Organ of St. Cosmae et Damiani (Stade)

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Organ of St. Cosmae et Damiani (Stade)
Stade Cosmae Organ.JPG
General
alternative name Schnitger organ
place St. Cosmae et Damiani (Stade)
Organ builder Berendt Hus / Arp Schnitger
Construction year 1669-1688
Last renovation / restoration 1993/1994 by Ahrend
epoch Baroque
Organ landscape between Elbe and Weser
Technical specifications
Number of registers 42
Number of rows of pipes 61
Number of manuals 3
Wind chest Slider drawer , spring drawer
Tone tract Mechanically
Register action Mechanically
left pedal tower

The organ of St. Cosmae et Damiani in Stade was built between 1669 and 1673 by Berendt Hus and his journeyman and nephew Arp Schnitger and is considered one of the most important baroque organs in northern Germany. It has 42 largely original stops on three manuals and pedal .

Building history

Predecessor organs

There is evidence of an organ in St. Cosmae et Damiani dating from 1493. After Hans Scherer the Elder was commissioned to build a new one, but did not carry it out, his journeyman Antonius Wilde built a new organ from 1606–1607 and expanded this instrument to 28 registers in 1608. In 1628 Hans Scherer the Younger worked on the instrument and in 1635 an unknown organ builder. Hans Riege from Otterndorf carried out a renovation in 1656. With the church, this organ fell victim to the great city fire of 1659.

New construction 1669–1688 by Hus and Schnitger

Rückpositiv with crowning figures

After the reconstruction of the destroyed church, the organ was built by Hus in stages with the help of Schnitger: in 1669 the main case with the bellows housing was built, in 1670 the play system with the spring box and the pipework including intonation were installed. Presumably the double spring shops in the upper work (= main work) were Schnitger's masterpiece. The other plants are equipped with slider chests. The back positive followed in 1670/1671, the pedal in 1671 and the chest positive in 1672/1673. For the individual construction phases, individual contracts were probably concluded for financial reasons due to the rebuilding of the city. In 1673 Christian Flor from Lüneburg was probably invited to the organ inspection. It is possible that the new building was not fully completed until 1675. Vincent Lübeck , who was the organist at St. Cosmae from 1674–1702, obtained the exchange of some registers (Trommet 16 ′ and Cimbel III in the Oberwerk and Krumphorn 8 ′ and Schalmey 4 ′ in the Breastwork) in 1688 for 400 marks.

The prospectus is structured like the Hamburg prospectus . The five-part Rückpositiv is the reduced form of the upper structure. On the three towers of this main housing there are three female sculptures, which symbolize the divine virtues of faith (cross), hope (anchor) and love (baby). On the central tower of the Rückpositiv stands the harp-playing King David , who is flanked by two angels. The town church of Glückstadt , where Hus had created a new organ in 1661–1665 , obviously served as a model for the crowning figures . The two manual housings have polygonal central towers, which are joined by two-storey flat fields that lead over to the pointed towers. The pipes are silent on the upper floors of the flat fields. Two further flat fields with silent pipes connect the Hauptwerk case with the polygonal pedal towers, which is decorated by a volute crown with a ball. The wooden flutes in the breastwork and the nine originally preserved reed registers are of particular sound quality. The 16 'base of the organ gives the sound gravity and provides a contrast to the brilliant mixtures in the plenary .

Later work

Otto Diedrich Richborn (Hamburg) carried out repairs from 1727–1728 without intervening in the disposition . In 1781/1782 the gallery was rebuilt and extended to the front. In this context, Georg Wilhelm Wilhelmy from Stade intervened in the disposition by exchanging two registers. The gallery was enlarged so that "in future the churches can play music on the organ". The pedal towers were shortened and raised and connected to the manual housing by round arches, which are marked with the year 1782. At the end of the 18th century, a carillon with 45 bowl bells was installed, which can be played from the manual of the main work using a hammer mechanism. Further changes were made in 1837–1841 by Johann Georg Wilhelm Wilhelmy , who moved the pedal keyboard deeper into the case, renewed the manual keyboards, built a coupling between the main work and Rückpositiv and replaced individual damaged pipes. A major reconstruction took place in 1870 by Johann Hinrich Röver , who changed the disposition and pitch and placed the Rückpositiv on a cone chest without a case behind the organ. He lowered the pitch by a whole tone. The gallery was enlarged again in 1910 and moved in front of the organ. In 1917 the tin prospect pipes had to be delivered for war purposes; they were replaced by zinc pipes in 1919. Thanks to Röver's implementation of the Rückpositiv in the main case, the Principal 8 ′ was spared.

