Patriarchal Basilica

Coat of arms of a catholic patriarch - Galero with 30 tassels .

Patriarchal basilica ( Latin patriarchalis basilica ) are called basilicas of Latin bishops with patriarchal title . Since 2006 there are still three basilicas that have the attribute patriarchal in their names.

history

In the 4th century next to the seat of were the Pope as Bishop of Rome , the patriarchs of early Christianity individual churches of Rome as patriarchal Basilicae reserved if it lingered in Rome (the term basilica to ancient Greek oikos Basileos royal building , was at that Time used synonymously with ecclesia , "church" or "church building"). In the beginning, these were the three most important centers of the early Church : Rome, Antioch and Alexandria . The prominent position of these episcopal see had been established at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. The patriarchates of Constantinople and Jerusalem were added by 451 (in 451 Constantinople / East Current became independent and Jerusalem was detached from Antioch).

These churches, called Roman patriarchal basilicas , were:

• Sancti Ioannis in Laterano (Lateran Basilica) for the Pope's Patriarchate of Rome, the archibasilica (' Archbasilica ')
• Sancti Petri in Vaticano (Basilica on the Vatican) for the Patriarchate of Constantinople
• Sancti Pauli extra Muros (Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls) for the Patriarchate of Alexandria
• Sanctæ Mariæ Maior (Marienbasilika) for the Patriarchate of Antioch
• Sancti Laurenti extra Muros ( Basilica of St. Lawrence Outside the Walls) for the Jerusalem Patriarchate

As with other assignments of a church to a high office, the patriarch had a permanent seat in Rome after the failure of the Crusades, where worship could only be held (and also preached) with his consent, and one of his representatives ( parish vicar ) permanent emissaries appointed only by him near the holy see . As early as 480, Simplicius determined that priests of the region also held services there during the week; this function was later transferred to the cardinal priests when it had lost its original purpose .

Further patriarchal seats were found, due to the three chapters dispute , from 567 in Aquileia and from 575, as a counter-patriarchate, in Grado . The patriarchal seats Sanctæ Mariæ Assunta in Aquileia and Sanctæ Eufemiæ in Grado received the title of patriarchal basilica, which was retained even after the 150-year schism of Aquileia (termination of the Synod of Aquileia 700).

In the Great Schism of 1054, the Patriarchate of Rome declared its independence and from then on formed the Roman Catholic Church, while the other patriarchates formed today's Eastern Church . As a result, the patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, Constantinople and Alexandria were subject to various divisions and opposing patriarchies: From the end of the 11th century, the Latin Patriarchs of the East were installed at the respective patriarchal seats as part of the crusades (1098 Antioch, 1099 Jerusalem, 1204 Constantinople, 1215/1219 Alexandria only titular). The titles of the churches were retained, also to demonstrate the nominal claims of the Roman Catholic Church to the unity of the church. With the Second Council of Lyon in 1274, an agreement - albeit only for a very short time - was reached between the Western and Eastern Churches.

These areas were lost again by 1302, and the old Roman patriarchal basilicas were retained as title churches (for the perished bishoprics) in order to underline the Western Church's claim to rule over the Eastern Church. The Pope kept the Lateran Basilica for the Patriarchate of the West , in the immediate vicinity of which his residence, the Lateran Palace , was located.

In 1445 the Patriarchate was moved from Grado to Venice, the headquarters of the emerging Republic of Venice , and dissolved in 1457, and the title of the Church for the Patriarchate of Venice (title formally under Benedict XIV. 1751) was transferred to San Marco in Venetia . Aquilea, Grado and Venice were never really legally sovereign patriarchates within the Western Church. A few other short-term patriarchal titles emerged later, such as Lyon, Bourges, Canterbury, Toledo and Pisa.

Over the centuries further patriarchates were installed to satisfy the newly colonized and missionary areas and newly created secular dignities and territories, and the medieval patriarchates were partly reunited with Rome by the Eastern Church and partly settled in the area of ​​the Latin churches. However, none of these patriarchates were assigned a church in Rome in the old sense.

