Peter Altmaier (CDU) therefore proposed a citizens' dividend last autumn for the financial participation of residents and promised an interest rate of five percent. In order to increase the local acceptance of the population and to enable democratic financing and participation in the returns, so-called “citizen management” has been made possible since 2013. Together with the transmission system operator TenneT , the state government of Schleswig-Holstein has started a corresponding pilot project in which citizens can participate in the financing of power lines. According to the state government of Schleswig-Holstein, private investors can expect around five percent interest. Citizens who are directly affected by the construction of the line have a preferential right to participate. Schleswig-Holstein has particular problems with grid bottlenecks, as a lot of wind power is already being produced, but some of it can no longer be transported away with further expansion.

The Greens propose that residents and municipalities who are in the immediate vicinity of the power lines be given the opportunity to participate financially in the power lines. For example, residents on power line routes should be given the opportunity to participate in new power lines at a fixed interest rate. In addition, municipalities are to receive financial compensation for the construction of new power lines.

Criticism and discussion

In the political discussion, the grid expansion is classified almost exclusively as a consequence of the energy transition and its success is linked to the successful and rapid grid expansion. The renewal and maintenance costs, which are necessary anyway, are sometimes just as neglected as the increasing requirements of the EU internal market and Germany's important role as a country of electricity transit and export.

In addition to the need for expansion through renewable energies, the liberalization of the energy markets in Europe led to a change in electricity purchases: After liberalization, large companies buy their electricity quotas where they can get it most cheaply, which at the same time led to the networks today are confronted with loads for which they were not originally designed.

These basic requirements for future network maintenance make in all three scenarios with approx. 7 billion euros made up around a third of the total investment. The comparatively low share of renewable energies in the investment requirement for network expansion becomes clear from the comparison of the scenarios, which require similarly high total investments of between 19 and 23 billion euros for network expansion in all three scenarios, given considerable differences in the addition of renewable energy generation capacities. Based on the long technical lifespan and the high transmission rates in the high-voltage networks, investments in network expansion result in costs of 0.29 to 0.37 ct / kWh according to technical calculations.

The integration of renewable energies requires further expansion and adaptation of the power grids. The expansion of the grid has been slow in the past and has not kept pace with the dynamic expansion of renewable energies. Due to regionally insufficient network capacities, the compulsory shutdown of wind farms in Germany almost tripled from 2010 to 2011. In 2011, 407 gigawatt hours (GWh) of wind power were lost as a result, in 2010 it was 150 GWh. Since the operators have to be compensated for such reductions in production and this is passed on to the electricity consumers, additional burdens arise within the framework of the EEG surcharge .

A study by Claudia Kemfert and colleagues published in the trade journal Energy Policy in 2016 came to the conclusion that a power grid that is designed for completely bottleneck-free operation is economically questionable, since with such a grid structure the grid expansion costs exceed the yield. An economically better solution would be to offset the costs of network expansion with the costs for redispatch measures and load shifting and to derive the optimal network from this. An optimal power grid should therefore not completely eliminate grid bottlenecks, as provided in the grid expansion plan, but rather take into account the costs of grid expansion measures as well as redispatch and similar measures. With such a concept, the investment costs for the expansion of the electricity grid in Germany could be reduced by up to 45% and at the same time welfare gains of 1.3 billion euros could be achieved.

The economist Lorenz Jarass points out that rare wind energy peaks do not require the expansion of the power grid. On the contrary, the planned expansion of the power grid makes the expansion and operation of gas-fired power plants required for reserve capacities unprofitable, especially in southern Germany. Furthermore, he points out that the surplus problem that occurs with a Europe-wide expansion of renewable energies can at best be alleviated, but not resolved, by a huge network expansion. This can only be done by taking appropriate measures on site. Power-to-gas and demand adjustment would be conceivable here .

The German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) noted in 2015 that the expansion of the electricity network have the expansion of renewable energies, nuclear power, emissions trading successfully taken into account. Network expansions as well as network expansions would usually have hardly experienced any delays. In the foreseeable future, the power grid will not represent a bottleneck for the expansion of renewable energies . The DIW also emphasizes that the current grid scenarios envisage a considerable reduction in lignite production.

In July 2012, the Federal Network Agency expressed criticism of the speed of network expansion. Most of the projects are behind schedule. Of a total of 1,834 kilometers of lines as part of the network development plan, only 214 kilometers (just under 12%) have been implemented. Of the 24 projects, only two are in operation and only two more should be added by the end of 2012. 15 of the 24 projects already have an anticipated delay of between one and five years. Since then, the Federal Network Agency has published a quarterly report on the progress of the EnLAG projects. In July 2014, the federal government reported that since 2009 only around 400 km of the 1,877 km planned power lines have been built.

