Orange-throated shadow hummingbird

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Orange-throated shadow hummingbird
Orange-throated shadow hummingbird

Orange-throated shadow hummingbird

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Subfamily : Hermits (Phaethornithinae)
Genre : Threnetes
Type : Orange-throated shadow hummingbird
Scientific name
Threnetes leucurus
( Linnaeus , 1766)

The orange-throated shadow hummingbird ( Threnetes leucurus ) or light-tailed hummingbird is a species of bird from the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) found in Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Brazil , Ecuador , Peru and Bolivia . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The orange-throated shadow hummingbird reaches a body length of 10 to 12.2 cm with a weight of 4 to 7 g, with the wings 6.2 cm, the tail 3.6 cm and the back of the beak 2.9 cm. The top, the sides of the neck, the wing covers and flanks are bronze green. The chin is black, the ear covers and chest black-brown. The throat is rust-red, the belly gray-brown. The gray-green under tail-coverts have light hems. The wings are blackish purple in color. The central control feathers are bronze green with small white tips, the sides are white, with the outermost black tips. The upper beak is black, the lower beak whitish with a dark tip. The feet are yellow-brown.

Behavior and nutrition

The orange-throated shadow hummingbird gets its nectar from heliconias , costus , monotagma and other flowering plants. In Colombia, he was at Palicourea lasiantha and Psychotria bahiensis from the family of the redness plants , Heliconia standleyi and Heliconia stricta from the family of heliconias, Drymonia coccinea and Drymonia semicordata from the family of Gesneriad , species of the genus Pseudobombax from the family of bombacoideae and Sanchezia peruviana from the acanthus family . As a trapliner, it flies to flowers of these plants in quick succession. It also feeds on small arthropods .

Reproduction

The breeding season for T. l. medianus is September through March, with isolated reports of nests in May, September, and October in the northeast south of the Amazon. In Guyana it breeds from January to March. Gonadal activity in Pará indicates that it breeds there from July to October. Breeding activities from August to September are reported from Peru, and from Ecuador and the extreme southwest of Venezuela in February. Its nest is a neat, conical calyx made of fibrous roots, thin twigs, dead leaves and greenish white lichen, which is attached to the underside of the tip of a palm frond. B. Euterpe oleracea or Oenocarpus bacaba is attached. The nest is similar to that of the sawbill shadow hummingbird ( Ramphodon naevius ) and the red-tailed shadow hummingbird ( Glaucis hirsutus ) but is more densely built and decorated with more lichen on the outside. The nest is built between 0.6 and 3.5 meters above the ground. The nest of T. l. medianus is approx. 120 mm high. The outer radius is approx. 55 mm, the inner radius approx. 40 mm with a nest depth of approx. 30 mm. The two eggs weighing approx. 0.72 g are approx. 17 × 9.5 mm in size. Incubation period is 16 to 18 days, the young birds after hatch 21 to 25 days Nesthocker are. The hatching occurs exclusively by the female. The chicks have dark pink skin, are dark on the underside and have a yellowish black bill.

Vocalizations

Her singing consists of a quick, bright phrase of five to ten notes over a few seconds. The singing resembles that of the white-banded shadow hummingbird ( Threnetes ruckeri ) but it ejects it at a higher tempo. The sounds include bright sharp tsit tones, which he sometimes doubles.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area (green) of the orange-throated shadow hummingbird

The orange-throated shadow hummingbird prefers areas in the humid lowlands and higher-lying tropical forests, riverside forests, transitional and flooded forests such as Várzea and Igapó forests , secondary vegetation , bushy pastures and plantations. In French Guiana it occurs at altitudes below 500 meters, in southern Venezuela up to 850 meters, in Peru from sea level up to 1800 meters, but mostly below 1200 meters and in Ecuador up to 1600 meters, but mostly below 1100 meters.

migration

The orange-throated shadow hummingbird is a resident bird .

Subspecies

So far, four subspecies are known:

  • Threnetes leucurus cervinicauda Gould , 1855 occurs in eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru and western Brazil. This subspecies has a light gray-ocher color on the belly and a light cinnamon-colored tail feathers with dark tips.
  • Threnetes leucurus rufigastra Cory , 1915 is distributed from central Peru to northwestern Bolivia. This subspecies has a slightly reddish brown to ocher color on the belly and a white lateral tail feathers with dark tips as in the nominate form.
  • Threnetes leucurus leucurus ( Linnaeus , 1766) occurs from Venezuela to Suriname, the Amazon of Brazil and northern Bolivia.
  • Threnetes leucurus medianus Hellmayr , 1929 is distributed in northeastern Brazil south of the Amazon. This subspecies has a slightly gray ocher color on the belly and a light ocher lateral tail feathers with blackish tips.