In 1756, however, the San Francesco in Assisi for the Franciscan Order and in 1909 Santa Maria degli Angeli in Assisi for the Friars Minor of the Franciscans the title of Basilica (maior), making them basilicas of the Patriarchate of the West. In 1889 the (Latin) Patriarchate of Jerusalem was re-established and replaced by San Lorenzo fuori le mura on Ss. Sepulchris , the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem (but the seat is their co- cathedral Sanctissimi Nome Jesu , since the Church of the Holy Sepulcher is ecumenically managed).

In 1964, after the 2nd Vatican Council , the Catholic Church renounced its claims to the three patriarchal seats Antioch, Alexandria and Constantinople in the service of reconciliation with the Eastern Church. The title for the four churches was retained, however, and the privileges previously reserved for the titular patriarchs were transferred directly to the Pope, with which - for Rome and Assisi - since then "Patriarchal Basilica" and "Papal Basilica" meant the same seven churches, the six Basilicae maiores (four in Rome and the two churches in Assisi) and San Lorenzo Outside the Walls.

In 2006 Pope Benedict XVI. also the title of Patriarch of the West , and the churches were renamed from Patriarchal Basilica to Papal Basilica.

There are three patriarchal basilicas today:

• Ss. Sepulchris in Jerusalem (Patriarchate with its own jurisdiction)
• Santa Maria Assunta in Aquileia (listed as titular archbishopric )
• San Marco in Venice (titular patriarchy)

The two other current patriarchal seats of the Latin churches, Santa Maria Maior in Lisboa for the Patriarchate of Lisbon since 1716 and Santa Catarina in Goa for the Patriarchate of the East Indies since 1886 ( Goanese Schism ) are not Basiliceae in rank and are called Patriarchal Cathedral .

List of patriarchal basilicas

First column can be sorted by release date

	church	city	State / Region	Patriarchate (today's diocese)	Survey (- abandonment; + construction data )	Title (special features)	image
×	[Ss. Salvatore e] Santi Giovanni [Battista ed Evangelista] (Lateran Basilica)	Rome	Italy, Lazio	West ( rome )	4th century - 2006 (consecration 4th century)	Arch basilica , main and mother church of all churches in the city and around the world , basilica maior , papal basilica , cathedral of the diocese of Rome ( UNESCO World Heritage )
×	San Paolo Fuori le mura	Rome	Italy, Lazio	Alexandria ( Rome )	4th century – 1054, 1215 / 9–1964  Lat. Patr. Titular , 1964–2006  titular (consecrated around 324, up to the 20th century)	Basilica maior , papal basilica ( UNESCO World Heritage )
×	Santa Maria Maggiore	Rome	Italy, Lazio	Antioch ( Rome )	4th century - 1054, 1098-1268  Lat. Patr. In the  Fst. Antioch. , 1268-1964  Lat. Patr. Titular , 1964–2006  titular (consecration 5th century)	Basilica maior , papal basilica ( UNESCO World Heritage )
×	San Pietro (Vatican Basilica, St. Peter's Basilica)	Rome	Vatican	Constantinople ( Rome )	451-1054, 1054-1964  Lat. Patr. Titular , 1964–2006  titular (consecrated around 324, today's church 1506–1626)	Basilica maior , papal basilica ( UNESCO World Heritage , one of the largest churches in the world)
×	San Lorenzo Fuori le Mura	Rome	Italy, Lazio	Jerusalem ( Rome )	451-1054, 1099-1291  Lat. Patr. In the  Kgr. Jerus. (from 1187 in Akko) , 1291–1889  Patr. titular (until 1374 in Cyprus) (church founded in 3/4 century)	Papal basilica , basilica minor , called the venerable basilica
	Santa Maria Assunta in Cielo [eSanti Ermagora e Fortunato]	Aquileia	Italy, Friuli - Venezia Giulia	Aquileia ( Gorizia )	567 (5th century, today baptistery, church 1021–31)	Patriarchal Basilica , Basilica minor , former cathedral ( UNESCO World Heritage )
×	Sant'Eufemia	Grado	Italy, Friuli - Venezia Giulia	Grado ( Gorizia )	575–1445 (4th / 5th century)	Basilica minor , former cathedral
	San Marco (St. Mark's Basilica)	Venice	Italy, Veneto	Venice ( Venice )	1457 (1063-1617)	Patriarchal Basilica , Basilica minor , Cathedral of the Patriarchate of Venice ( UNESCO World Heritage )
×	San Francesco	Assisi	Italy, Umbria	West ( Assisi - Nocera Umbra - Gualdo Tadino )	1756–2006 (consecration 1253)	Basilica maior , papal basilica ( UNESCO World Heritage )
	Ss. Sepulchris (Church of the Holy Sepulcher)	Jerusalem	administered by Israel , controversial under international law	Jerusalem ( immediately )	1889 (original consecration 335, reconstruction before 1055)	Patriarchal Basilica , Basilica minor , Patriarchal Cathedral of the Greek Orthodox. Patriarchate of Jerusalem , of the melkit.-gr. Patriarchate of Antioch and the whole Orient , u. of the poor. Patriarchate of Jerusalem , u. a. (Ecumenical Church)
×	Santa Maria degli Angeli	Assisi	Italy, Umbria	West ( Assisi - Nocera Umbra - Gualdo Tadino )	1909-2006 (1569-1679)	Basilica maior , papal basilica ( UNESCO World Heritage )

