Nidovirals

Nidovirals
Coronavirus
Systematics
Classification : Viruses Area : Riboviria Empire : Orthornavirae Phylum : Pisuviricota Class : Pisoniviricetes Order : Nidovirals
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (+) ssRNA linear Baltimore : Group 4 Symmetry : icosahedral or helical Cover : available
Scientific name
Nidovirals
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 76804 ICTVdB Virus Code : 03

The order Nidovirales comprises four families of viruses with a non-segmented, single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity . The name derives from the Latin nidus from (Nest), which (Engl. The nested  nested ) messenger RNAs of Nidovirales alludes. The three families of nidovirales differ from all other RNA viruses in terms of the structure and function of the viral replicase ( RNA polymerase ). Based on structural investigations of these replicases, it was initially referred to as a “ coronavirus-like superfamily ”. This is the reason why other families were not grouped together in one order.
The representatives of the Nidovirales cause important infections in mammals (especially the Coronaviridae family ). Only the Roniviridae family is found only in crustaceans .

Genome

The nidovirales have comparatively large RNA genomes from 13-16 kb ( arterivirus ) to 28-31 kb ( Coronaviridae ). This subfamily also includes the virus with the largest known non-segmented RNA genome to date, the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) with a size of 31,526 nt . The genomic RNA of the nidovirales is polyadenylated and has (except for the genus Okavirus ) a cap structure at its 5 'end. The strategy of nidovirales in the transcription of the viral mRNAs is typical . The different transcripts of at least one reading frame have the same polyA end but different starting points, so they are polycistronic ( nested ) mRNAs.

Systematics

According to the ICTV as of March 2020, the nidovirales are structured as follows:

• Order nidovirales

• Subordination Abnidovirineae

• Family Abyssoviridae

• Subfamily Tiamatvirinae

• Genus Alphaabyssovirus

• Subgenus: Aplyccavirus

• Family Arteriviridae

• Subfamily Crocarterivirinae

• Genus muarterivirus

• Subfamily Equarterivirinae

• Genus Alphaarterivirus (formerly species Alphaarterivirus equid alias Equartevirus with Equine arteritis virus)

• Subfamily Heroarterivirinae

• Genus Lambdaarterivirus (with species Lambdaarterivirus afriporav including African pouched rat arterivirus)

• Subfamily Simarterivirinae (former genus Simartevirus )

• Genus delta arterivirus

• Subgenus: Hedartevirus (with species Deltaarterivirus hemfev incl.Simian hemorrhagic fever virus)

• Genus epsilon arterivirus

• Subgenus: Shearte virus

• Species Simian hemorragic fever virus (aka Epsilonarterivirus hemcep , SHEV)

• Genus Etaarterivirus
• Genus Iotaarterivirus

• Subgenus: Debiartevirus (with species Iotaarterivirus debrazmo incl.Debrazza's monkey arterivirus)
• Subgenus: Kigiartevirus
• Subgenus: Pedartevirus

• Genus thetaarterivirus

• Subgenus: Caftartevirus
• Subgenus: Mitartevirus

• Genus Zetaarterivirus

• Subfamily Variarterivirinae

• Genus beta arterivirus

• Subgenus: Ampobartevirus

• Species PRRS-2 virus ( Betaarterivirus suid 2 )

• Subgenus: Chibarte virus
• Subgenus: Eurpobartevirus

• Species PRRS-1 virus ( Betaarterivirus suid 1 )

• Genus Gammaarterivirus (with species Gammaarterivirus lacdeh with Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus)
• Genus Nuarterivirus

• Subfamily Zealarterivirinae (former genus Nesartevirus )

• Genus kappa arterivirus

• Subfamily not classified

• Species " Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus " (PRRSV, proposed)
• Species " Southwest baboon virus 1 " (proposed)

Due to the reorganization of this family, the earlier genera Dipartevirus , Nesartevirus , Porartevirus and Simartevirus no longer exist.

• Family Cremegaviridae

• Subfamily Rodepovirinae

• Genus Pontunivirus

• Family Gresnaviridae

• Subfamily Reternivirinae

• Genus Cyclophivirus

• Family Olifoviridae

• Subfamily Gofosavirinae

• Genus kukrinivirus

• Suborder Cornidovirineae

• Coronaviridae family

• Subfamily Letovirinae

• Genus Alphaletovirus

• Subgenus: Milecovirus (with species: Microhyla letovirus 1 )

• Subfamily Orthocoronavirinae

• Genus Alphacoronavirus

• Subgenus: Colacovirus
• Subgenus: Decacovirus
• Subgenus: Duvinacovirus (with species Human coronavirus 229E )
• Subgenus: Luchacovirus
• Subgenus: Minacovirus
• Subgenus: Minunacovirus (with species Bat coronavirus HKU8 )
• Subgenus: myotacovirus
• Subgenus: Nyctacovirus
• Subgenus: Pedacovirus (with species Feline infectious peritonitis virus )
• Subgenus: Rhinacovirus
• Subgenus: Setracovirus (with species Human coronavirus NL63 )
• Subgenus: Soracovirus
• Subgenus: Sunacovirus
• Subgenus: Tegacovirus (with species Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus )

