Tupelo trees
| Tupelo trees | ||||||||||||
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Nyssa sylvatica in autumn |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Nyssa | ||||||||||||
| Gronov. ex L. |
The tupelo trees ( Nyssa ) are a genus of plants in the dogwood family (Cornaceae) from the order of the dogwood-like (Cornales). The seven or so species have a disjoint area .
description
The Nyssa species are evergreen or deciduous trees , Nyssa aquatica , Nyssa sylvatica , Nyssa ogeche and Nyssa javanica are deciduous. The alternate, mostly concentrated at the end of the branches leaves are stalked. Stipules are missing.
The Nyssa species are dioecious separate sexes ( dioecious ) or partly polygamous-dioecious with some hermaphrodite flowers. The unisexual flowers are in cupped , umbellate or short racemose inflorescences together in the axils of a bract with two bracts. The flowers have a double flower envelope . The petals usually fall off early. The male flowers are five-fold. There are two circles with five stamens each. The disc is convex.
The female flowers are four or five-fold. Most staminodes are present. The mostly under constant ovary usually has a rare two chambers with one ovule . The stylus is usually completely or less often in two parts.
There are ellipsoidal drupe formed where even sepals and discus residues are present.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Nyssa was established in 1753 by Jan Frederik Gronovius in Carl von Linné : Species Plantarum , 2, p. 1058. The genus botanical name Nyssa is the name of a water nymph , Nyssa, and refers to the need for water. Synonyms for Nyssa Gronov. ex L. are: Agathisanthes Blume and Ceratostachys Blume . The genus Nyssa is classified in the Cornaceae or Nyssaceae family , depending on the author .
The genus Nyssa belongs to the " Laurasian tertiary flora " and used to be more species-rich. Today it has a disjoint area : in North and Central America and in South and Southeast Asia . Of the approximately seven species, three are found in North America, one in Costa Rica and Panama , one from India to the Indonesian archipelago and three species in China .
In the genus Tupelo trees ( Nyssa ) there are only about seven species since 2012:
In Asia
- Nyssa javanica (Blume) Wangerin (Syn .: Nyssa arborea (Blume) Koord. , Nyssa bifida Craib , Nyssa leptophylla W.P. Fang & TPChen , Nyssa sessiliflora Hook.f. & Thomson , Nyssa wenshanensis var. Longipedunculata W.P.Fang. & Soong ): Sie iswidespreadfrom India , Bhutan , Laos , Myanmar , Vietnam via Malaysia to Indonesia and widespread in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong , Guangxi , Hainan , Hunan and Yunnan .
- Chinese tupelo tree ( Nyssa sinensis Oliver , Syn .: Nyssa megacarpa R.Parker , Nyssa shangszeensis W.P. Fang & Soong , Nyssa shweliensis (WWSm.) Airy Shaw , Nyssa sinensis var. Oblongifolia W.P. Fang & Soong , Nyssa wenshanensis W.P.F ): It is common in Myanmar , Vietnam and China. It thrives in China in evergreen forests at altitudes of 300 to 2700 meters.
- Nyssa yunnanensis W.Q.Yin ex HNQin & Phengklai : It is endemic to southern Yunnan at altitudes between 500 and 1100 meters.
In North America
- Water tupelo tree ( Nyssa aquatica L. ): It usually thrives in swamp forests together with Taxodium distichum in the central to southeastern USA.
- Ogeche tupelo tree ( Nyssa ogeche W.Bartram ex Marshall ): It occurs in southern Alabama , southern Georgia , southern South Carolina , northern Florida .
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Black Tupelo Tree ( Nyssa sylvatica Marshall , Syn .: Nyssa multiflora var. Sylvatica (Marshall) S. Watson nom. Superfl., Nyssa sylvatica var. Typica Fernald nom. Inval.): There are three varieties from the USA to Mexico:
- Nyssa sylvatica var. Biflora (Walter) coffin. (Syn .: Nyssa biflora Walter , Nyssa sylvatica subsp. Biflora (Walter) AEMurray , Nyssa servatilis E. HLKrause ): It occurs from New Jersey to eastern Texas .
- Nyssa sylvatica Marshall var. Sylvatica (Syn .: Nyssa canadensis Poir. , Nyssa caroliniana Poir. , Nyssa ciliata Raf. , Nyssa integrifolia Aiton , Nyssa multiflora Elliott , Nyssa multiflora Wangenh. , Nyssa villosa Michx. , Nyssa sylvatica var. Aquatica coffin. , Nyssa sylvatica var. Caroliniana (Poir.) Fernald , Nyssa sylvatica var. Dilatata Fernald ): It occurs from southern Ontario over the central to eastern USA to Mexico.
- Nyssa sylvatica var. Ursina (Small) J.Wen & Stuessy (Syn .: Nyssa ursina Small , Nyssa biflora var. Ursina (Small) DBWard ): It comes only in the northwestern Florida before.
In Central America
- Nyssa talamancana Mutton & Zamora : It is common from Costa Rica to Panama . It was first described in 1990 and has the largest fruits of all recent and extinct species.
use
The fruits of some species are eaten or processed. The wood is used. A dye is made from the bark.
swell
- Haining Qin, Chamlong Phengklai: Nyssaceae. : Nyssa , p. 301 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 13: Clusiaceae through Araliaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 (Description and Distribution Sections)
- Nian Wang, Richard I. Milne, Frédéric MB Jacques, Bao-Ling Sun, Chang-Qin Zhang, Jun-Bo Yang: Phylogeny and a revised classification of the Chinese species of Nyssa (Nyssaceae) based on morphological and molecular data. In: Taxon Volume 61, Issue 2, April 13, 2012, pp. 344–354. (Sections Systematics and Distribution)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Haining Qin, Chamlong Phengklai: Nyssaceae. : Nyssa , p. 301 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 13: Clusiaceae through Araliaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7
- ^ A b Nyssa in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
- ↑ a b c d Nian Wang, Richard I. Milne, Frédéric MB Jacques, Bao-Ling Sun, Chang-Qin Zhang, Jun-Bo Yang: Phylogeny and a revised classification of the Chinese species of Nyssa (Nyssaceae) based on morphological and molecular data. In: Taxon Volume 61, Issue 2, April 13, 2012, pp. 344–354. Full text PDF.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Nyssa. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 3, 2015.
- ^ Barry E. Hammel, Nelson A. Zamora: Nyssa talamancana (Cornaceae), an addition to the remnant Laurasian Tertiary flora of southern Central America. In: Brittonia , Volume 42, Issue 3, 1990, Springer, New York.
- ↑ Entries on Nyssa at Plants For A Future
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