Paul Bosse

Paul Bosse (born March 8, 1881 in Wittenberg ; † March 5, 1947 there ) was a German surgeon , gynecologist , long-time chief physician of the Paul-Gerhardt-Stift Wittenberg (1919-1935) and founder of a clinic . His former private clinic (1936–1996) in Wittenberg is known as the Bosse Clinic .

Live and act

Before 1933

Paul Bosse was born in 1881 as the son of the businessman and Wittenberg city ​​councilor Julius Bosse and his wife Pauline. He graduated from the Melanchthong High School in Wittenberg and studied medicine at the universities of Geneva (1 semester), Berlin (3 semesters) and Freiburg im Breisgau (6 semesters). It was in 1903 approved and in 1904 Alfred Hegar in Freiburg with a dissertation interstitial pregnancy About doctorate . In the years 1903 to 1906 he completed clinical training in surgery, gynecology and obstetrics in Freiburg and Weimar. From 1907 he was assistant to Erwin Wachs, head physician of the Paul-Gerhardt-Stift Wittenberg and the midwifery training institute. At the same time, Paul Bosse worked as a resident doctor . From 1914 he was a specialist in surgery and gynecological problems and from 1915 he was responsible for the surgical department of the monastery. He took part in the First World War and was a surgeon at the returnees hospital in Wittenberg. In 1919 he became a senior physician and later a senior chief physician of the Paul Gerhardt Foundation. In the following year he supported it with a loan from his own assets to repay its “most urgent debt”. Under his aegis (1919–1935), the monastery became a regionally important, larger hospital, after it had taken over the inpatient medical care of the city and district in 1921 after the closure of the city clinic and had to be enlarged in 1925 and 1929.

Paul Bosse was married to Käte Bosse born in 1906. Levin (1886–1944), who had Jewish great-grandparents but, like her family of origin, had belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran Church since the 1890s . The couple had two daughters, Dorothea (* 1907) and Käthe (* 1910), and two sons, Günther (* 1913) and Fritz (* 1915).

time of the nationalsocialism

As early as the end of 1933, the head physician, who was “Jewish,” was dismissed - regardless of his service at the front in the First World War and the war damage he had suffered since then - and Bosse had to leave the Paul-Gerhardt-Stift at the end of 1935. In the Paul-Gerhardt-Stift a total of around 300 forced sterilizations were carried out by 1943 . In the literature it is suggested, without citing evidence, that Paul Bosse, as his chief physician, carried out forced sterilizations in 1934/35. On June 13, 1935, the devastating explosion occurred in the Reinsdorf explosives plant . It is thanks to Paul Bosses care and skill that with one exception, almost 90 seriously injured people were rescued. To this day, his services in coping with the accident are cited as a reason for privileges - one speaks of the "letter of protection" - by the Nazi system. At the beginning of 1936 he opened his “private clinic and maternity hospital Dr. Bosses ”, which grew steadily despite repressive measures immediately taking place (e.g. the attempt to withdraw the license to register). The possibility of opening a clinic must have been part of a forced termination contract that Paul Bosse signed in April 1934 and that guaranteed him to be chief physician until the end of 1935. Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary , commissioned by Father Kentenich , stood by his side and were themselves targeted by the Gestapo . Even local Nazi giants initially gave birth to their wives in his clinic. Denunciations to the medical association and public defamation made the clinic work risky. In 1942, for example, he was accused of infecting women with gonorrhea in a preliminary investigation following a complaint from the Gestapo in order to undermine military strength . At the same time, on April 18, 1942, the Bosse family was granted a “special position” in a “Führer decree”. With the publications about the local sulfonamide therapy from his clinic, he intervened as an early comrade of Gerhard Domagk in the heated dispute in war surgery. In 1943 alone there were over 400 deliveries in the Bosse Clinic.