• Genus Betacoronavirus

• Subgenus: Embecovirus (with species Human coronavirus HKU1 and Betacoronavirus 1 incl. Human coronavirus OC43 )
• Subgenus: Hibecovirus
• Subgenus: Merbecovirus (with species MERS coronavirus )
• Subgenus: Nobecovirus
• Subgenus: Sarbecovirus (with species SARS-Coronavirus incl. SARS-CoV-2 )

• Genus gammacoronavirus

• Subgenus: Brangacovirus
• Subgenus: Cegacovirus (with species Beluga Whale coronavirus SW1 )
• Subgenus: Igacovirus (with species Avian coronavirus alias Avian infectious bronchitis virus )

• Genus Delta coronavirus

• Subgenus: Andecovirus (with species Wigeon coronavirus HKU20 )
• Sub-genus : Buldecovirus (including former sub-genus Moordecovirus - with species Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21 and " Sparrow coronavirus HKU17 " - suggested)
• Subgenus: Herdecovirus

• Suborder Mesnidovirineae

• Family Medioniviridae

• Subfamily Medionivirinae

• Genus turrinivirus

• Subgenus: Beturrivirus (with species Turrinivirus 1 including Beihai Nido-like virus 1)

• Subfamily Tunicanivirinae

• Genus Bolenivirus

• Subgenus: Balbicanovirus

• Family Mesoniviridae

• Subfamily Hexponivirinae

• Genus Alphamesonivirus

• Subgenus: Casualivirus
• Subgenus: Enselivirus (with species Alphamesonivirus 8 incl. Nse virus)
• Subgenus: Hanalivirus
• Subgenus: Kadilivirus
• Subgenus: karsalivirus
• Subgenus: Menolivirus (with species Alphamesonivirus 9 incl. Meno virus)
• Subgenus: Namcalivirus (with species Alphamesonivirus 1 incl. Nam Dinh virus)
• Subgenus: Ofalivirus

• Subordination Monidovirineae

• Family Mononiviridae

• Subfamily Mononivirinae

• Genus Alphamonivirus

• Subgenus: Dumedivirus

• Suborder Nanidovirineae

• Family Nanghoshaviridae

• Subfamily Chimanivirinae

• Genus Chimshavirus

• Family Nanhypoviridae

• Subfamily Hyporhamsavirinae

• Genus Sajorini virus

• Subordination Ronidovirineae

• Family Euroniviridae

• Subfamily Ceronivirinae

• Genus Charybnivirus

• Subgenus: Cradenivirus (with species Charybnivirus 1 including Beihai Nido-like virus 2)
• Subgenus: Wenilivirus (with species Decronivirus 1 including Wenling nido-like virus 1)

• without class assignment:

• Species Wenzhou Nido-like virus 1

• Subfamily Crustonivirinae

• Genus Paguronivirus

• Subgenus: Behecravirus (with species Paguronivirus 1 including Beihai hermit crab virus 4)

• Family Roniviridae

• Subfamily Okanivirinae

• Genus Okavirus

• Subgenus: Tipravirus (with species Okavirus 1 , Gill-associated virus and Yellow head virus )

• Suborder Tornidovirineae

• Family Tobaniviridae

• Subfamily Piscanivirinae

• Genus Bafinivirus (formerly to Coronaviridae : Torovirinae )

• Subgenus: Blicbavirus (with species Güster-Virus en. White bream virus )
• Subgenus: Pimfabavirus (with species golden minnow nidovirus en. Fathead minnow nidovirus 1 )

• Genus Oncotshavirus

• Subgenus: Salnivirus (with species King Salmon Bafinivirus en. Chinook salmon nidovirus 1 )

• Subfamily Remotovirinae

• Genus bostovirus

• Subgenus: Bosnitovirus

• Subfamily Serpentovirinae

• Genus infratovirus

• Subgenus: hepoptovirus
• Subgenus: Xintolivirus (with species Infratovirus 1 incl.Xinzhou toro-like virus)

• Genus Lyctovirus

• Subgenus: Rebatovirus

• Genus Pregotovirus (incl. Former Genus Tiruvirus )

• Subgenus: Roypretovirus (with species Ball python nidovirus 1 )
• Subgenus: Snaturtovirus
• Subgenus: Tilitovirus

• Genus Sectovirus

• Subgenus: Sanematovirus (with species Sectovirus 1 incl.Xinzhou nematode virus 6)

• Subfamily Torovirinae (earlier Fam. Coronaviridae )

• Genus Toro virus

• Subgenus: Renitovirus (with species Porcine torovirus and Bovine torovirus including Breda virus)

• Subordination not classified

• "ShiM-2016 Nido-like viruses"

• Species Hubei tetragnatha maxillosa virus 7
• Species Wuhan insect virus 19
• Species Wuhan nido-like virus 1
• Species Fuefuki virus

In the following cladogram according to Mang Shi et al. (2016) the names were updated according to ICTV MSL # 35 (as of March 2020):