It was also criticized that the network development plan focused on reducing the currently required must-run capacities. In order to provide system services, certain conventional power plants currently have to remain connected to the grid, even with high proportions of renewable energies at times, in order to contribute to system stability. However, this service can in principle also be provided by the inverters of wind power plants, and an HVDC overlay network, as is being promoted in the network development plan, is also very well suited to take on such system-stabilizing functions. With recourse to this potential, the need for must-run capacity could be significantly lower than foreseen in the network development plan.

The Office for Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag stated in a report presented in 2012 that the grid integration of green electricity could be achieved in the coming years with a large number of flexibility measures without major problems. The times when the power supply was divided into base, medium and peak load are over with the rapid expansion of renewable energies. In order to make electricity generation more flexible, it is important to optimize the renewable energies from biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy and quickly switchable combined heat and power systems, which are additive to sun and wind. Virtual combined power plants based on renewable energies, together with intelligent control of electricity demand, can already provide a great deal of compensation for solar and wind power generation. With the use of temperature monitoring and new types of wire rope on existing high-voltage pylons, bottlenecks on the high-voltage level can be eliminated quickly, sometimes even without building new lines.

A study commissioned by the Agora Energiewende stakeholder platform reached similar conclusions in March 2013. The analysis shows that the expansion of the power grids provided for in the Federal Requirements Plan Act is absolutely necessary, but that an expansion delayed by a few years does not stall the energy transition and does not necessarily make it more expensive. With the construction of new wind and solar power plants, there is therefore no need to wait until the power lines of the Federal Requirements Plan Act have been implemented. Wind and solar power plants would be throttled more frequently in the event of a delayed network expansion on windy or sunny days, but this would be offset by savings through delayed investments in lines. It is important that the additional lines provided for in the Federal Requirements Plan Act are built. From a purely cost point of view, a construction delayed by a few years is not critical.

In December 2013, Deutsche Umwelthilfe and around 60 other institutions published joint policy recommendations for the progress of the electricity grid transformation, including social and environmental compatibility and dialogue with citizens. In particular, planned overhead lines in the vicinity of residential areas hold particular potential for conflict. A lack of knowledge about the effects of electromagnetic fields requires the search for technological alternatives and special protection of the living environment of residents. Electricity storage, expansion of the loads that can be switched off and on, and the sensible use of measurement systems could, for example, lead to better utilization of existing distribution networks. Furthermore, financial participation models for the citizens must be optimized and possible forms of compensation for disadvantages for cities and municipalities for the construction of power lines must be further specified.

See also

Web links

Evidence for the verbatim quotations

  1. ↑ 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW (ed.): Network Development Plan 2013, first draft . Essen 2013, p. 31 u. 69 ( netzentwicklungsplan.de ). netzentwicklungsplan.de ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.netzentwicklungsplan.de
  2. ↑ Approval of the scenario framework for the NEP 2012. (PDF) Federal Network Agency [BNetzA] Bonn, November 30, 2012, p. 39 , accessed on January 31, 2018 .
  3. ↑ Network development plan 2013, first draft. (No longer available online.) 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW, Essen, 2013, p. 69 , archived from the original on March 8, 2013 ; Retrieved August 13, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.netzentwicklungsplan.de