His entire family was “affected by almost all measures directed against the Jews in general,” reported Paul Bosse in 1945. Local offices of the city and party had constructed a participation in the assassination attempt on Hitler, on the basis of which the family on July 21 Was arrested in 1944. On July 25, 1944, the private clinic was finally confiscated in a local action and taken over by the Paul-Gerhardt-Stift. Käte Bosse was murdered in the Ravensbrück concentration camp , Paul Bosse was “obliged to do special service” for the Todt organization in the Harz region.

After the end of the war

After Wittenberg was called back to his old position as chief physician of the Paul-Gerhardt-Stift in December 1945, Paul Bosse only operated as chief physician of his own department there - he renounced an employment - also in Bad Schmiedeberg . He became the chief physician of the returnees hospital, got involved in building a children's home in Kropstädt , set up a marriage counseling center , participated in the Wittenberg Cultural Association and was elected to the city council. At the same time, he arranged for the reopening of his private clinic in April 1946 after a compensation payment to be made by the Paul Gerhardt Foundation for the use and repair of the Bosse clinic had been set. Around the second anniversary of his wife's death, December 16, 1946, he suffered a heart attack from which he could not recover. He died on March 5, 1947.

Scientific work

Paul Bosse published numerous scientific papers, such as B. for Pernocton anesthesia and sulfonamide therapy. His novel approach to anesthetizing the injured is now being recognized as "giving minimal doses of barbiturates to avoid serious side effects" (1935). With co-authors, he wrote a monograph (with 12,000 outpatient and 4,000 clinical cases of his own) on sulfonamide treatment in surgery.

Honors

• Rescue medal on ribbon (in World War I)
• Cross of Merit of the Decoration of Honor of the German Red Cross (after the Reinsdorf explosives accident on June 13, 1935)

reception

The historical assessment of Paul Bosse fluctuates depending on the point of view between being recognized as a “benefactor of the city” and a critical assessment of himself. Even today, the permission to found a clinic is attributed to Hitler's favor. Helmut Bräutigam ignores this “indispensable” legend without comment. He comes to the conclusion that on the one hand the deserving chief physician was dismissed for purely anti-Semitic reasons, on the other hand he only had a fixed-term contract. Recently, Bosses pioneered the introduction of sulfonamide treatment into medicine. A street section in front of the old Bosse Clinic has been called "Bosse-Straße" since the end of 2016.

The Bosse Clinic 1947–1996

The private clinic he founded, under the care of Caritas from 1949 , was one of the most renowned maternity clinics in the post-war period until the end of the GDR . Until 1970 the pediatricians of the Paul-Gerhardt-Stift also looked after the children's ward. In the years since 1970 the bosses clinic was unchallenged the addition maternity hospital of the region. It was particularly attractive because it was one of the first clinics in the GDR to offer a sonography examination . In 1972 a gynecological department was founded in the Paul-Gerhardt-Stift, the clinic in the neighboring street of the Bosse-Klinik. Wolfgang Böhmer was her chief physician from 1974–91 before becoming Minister and Prime Minister from 2002–11 from 1991–94. During his time as chief physician in this department, he dealt with the history of the Paul Gerhardt Foundation, whose chief physician had previously been Paul Bosse. Böhmer came to the conclusion that the Paul Gerhardt Foundation had to terminate Paul Bosse in January 1934 because of excessive fee claims in order to avert damage to the Paul Gerhardt Foundation. This version will remain in a modified form until 2009. In 1980 the number of deliveries in the Bosse Clinic had risen to over 1,800. In 1986 6 doctors and 20 Sisters of Mary worked there. a. m. In the same year, a cooperation agreement was concluded between the Paul-Gerhardt-Stift and the Bosse Clinic, which provided for the optimization of the capacities of both clinics and mutual help in the event of bottlenecks. It cemented a development that had led to an increasing division of the gynecological-obstetric discipline for decades: The Paul-Gerhardt-Stift was responsible for gynecological diseases, while the Bosse-Klinik became a pure maternity hospital, with a focus on Premature baby care. In 1991 she was also trained in gynecology because the births had halved after the fall of the Wall . By the end of 1996, which was decided in 1993, a total of more than 53,000 children had been delivered in the Bosse Clinic. The two chief physicians Kurt Jonas (1947–1975) and Erhard Sauer (1976–1996) played a decisive role in the successful development of the clinic during the GDR era. The reason for this from the Bosse Clinic is that the birth rate has fallen dramatically and that the 65-bed hospital has not been able to “meet all the requirements of a modern hospital operation”. Nowadays, a successor institution bears his name, the Bosse Wittenberg clinic, health center for neurology, psychiatry, psychotherapy and psychosomatics.