Nidovirals

Cornidovirineae : Coronaviridae  Orthocoronavirinae ( MERS-CoV , SARS-CoV with SARS-CoV-2 ...)     Letovirinae (ICTV)      Mesnidovirineae  Mesoniviridae : Hexponivirinae     Medioniviridae : Medionivirinae (and Tunicanivirinae according to ICTV)  Ronidovirineae  Roniviridae : Okanivirinae  Euroniviridae  Crustonivirinae     Ceronivirinae      Tornidovirineae : Tobaniviridae  Serpentovirinae     Piscanivirinae     Torovirinae  Arnidovirineae : Arteriviridae  Heroarterivirinae     Equarterivirinae     Variarterivirinae     Simarterivirinae     ? " ShiM-2016 Nido-like virus clade "

literature

• AMQ King, MJ Adams, EB Carstens, EJ Lefkowitz (Eds.): Virus Taxonomy. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Amsterdam 2012 ISBN 978-0-12-384684-6 , pp. 785-795
• CM Fauquet, MA Mayo et al .: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses , London, San Diego, 2005
• David M. Knipe, Peter M. Howley, et al. (Ed.): Fields' Virology, 4th Edition, Philadelphia 2001

swell

1. ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b v1 MSL # 34, Feb. 2019
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e} ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
3. ↑ Snijder EJ, Spaan WJM: The coronavirus-like superfamily . In: Sidell SG (Ed.): The Coronaviridae , Plenumpress, New York 1995
4. ↑ Reference sequence of the MHV genome
5. ↑ NCBI: Equine arteritis virus (no rank)
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v} Mang Shi, Xiabn-Dan Lin, Jun-Huia Tian et al. : Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere , in: Nature 540, pp. 539-543, November 23, 2016, doi: 10.1038 / nature20167 , via ResearchGate (full text), Supplement (PDF)
7. ↑ NCBI: African pouched rat arterivirus (no rank)
8. ↑ SIB: Simartevirus , on: ViralZone
9. ↑ NCBI: Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (no rank)
10. ↑ NCBI: DeBrazza's monkey arterivirus (no rank)
11. ↑ NCBI: Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (no rank)
12. ↑ NCBI: [1] (species)
13. ↑ NCBI: Southwest baboon virus 1 (species)
14. ↑ NCBI: Sparrow coronavirus HKU17 (species)
15. ↑ NCBI: Beihai Nido-like virus 2 (no rank)
16. ↑ NCBI: Wenling nido-like virus 1 (no rank)
17. ↑ NCBI: Wenzhou Nido-like virus 1 (species)
18. ↑ NCBI: Beihai Hermit Crab Virus 4 (no rank)
19. ↑ SIB: Roniviridae , on: ViralZone
20. ↑ SIB: Okavirus , on: ViralZone
21. ↑ NCBI: Gill-associated virus (species)
22. ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Gill-associated virus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
23. ↑ ThermoFisher: Yellow head virus (YHV) , in: Tierkrankheiten - Aquacultur / Fisch
24. ↑ AR Ochoa-Meza et al. : Evaluation of a detection system of yellow head disease virus (YHV) using Q-PCR , in: Archives of Biological Sciences 65 (4), pp. 1629-1636, January 2013, doi: 10.2298 / ABS1304629O
25. ↑ OIE: CHAPTER 2.2.9. Infection With Yellow Head Virus Genotype 1 Infection with yellow head virus genotype 1 means infection with the pathogenic agent yellow head virus genotype 1 (YHV1) of the Genus Okavirus and Family Roniviridae , in: Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals, August 19, 2019
26. ↑ Cesar B. Nadala Jr et al. : Yellow-head virus: a rhabdovirus-like pathogen of penaeid shrimp , in: Dis Aquat Org, Volume 31, pp. 141-146, November 20, 1997
27. ↑ Y. Lu et al. : Infection of the yellow head baculo ‐ like virus (YBV) in two species of penaeid shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) and Penaeus vannamei (Boone) , in: Journal of Fish Diseases, November 1994, doi: 10.1111 / j.1365- 2761.1994.tb00263.x (taxonomic classification apparently out of date)
28. ↑ NCBI: Xinzhou toro-like virus (no rank)
29. ↑ NCBI: Xinzhou nematode virus 6 (no rank)
30. ↑ NCBI: Breda virus (no rank)
31. ↑ NCBI: unclassified RNA viruses ShiM-2016 (only Nido-like candidates)
32. ↑ NCBI: Hubei tetragnatha maxillosa virus 7 (species)
33. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Nathan C. Medd et al. : The virome of Drosophila suzukii, an invasive pest of soft fruit , in: Virus Evolution Volume 4, No. 1, Academic Press January 2018, vey009, doi: 10.1093 / ve / vey009 , PrePrint
34. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Nathan C. Medd: The viruses and antiviral responses of an invasive fruit pest, Drosophila suzukii , The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, 2018
35. ↑ NCBI: Wuhan insect virus 19 (species)
36. ↑ NCBI: Wuhan nido-like virus 1 (species)
37. ↑ NCBI: Fuefuki virus (species)

Web links

• Nidovirales: Families, Genera, and Species (NCBI)