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ netzentwicklungsplan.de
  2. ↑ fnb-gas.de
  3. ↑ a b Why do we need the network expansion? Federal Network Agency, accessed on January 31, 2018 .
  4. ↑ buzer.de
  5. ↑ https://www.netzentwicklungsplan.de/de/netzentwicklungsplaene/netzentwicklungsplan-2030-2019
  6. ↑ https://www.netzentwicklungsplan.de/de/netzentwicklungsplaene/netzentwicklungsplan-2035-2021
  7. ↑ a b Text of the Energy Industry Act .
  8. ↑ who voted how. (PDF) bundestag.de, archived from the original on August 12, 2011 ; Retrieved December 18, 2012 .
  9. ↑ Text of the Network Expansion Acceleration Act for the Transmission Network .
  10. ↑ EU Commission: Energy Policy: Commission presents new strategy up to 2020 , Brussels 2010, accessed June 3, 2013.
  11. ↑ Energy Roadmap 2050. (PDF; 186 kB) European Commission, December 12, 2011, archived from the original on November 16, 2014 ; accessed on January 31, 2018 .
  12. ^ European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity entsoe.eu , internet presentation , accessed on May 30, 2013.
  13. ↑ European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas: entsoe.eu , Internet presentation , accessed on May 30, 2013.
  14. ↑ Shaping the network landscape with Europe. In: netzausbau.de. Federal Network Agency, accessed on January 31, 2018 .
  15. ^ Information from the Federal Government: First Monitoring Report "Energy of the Future" (PDF).
  16. ↑ DIW: Electricity Networks and Climate Protection: New premises for network planning. DIW weekly report No. 6/2015 (PDF).
  17. ↑ a b c d Claudia Kemfert et al .: A welfare analysis of electricity transmission planning in Germany . In: Energy Policy . tape 94 , 2016, p. 446–452 , doi : 10.1016 / j.enpol.2016.04.011 .
  18. ↑ Network development plan for electricity 2030, version 2017. Second draft of the transmission system operator. (PDF) 50Hertz Transmission GmbH, Amprion GmbH, TenneT TSO GmbH, TransnetBW GmbH, May 2, 2017, pp. 37-40 , accessed on June 12, 2018 .
  19. ^ Announcement tagesschau.de, May 30, 2012 ( Memento from May 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  20. ↑ Network development plan shows: The energy transition is feasible. Press release Federal Association for Renewable Energy , accessed on July 5, 2012.
  21. ↑ Draft scenario framework NEP 3035 (2021). Retrieved February 11, 2020 .
  22. ↑ a b 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW: Network Development Plan 2013, first draft ( memento of the original from March 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 36, Internet presentation of the 4 German transmission system operators (TSOs), accessed June 30, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.netzentwicklungsplan.de
  23. ↑ a b c 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW: Network Development Plan 2013, first draft ( memento of the original from March 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 60, Internet presentation of the 4 German transmission system operators (TSOs), accessed June 30, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.netzentwicklungsplan.de
  24. ↑ https://www.netzentwicklungsplan.de/sites/default/files/paragraphs-files/Szenariorahmenentwurf_NEP2035_2021.pdf
  25. ↑ 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW: Network Development Plan 2013, first draft ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 37, Internet presentation of the 4 German transmission system operators (TSOs), accessed June 30, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.netzentwicklungsplan.de
  26. ↑ 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW: Network Development Plan 2013, first draft ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 49, Internet presentation of the 4 German transmission system operators (TSOs), accessed on June 14, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.netzentwicklungsplan.de
  27. ↑ 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW: Influencing variables on network development - 2013 sensitivity report of the four German transmission system operators based on the approval document from the Federal Network Agency. (PDF; 1.7 MB), p. 10, Essen July 1, 2013.
  28. ↑ 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW: Influencing variables on network development - 2013 sensitivity report of the four German transmission system operators based on the approval document from the Federal Network Agency. (PDF; 1.7 MB), p. 11, Essen, July 1, 2013.
  29. ↑ 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW: Influencing variables on network development - 2013 sensitivity report of the four German transmission system operators based on the approval document from the Federal Network Agency. (PDF; 1.7 MB), pp. 11–12, Essen, July 1, 2013.
  30. ↑ a b c d Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft eV (BDEW): Opinion Network Development Plan Electricity 2013 ( Memento of the original of August 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 89 kB), as of April 12, 2013, accessed on Aug. 11, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bdew.de
  31. ↑ 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW: Network Development Plan 2013, first draft ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 87 Internet presentation of the 4 German transmission system operators (TSOs), accessed on June 14, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.netzentwicklungsplan.de
  32. ↑ 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW: Network Development Plan 2013, first draft ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Pp. 37–43, Internet presentation of the 4 German transmission system operators (TSOs), accessed on June 14, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.netzentwicklungsplan.de