Dismissal controversy

Since National Socialism and unbroken until today, the Paul Gerhardt Foundation, Paul Bosse's employer, has insisted on the fact that a fixed-term employment contract was in place and that his dismissal on December 28, 1933 was in accordance with his 1922 contract. The two historians Bridegroom (2017) and Grabbe (2019), similar to Böhmer (1978, 1983, 1989), confirm this. You turn the employment contract concluded in 1922 for an indefinite period of time with regular termination (see Kaskel, see below) into a fixed-term contract which is automatically extended if not terminated. However, termination and time limit are mutually exclusive. Grabbe even speaks of a temporary contract and - much like Böhmer - chooses an expression to pave the way for further arguments: Even the first employment contract from 1913/14 was limited in time. The regularly recurring termination option, which does not represent a time limit, can only be exercised by the Paul Gerhardt Foundation if there is a so-called important reason (e.g. closure of the hospital, change of denomination of the head physician). In addition: Paul Bosse was severely disabled and could only be terminated with the consent of the main welfare office. However, their notification did not take place, so that, according to the law, the termination was ineffective. The argument that has been put forward over and over again that the termination had to take place so that a new contract could be agreed does not stand out: in 1929 a new contract was negotiated without prior notice.

literature

• Wolfgang Böhmer : The PAUL GERHARDT-STIFT hospital through the ages. Typescript. Wittenberg 1978.
• Wolfgang Böhmer: The Paul-Gerhardt-Stift hospital through the ages. In: Peter Gierra (Ed.): Impetus for Diakonie in Lutherstadt Wittenberg. Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Berlin 1983, DNB 840268998 , pp. 40-104.
• Wolfgang Böhmer u. a .: On the history of the Wittenberg health and social services. Part IV: The first half of the 20th century (= series of publications by the Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Wittenberg. Volume 8). Wittenberg 1988, DNB 881052558 .
• Wolfgang Böhmer: The Paul-Gerhard-Stift hospital. In: Wolfgang Böhmer, Andreas Wurda (Hrsg.): Das Heilkundige Wittenberg. On the history of the Wittenberg health and social services from the city's early days to modern times. Drei Kastanien, Wittenberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-942005-10-4 , pp. 272–283.
• Paul Bosse, Günther Bosse, Karl-Heinz Jaeger: The local sulfonamide therapy. Scientific publishing company, Stuttgart 1943, OCLC 602196681 .
• Helmut groom: healing and calamity. On the history of the Paul-Gerhardt-Stift between 1918 and 1945. Edited by the Paul-Gerhardt-Stiftung. Wittenberg 2017, ISBN 978-3-942005-64-7 .
• Hans-Jürgen Grabbe : Defamed, persecuted, expelled - the Wittenberg doctor Paul Bosse and his family 1900–1949. Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle 2019, ISBN 978-3-96311-189-1 .
• Ronny Kabus : Jews of Lutherstadt Wittenberg in the III. Rich. 3rd, revised and expanded edition. Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2012, ISBN 978-3-8448-0249-8 , p. 161.
• Nikolaus Särchen, Kurt Jonas, Thorsten Sielaff: Klinik Bosse Health Center for Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. In: Wolfgang Böhmer, Andreas Wurda (Hrsg.): Das Heilkundige Wittenberg. Drei Kastanien, Wittenberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-942005-10-4 , pp. 422-443.