Restorations

Paul Ott restored Schnitger's disposition in 1948 and placed the Rückpositiv in front of the main work, but in a new case in the middle of the gallery that was enlarged in 1910. By lowering the wind pressure, Ott also intervened in the sound substance and intonation . In 1956, the missing bass tones in the manual works and in the pedal work were expanded with the help of additional drawers, which led to consequential damage.

A comprehensive restoration was carried out from 1972 to 1975 by Jürgen Ahrend ( Leer-Loga ), who restored the original condition from 1788, including the gallery situation, according to strict monument preservation standards and reconstructed the registers that were later renewed. Ahrend restored the old keyboard ranges with a short octave and the positive case. After a church renovation, Ahrend was able to rework the organ from 1993-1994 and restore the rear case, which resulted in various other improvements. In 2007 D. Wellmer ( Himbergen ) restored the old color scheme from 1727.

temperature

In 1975 Jürgen Ahrend set a modified or extended mean-tone temperature that Harald Vogel developed for this restoration. Without a wolf fifth, it achieves great purity of the organ sound in the keys with few accidentals, but also allows the playing of more keys than is generally considered acceptable in a strict mean-tone temperature. This temperature of the Stader Cosmae organ is systematically similar to the modified or expanded mean-tone tuning that became known and spread in 1985 as the Norder tuning through the restoration of the Schnitger organ of the Ludgerikirche to the north .

Structure:

  • Six fifths narrowed by 1/4 syntonic commas of 696.6 cents each: C – G – D – A – E – H – F sharp
  • Two fifths of 706.4 cents each extended by approx. 1/5 syntonic commas: A-flat-Eb-B
  • Four perfect fifths at 702 cents each: F sharp – C sharp – G sharp and B – F – C

Their distinguishing feature is a core of three mean-tone, ie equally good major chords on C, G and D. The major thirds of these three chords are pure. On both sides of the circle of fifths, this mid-tone core is followed by keys that gradually sound more tense as the number of signs increases (A, E, B major or F, B and E flat major), comparable to a well-tempered tuning . The remaining thirds of the most remote keys (F sharp, C sharp / D flat and A flat major) are clearly marked by the two overlying fifths, which divide and further reduce the wolf fifth common in the midrange. However, they can be used en passant depending on the musical composition or registration .

Thirds and fifths above c G d a e H f sharp cis / des g sharp / as it / dis b f

Fifth (cent) fraction synt. K. 		696.6
- 1 ⁄ 4 		696.6
- 1 ⁄ 4 		696.6
- 1 ⁄ 4 		696.6
- 1 ⁄ 4 		696.6
- 1 ⁄ 4 		696.6
- 1 ⁄ 4 		702
0 		702
0 		706.4
approx. + 1 ⁄ 5 		706.4
approx. + 1 ⁄ 5 		702
0 		702
0
Major third (cent) 386.3 386.3 386.3 391.7 397.1 406.8 416.6 416.6 416.6 406.8 397.1 391.7
Minor third (cent) 289.7 299.5 304.9 310.3 310.3 310.3 310.3 304.9 299.5 289.7 285.3 285.3

Disposition since 1975 (= 1688)

I Rückpositiv CDEFGA – c 3
01. Principal 08th' HS / A
02. Pipe flute 08th' HS / A
03. Quintadena 08th' HS
04th Octav 04 ′ HS
05. Sesquialter II A.
06th Waltflot 02 ′ HS
07th Sieflöt 1 1 ⁄ 3  ′ A.
08th. Scharff V A.
09. Dulcian 16 ′00 HS
10. Straight shelf0 08th' HS
II Oberwerk CDEFGA – c 3
11. Principal 16 ′00 A.
12. Quintadena0 16 ′ HS
13. Octav 08th' HS
14th Dumped 08th' HS
15th Octav 04 ′ HS
16. Pipe flute 04 ′ HS
17th Nassat 03 ′ HS
18th Octav 02 ′ HS
19th Mixture VI HS / A
20th Cimbel III A.
21st Drum up 16 ′ S.
22nd Drum up 08th' HS
III breastwork CDEFGA – c 3
23. Dumped 08th'00 HS
24. Flute 08th' HS
25th Flute 04 ′ HS
26th Octav 02 ′ HS
27. Tertia 1 3 ⁄ 5  ′ HS
28. Nassat Quint0 1 1 ⁄ 2  ′ HS / A
29 Sedetz 01' HS / A
30th Scharff III HS / A
31. Krumphorn 08th' S.
32. Schalmey 04 ′ S / A
CDE – d pedal 1
33. Principal 16 ′00 HS / A
34. Sub-bass 16 ′ HS / A
35. Octav 08th' HS
36. Octav 04 ′ HS
37. Night horn 01' HS
38. Mixture V-VI0 HS
39. Trumpet 16 ′ HS
40. Dulcian 16 ′ A.
41. Drum up 08th' HS
42. Cornet 02 ′ A / HS
HS = Hus, with the assistance of Schnitger (1669–1673)
S = Schnitger (1688)
A = Ahrend (1975)
Remarks
  1. ↑ CDE combined with Rohrflöt, F – c 3 in the brochure.
  2. ↑ C – H from Ahrend, from c from Hus / Schnitger.
  3. ↑ CDE combined with Quintadena, F – c 3 in the prospectus.
  4. ↑ A few pipes reconstructed.
  5. ↑ Oak wood, covered.
  6. ↑ Ab c 1 , oak wood, open.
  7. ↑ Oak wood, open.
  8. ↑ Reconstructed bass and top octave.
  9. ↑ Bass (B), treble (A).
  10. ↑ 37 pipes reconstructed.
  11. ↑ e 2 -c 3 (A), remainder (H).
  12. ↑ C – H in the prospectus (A), rest inside (H).
  13. ↑ C-F sharp (A), remainder (H).