Threnetes hauxwelli Boucard , 1895 is a synonym for T. l. cervinicauda , Polytmus Surinamensis Brison , 1760 a synonym for the nominate form.

The orange-throated shadow hummingbird, a subspecies of the sooty shadow hummingbird, has long been considered a species , but the South American Classification Committee has decided to split it off into two species. Threnetes niger loehkeni Grantsau , 1969 is sometimes considered a subspecies of the orange-throated shadow hummingbird.

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the Orange-throated hummingbirds shadow was made in 1766 by Carl Linnaeus under the scientific name Trochilus leucurus . As a habitat, he specified South America ( America Meridionalis ). It was not until 1852 that John Gould introduced the genus Threnetes . This name is derived from the Greek "thrēnētēs, thrēnos, threomai θρηνητης, θρηνος, θρεομαι " for "mourner, lament, scream". The species name "leucurus" is a Greek word formation from "leukos λευκος " for "white" and "-ouros, oura -ουρος, ουρα " for "-tailed, tail". "Cervinicauda" is derived from the Latin "cervinus" for "deer-colored" and "cauda" for "tail". »Rufigastra« is made up of »rufus« for »red« and »gaster« for »belly«. "Medianus, medius" is the Latin word for "middle". "Hauxwelli" honors the British explorer John Hauxwell (1827–1919), who collected the specimen in Pebas in 1867. "Surinamensis" refers to the country of Suriname.

literature

  • Josep del Hoyo , Nigel James Collar , Guy Maxwell Kirwan , Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal, David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Barbthroat (Threnetes leucurus). In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • Rolf Grantsau : The hummingbirds of Brazil . A key for all hummingbird shapes in Brazil. Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro 1988, ISBN 85-208-0101-3 .
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Carl von Linné: Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis . 12th edition. tape 1 . Imprensis Direct Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm 1766 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds . tape 1 , delivery 4. Taylor and Francis, London 1852 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: Description of a New Species of Humming Bird, from Quijos . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 22 , no. 266 , 1854, pp. 109 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Charles Barney Cory: Notes on South American Birds, with descriptions of new subspecies . In: Field Museum of Natural History Publication 183 (=  Ornithological Series ). tape 1 , no. 9 , 1915, pp. 303-335 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Charles Barney Cory: A contribution to the ornithology of north-eastern Brazil . In: Field Museum of Natural History Publication 255 (=  Zoological Series ). tape 12 , no. 18 , 1929, pp. 233-501 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frederick Herschel Waterhouse: The dates of publication of some of the zoological works of the late John Gould, FRS RH Porter, London 1885 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Adolphe Boucard: Genera of humming birds: being also a complete monograph of these birds . Pardy & Son, Bournemouth 1895, pp. 207-412 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Mathurin-Jacques Brisson: Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés: a laquelle on a joint une description exacte de chaque espèce, avec les citations des auteurs qui en ont traité, les noms quils leur ont donnés, ceux que leur ont donnés les différentes nations, & les noms vulgaires . tape 3 . Ad Ripam Augustinorum, apud Cl. Joannem-Baptistam Bauche, bibliopolam, ad Insigne S. Genovesae, & S. Joannis in Deserto, Paris 1760 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Richard Valentine Melville, Jeremy DD Smith: Official lists and indexes of names and works in zoology . International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, c / o Natural History Museum, London 1987, ISBN 0-85301-004-8 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : Orange-throated shadow hummingbird ( Threnetes leucurus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Rolf Grantsau, p. 28.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Josep del Hoyo u. a.
  3. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  4. ^ John Gould, p. 109.
  5. ^ Charles Barney Cory, p. 303.
  6. ^ A b Carl von Linné, p. 190.
  7. ↑ Carl Eduard Hellmayr, p. 381.
  8. ↑ a b Adolphe Boucard, p. 371.
  9. ^ A b Mathurin-Jacques Brisson, p. 674.
  10. ^ Proposal (77) to South American Classification Committee: Split Threnetes leucurus from Threnetes niger
  11. ↑ John Gould (1852), pp. 95f.
  12. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 385.
  13. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 225.
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 97.
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 342.
  16. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 244.

Remarks

  1. ↑ According to Richard Valentine Melville & Jeremy DD Smith Official lists and indexes of names and works in zoology p. 313, the name is not taken into account for the binary nomenclature.
  2. ↑ According to Frederick Herschel Waterhouse, p. 55, plates 13 and 15 appeared as part of delivery 4 from 1852. Here Gould arranged the orange-throated shadow hummingbird ( Threnetes leucurus ( Linnaeus , 1766)) and Threnetes antoniae ( Bourcier & Mulsant , 1852) , a synonym for the soot-shadow hummingbird ( Threnetes niger ( Linnaeus , 1758)) of the genus.