• Detlev and Ute Stummeyer: Paul Bosse. His clinic in Wittenberg. Unwanted search for truth. Changed new edition. Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2015, ISBN 978-3-738-68883-2 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Catalog card for the dissertation in the dissertation catalog up to 1980 in the University Library of Basel , accessed on November 5, 2015.
2. ↑ Alongside Erwin Wachs, he is one of the co-founders of the modern Paul-Gerhardt-Stift. See Helmut Bridegroom: Healing and Disaster. On the history of the Paul-Gerhardt-Stift between 1918 and 1945. Wittenberg 2017, p. 15.
3. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer : The Paul-Gerhardt-Stift hospital through the ages. In: Peter Gierra (Ed.): Impetus for Diakonie in Lutherstadt Wittenberg. Berlin 1983, pp. 67, 74, 77 and 80.
4. ↑ Paul Bosse was a " racial molester " for the local National Socialists , although his marriage was not covered by the "Blood Protection Act" . For the meaning of the “Jewish Versippung” for the National Socialists see: Lothar Gruchmann: “Blood Protection Law” and Justice. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . Vol. 31 (1983), H. 3, pp. 418-442 ( PDF; 8.3 MB ).
5. ↑ Helmut Bräutigam claims in his book Healing and Unheil. Wittenberg 2017, an expert opinion on behalf of the Paul Gerhardt Foundation, Paul Bosse had been terminated according to the provisions of his employment contract of 1922 (p. 56).
6. ↑ Nikolaus Särchen, Kurt Jonas, Thorsten Sielaff: Klinik Bosse Health Center for Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. In: Wolfgang Böhmer and Andreas Wurda (eds.): The healing Wittenberg. P. 422.
7. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer u. a .: On the history of the Wittenberg health and social services. Part IV: The first half of the 20th century. Wittenberg 1988, p. 60, and Helmut Bräutigam, p. 89. Böhmer, who was the only one who read and wrote about the now lost operation books from 1934/1935, does not explicitly mention that Paul Bosse carried out compulsory sterilizations. Böhmer (1978, p. 43/44) describes exact changes in the original operation book from 1936, which Bosses successor introduced. These entries do not exist in the surgery book brought in by Groom.
8. ↑ The number of deaths fluctuates between 68 ( Wittenberger Tageblatt of June 24, 1935) and 125 (Wolfgang Böhmer et al., P. 50). The National Socialists were not interested in disclosing the exact number of victims.
9. ↑ Paul Bosse: War Experiences in Peace. In: German Medical Weekly . 41 (1935), ISSN  0012-0472 , pp. 1623-1642.
10. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer: The Paul-Gerhardt-Stift hospital through the ages, p. 84.
11. ↑ A story returns. In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . Lutherstadt Wittenberg edition, June 18, 2015. The newspaper speaks of the "concession made by the National Socialists".
12. ↑ Helmut Bräutigam, pp. 64–67, and Detlev and Ute Stummeyer: Paul Bosse. His clinic in Wittenberg. Unwanted search for truth. Pp. 57-87.
13. ↑ Wolfgang Marchewka: From the history of the Bosse clinic: Blood and suffering of the family. In: Freizeit Magazin. Late 1990.
14. ^ Ronny Kabus: Jews of Lutherstadt Wittenberg. P. 54.
15. ↑ Helmut Bräutigam (2017), p. 102, and Paul Bosse to the Reich Health Leader of May 25, 1944. Steiner and Cornberg call this "arbitrariness within arbitrariness". In: arbitrariness in arbitrariness. Hitler and the exemptions from the anti-Semitic Nuremberg Laws. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . 2 (1998), pp. 143-187 ( PDF; 8.5 MB ).
16. ↑ Hans Röding: 100 of 1000 years. Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-942825-07-8 , p. 74, and Angelika Ebbinghaus : Medical professionals in court. S. 222. In: Klaus-Dietmar Henke (Hrsg.): Deadly medicine in National Socialism. From racial hygiene to mass murder (= writings of the German Hygiene Museum Dresden . Volume 7). Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-412-23206-1 , pp. 203-224.