Technical specifications

  • 42 registers
  • Action :
    • Keyboards (Ahrend)
    • Tone action: mechanical
    • Stop action: mechanical
  • Wind supply:
    • 80 mm water column wind pressure
    • Six wedge bellows (Schnitger, four restored), bellows treadmill
  • Windchest:
    • Double jumping shop in the upper part (Schnitger)
    • Slider chests in the Rückpositiv, breastwork and pedal (Schnitger)
  • Tuning pitch: a 1 = 493 Hz (one tone above normal)
  • Temperature: Modified or extended mid-tone (see description in the "Temperature" section )

literature

  • Cornelius H. Edskes , Harald Vogel: Arp Schnitger and his work (=  241st publication by the Society of Organ Friends ). 2nd Edition. Hauschild, Bremen 2013, ISBN 978-3-89757-525-7 , pp. 18-22, 171 f .
  • Martin Böcker , Peter Golon: The organ city of Stade. World-famous organs and 600 years of organ building [book with CD] . Organ Academy, Stade 2004, ISBN 3-931879-30-5 .
  • Harald Richert: Arp Schnitger and Vincent Lübeck in our home. In: Lichtwark booklet No. 64. Ed .: Bergedorf district office. Bergedorf 1999. See now: Verlag HB-Werbung, Hamburg-Bergedorf. ISSN  1862-3549 .
  • Harald Vogel, Günter Lade, Nicola Borger-Keweloh: Organs in Lower Saxony . Hauschild Verlag, Bremen 1997, ISBN 3-931785-50-5 , p. 154-159 .
  • Gustav Fock : Arp Schnitger and his school. A contribution to the history of organ building in the North and Baltic Sea coast areas . Bärenreiter, Kassel 1974, ISBN 3-7618-0261-7 , p. 20-24 .
  • Helmut Winter , Cor [= Cornelius] H. Edskes, Heinz Meyer-Bruck: The Huss organ in Stade, St. Cosmae . Verlag der Musikalienhandlung Wagner, Hamburg 1979, ISBN 978-3-921029-51-0 .

Recordings / sound carriers

Web links

Commons : Schnitger organ in St. Cosmae (Stade)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Vogel, Lade, Borger-Keweloh: Organs in Lower Saxony. 1997, p. 154.
  2. ↑ page by H.-W. Coordes , accessed February 14, 2017.
  3. ↑ Edskes, Vogel: Arp Schnitger and his work. 2nd edition 2013, p. 18.
  4. ↑ Fock: Arp Schnitger and his school. 1974, p. 20.
  5. ^ Vogel, Lade, Borger-Keweloh: Organs in Lower Saxony. 1997, p. 156.
  6. ↑ Fock: Arp Schnitger and his school. 1974, p. 21.
  7. ↑ Edskes, Vogel: Arp Schnitger and his work. 2nd edition 2013, p. 20.
  8. ^ Vogel, Lade, Borger-Keweloh: Organs in Lower Saxony. 1997, p. 159.
  9. ↑ a b c Edskes, Vogel: Arp Schnitger and his work. 2nd edition 2013, p. 172.
  10. ↑ Fock: Arp Schnitger and his school. 1974, p. 22.
  11. ^ Vogel, Lade, Borger-Keweloh: Organs in Lower Saxony. 1997, p. 158.
  12. ↑ organ in Stade near NOMINE eV , accessed on February 14 2017th
  13. ↑ Exactly calculated, these fifths are extended by the sum of + 3 ⁄ 4 synt. Comma - 1 ⁄ 2 pyth. Comma.
  14. ↑ Specification of the reduction by the respective fraction of the syntonic comma

Coordinates: 53 ° 36 ′ 6.7 ″  N , 9 ° 28 ′ 34.7 ″  E