literature

• Gabriel Chow Hoi-Yan: Basilicas. Historical and Canonical Development . M.Div. Hons., Toronto, Ontario 2003, Patriacrhal Basilicas , p. 2–8 (English, web link , excerpt , pdf, p. 8 ff, both gcatholic.org [accessed on November 16, 2011]).

swell

1. ↑ Basilique . In: Dictionnaire de droit canonique . Founded by Fulcran Grégoire Vigouroux . vol. 2, 1937, pp. 242 (French, complete works Encyclopédie des sciences ecclésiastiques ).
2. ↑ Sergio Bianchi: Le Basiliche Minori. Marianum, Rome 1976, 2nd quotation from Chow Hoi-Yan: Basilicas . 2003, p. pdf p. 6 (footnote 2).
3. ^ ^{A b c} Adrian Fortescue: Patriarch and Patriarchate . In: The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 11. Robert Appleton Company, New York 1911, pp. 533 , col. 2 .
4. ↑ Chow Hoi-Yan: Basilicas . 2003, 1. Patriarchal Basilicas 1.1.1. At Rome .
5. ↑ ^{a b} Ulrich Nersinger: Symbol of the early church pentarchy: On the meaning of the five Roman patriarchal basilicas. In: Die Tagespost , December 19, 2006. ( Online  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. )  
6. ↑ The patriarchy , the seat, was originally the Domus Pudentiana , in which Petrus is said to have resided, today's Basilica di Santa Pudenziana in Rione I near Maria Maggiore. After Fortescue: Patriarch and Patriarchate . In: The Catholic Encyclopedia . (last paragraph).
7. ^ Peculiare Ius 594
8. ↑ Cf. Karl Schellhass: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries . Ed .: German Historical Institute in Rome. tape 57 . M. Niemeyer, 1977, p. 322 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
9. ↑ Cf. Georgij Avvakumov: The Origin of the Union Thought: The Latin Theology of the High Middle Ages in dealing with the rite of the Eastern Church . Volume 47 of publications by the Grabmann Institute for research into medieval theology and philosophy. Akademie Verlag, 2002, ISBN 978-3-05-003715-8 , D. The political dimension , p. 221-300 .
10. ↑ Chow Hoi-Yan: Basilicas . 2003, 1. Patriarchal Basilicas 1.1.1. At Rome , S. pdf p. 2/3 .
11. ↑ The title was simply no longer given in the 2006 Annuario Pontificio . Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity ( Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity ): Communique on Dropping of Papal Title . March 22, 2006 (Italian, christianunity.va [PDF; accessed November 19, 2010] In: Church History , Chapter 5). pdf ( Memento of the original dated November 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
12. ↑ The Patriarchate of West India has no seat, but is purely titular, and has also been vacant since 1964.