17. ↑ Nikolaus Särchen u. a., p. 433.
18. ^ ^{A b} Paul Bosse: Chronological representation of the persecution of the Bosse family. Bad Wimpfen 1945. See also Helmut Bräutigam, pp. 217–221.
19. ↑ Flowers on the "Stolperstein". In: Super Sunday in the Wittenberg district. Edition of December 21, 2014.
20. ↑ Nikolaus Särchen u. a., pp. 423-426.
21. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer u. a .: On the history of the Wittenberg health and social services. Part IV: The first half of the 20th century. Wittenberg 1988, pp. 77, 78, 82 and 87.
22. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer: The Paul-Gerhardt-Stift hospital through the ages. P. 95.
23. ↑ Richard Bumm: Intravenous anesthesia with barbituric acid derivatives. In: Results of surgery and orthopedics. Volume 29 (1936), pp. 372-414, here: p. 374.
24. ↑ Congress Report Euro Anesthesia 2019, ANESTHESIA News No. 3 / July 2019.
25. ^ Paul Bosse, Günther Bosse and Karl-Heinz Jaeger: The local sulfonamide therapy. Stuttgart 1943. For the scientific classification see Detlev Stummeyer: On the history of sulfonamides I. The sulfonamide book Bosse-Bosse-Jaeger in its time ( paul-und-kaete-bosse.de to the article).
26. ^ Descriptions from Wittenberg. TV film, broadcast in May 1980. Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv Potsdam.
27. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer: The Paul-Gerhardt-Stift hospital through the ages. P. 72 f., 82 ff.
28. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer u. a., p. 50 f.
29. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer: The Paul-Gerhardt-Stift hospital. In: Wolfgang Böhmer and Andreas Wurda (eds.): The healing Wittenberg. P. 277.
30. ↑ A story returns. In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . Edition Lutherstadt Wittenberg, June 18, 2015.
31. ^ Helmut Bräutigam (2017), z. BS 12 and 56. In the document section he himself mentions Paul Bosses contract history from 1914–1929 (pp. 162–170).
32. ↑ Matthias David u. a .: Paul Bosse (1881–1947) - a pioneer of (gynecological) sulfonamide therapy. In: Obstetrics and gynecology. 78, 2018, pp. 25–28 ( see page 1 ).
33. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer (1978), (1983), (1988).
34. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer (1983), p. 82.
35. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer (1988), p. 50.
36. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer (2009), p. 276.
37. ↑ Wolfgang Marchewka: To meet the wishes of expectant mothers as much as possible. In: Currently in Wittenberg. July 25, 1991.
38. ↑ The "atmospheric" and "familiar" atmosphere in the clinic is mentioned several times . B .: The "atmospheric" should remain. In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung / Elbe-Kurier. January 17, 1996.
39. ↑ Nikolaus Särchen u. a., pp. 428-433, 439-441.
40. ↑ Wittenberg has a "new" Bosse clinic. In: Lausitzer Rundschau / Elbe-Elster-Rundschau. August 20, 1996. The newspaper speaks of the "wound up maternity hospital".
41. ^ Walter Kaskel: Labor law. 2nd Edition. Berlin 1925, p. 119.
42. ↑ Wolfgang Böhmer (1983) p. 83.
43. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Grabbe, p. 61 and note 9.
44. ↑ Helmut Bräutigam, p. 190. Sections 5 and 6 of the guidelines for a contract with the chief physician of a Protestant hospital from March 31, 1933.
45. ^ Helmut Bräutigam, pp. 169 and 209.
46. ↑ Sections 3 and 13 of the Law on Severely Disabled Persons (RGBl. 1923 I, 57; online: alex.onb.ac.at ).
47. ^ Helmut Bräutigam, p. 211.
48. ↑ Helmut Bräutigam, p. 170.