  33. ↑ a b Ministry for Energy Turnaround…, Schleswig Holstein: Limitation of electricity from renewable energies and the resulting compensation claims in the years 2010 to 2015 from August 2, 2016, accessed on Sep 22. 2017.
  34. ↑ Federal Network Agency: Quarterly Report on Network and System Security Measures Second and Third Quarter 2019 from February 5, 2020, accessed on February 11, 2020.
  35. ↑ a b Federal Network Agency: Network and system security measures: Fourth quarter and full-year review of 2016 from May 29, 2017, accessed on Sep 22. 2017.
  36. ^ Lorenz Jarass , Gustav M. Obermair, Wilfried Voigt: Wind energy. Reliable integration into the energy supply. Berlin / Heidelberg 2009, p. XIX.
  37. ↑ Günther Brauner: Energy systems: regenerative and decentralized. Strategies for the energy transition . Wiesbaden 2016, pp. 42–44.
  38. ↑ a b c Michael Ritzau, Dominic Nailis: Federal Requirements Plan for High Voltage Networks - an initial assessment ( memento of the original from February 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.2 MB), Office for Energy Economics and Technical Planning (BET) GmbH, Aachen, Feb. 1, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oliver-krischer.eu
  39. ↑ 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, TenneT TSO, TransnetBW: Network Development Plan 2013, first draft ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Internet presentation of the 4 German transmission system operators (TSOs), accessed May 30, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.netzentwicklungsplan.de
  40. ↑ Wind busbar released . In: n-tv.de , December 18, 2012, accessed on January 31, 2013.
  41. ↑ Hochspannungstrasse Remptendorf upgraded . In: Thüringer Allgemeine , December 4, 2012, accessed on January 31, 2013.
  42. ↑ Art. 5 para. 1 Second Act on Measures to Accelerate Network Expansion Electricity Networks, Federal Law Gazette 2013 I, 2543 ff.
  43. ↑ Draft law and background information ( Memento of the original from March 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oliver-krischer.eu
  44. ↑ New power lines: Priority for underground cables costs billions. Handelsblatt, October 5, 2015
  45. ↑ Infranetz recommendation: Allow full cabling of the HVDC lines as an option.
  46. ↑ Handelsblatt: The population can help finance the power line
  47. ↑ State of Schleswig-Holstein: Power lines: Citizens can contribute financially ( Memento of the original from February 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schleswig-holstein.de
  48. ↑ Citizens earn money from network expansion
  49. ↑ Author's paper: Understanding network expansion as a joint project also means that citizens and municipalities are financially involved in network expansion ( memento of the original from March 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oliver-krischer.eu
  50. ↑ Hermann-Josef Wagner , What are the energies of the 21st century? , Frankfurt am Main 2011, p. 117.
  51. ↑ Too few power grids - new record for forced shutdown of wind farms FR on November 28, 2012.
  52. ↑ Lorenz Jarass: Legal deficits promote oversized power grid expansion. (PDF) In: Journal for New Energy Law. 2014, pp. 231–233 , accessed on April 16, 2015 : “Overview: Critical supply situations are not caused by renewable energies, but by the growing export of coal electricity. The current privilege of unnecessary coal power production should be ended immediately. No power grid expansion is required for rare wind energy peaks. The planned expansion of the power grid makes the construction and operation of gas-fired power plants in southern Germany, which is urgently needed for the necessary reserve capacity, finally unprofitable. "
  53. ↑ Lorenz Jarass: New network structures for the energy transition. (PDF) Critical supply situations due to the export of coal electricity. In: Journal for Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency. SONNENENERGIE has been the official specialist body of the German Society for Solar Energy eV (DGS) since 1976. 2015, pp. 43-45 , accessed on April 16, 2015 : “In addition, with a Europe-wide expansion of renewable energies, the surplus problem can at best be alleviated by a huge network expansion, but not solved, but only through suitable measures on site (Power to Gas ? Demand adjustment?) "
  54. ↑ DIW: Electricity Networks and Climate Protection: New premises for network planning. DIW weekly report No. 6/2015
  55. ↑ Criticism of the Federal Network Agency: The network expansion is lagging behind. tagesschau.de, August 3, 2012, archived from the original on August 5, 2012 ; Retrieved August 3, 2012 .
  56. ↑ Project from the Energy Line Expansion Act. In: netzausbau.de. Federal Network Agency, accessed on January 31, 2018 .
  57. ↑ Answer of the Federal Government, July 17, 2014 ( Memento of the original from November 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oliver-krischer.eu
  58. ↑ Thorsten Falk, Andreas Wagner, Political, legal and energy-economic framework conditions for offshore use , in: Jörg Böttcher (Ed.), Handbook Offshore Wind Energy: Legal, technical and economic aspects . Munich 2013, 33-54, p. 52.
  59. ^ Report of the TAB
  60. ↑ Optimized expansion saves up to two billion euros a year. (No longer available online.) Agora Energiewende, March 1, 2013, archived from the original on July 1, 2015 ; accessed on January 31, 2018 (press release). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.agora-energiewende.de
  61. ^ Forum network integration: Plan N