Dark shadow hummingbird

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dark shadow hummingbird
Dark shadow hummingbird

Dark shadow hummingbird

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Subfamily : Hermits (Phaethornithinae)
Genre : Shadow hummingbirds ( Phaethornis )
Type : Dark shadow hummingbird
Scientific name
Phaethornis malaris
( Nordmann , 1835)

The dark shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis malaris ) or long-billed hummingbird is a species of bird in the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) found in Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia and Brazil . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The dark shadow hummingbird reaches a body length of about 13.0 to 17.5 cm, with a weight of the males from about 4.5 to 10.0 g and the females from about 4.0 to 8.0 g. It is a medium-sized hermit, which resembles the Eastern long-tailed shadow hummingbird , but has only a weak to missing throat strip in adult males. It differs from the western long-tailed shadow hummingbird by only two pale bands on the longest under -tail- coverts. The female has shorter wings and a shorter beak, with the beak being less curved. The nominate form is the largest with 70 mm long wings and the color of the underside is the darkest of all subspecies. Fledglings show pale edges on top. The top and the wing covers are golden bronze green. The top of the head is slightly darker and more matt than the back. It has dark end bands on the back feathers . The back feathers and the upper tail-coverts have ocher-colored hems. The over-eye and beard stripes and the belly are pale ocher. The narrow chin stripe is whitish ocher, the ear region black. The sides of the neck, the chest and the flanks appear slightly washed-out gray. The sides of the chin and throat are blackish. There is a dark shaft line on the ocher-colored lower tail-coverts. The tail feathers are pale bronze green at the root, with a broad subterminal black band and ocher tips. The two central control springs have very elongated white tips. The upper beak is black, the lower beak red with a black tip. The feet are brown.

Behavior and nutrition

The dark shadow hummingbird gets its nectar from heliconias , pitcairnia and other flowers. It also feeds on small arthropods . As a trapliner, it flies regularly in quick succession to very specific, scattered flowers.

Vocalizations

The singing consists of a continuous series of two-syllable rising and falling sli-up tones, which it utters at a frequency of 1 to 1.5 tones per second. There are minor variations between the subspecies. B. the nominate form of double to triple tones. The call in flight sounds like a sharp skip .

Reproduction

The breeding season in French Guiana runs from August to December. Gonadal activity was recorded in Bolivia from June to September and in Peru from June to November. The nest is built on the underside of the tip of palm leaves and consists of moss and seeds from various plants. It is attached with cobwebs and has a long drooping tip. The nests are approx. 215 mm high. The outer radius is approx. 42 mm, the inner radius approx. 22 mm and is 15 mm deep on the inside. The clutch consists of two eggs. The incubation period is approx. 14 to 15 days and the eggs are hatched by the female. The nestlings fledge after 20 to 23 days.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area (green) of the dark shadow hummingbird

The dark shadow hummingbird prefers the undergrowth of Terra Firme , i.e. not flooded lowland rainforest, foothills and moist tropical forests, transitional forests, secondary vegetation, bamboo thickets and shrubbery. P. m. ochraceiventris occurs in Igapó forest . Usually he is on the move at altitudes below 600 meters. From Colombia there are reports up to 1500 meters and from the Andes Bolivia up to 1650 meters. However, he has also been observed up to 2400 meters.

Subspecies

So far, six subspecies are known:

  • Phaethornis malaris malaris ( Nordmann , 1835) is common in the Guyanas and northern Brazil.
  • Phaethornis malaris insolitus Zimmer, JT , 1950 occurs in eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela and northern Brazil. The subspecies is somewhat smaller with 65 mm long wings and is the color step between the nominate form and P. m. moorei .
  • Phaethornis malaris moorei Lawrence , 1858 is widespread in eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and Peru. The subspecies has a paler grayish underside.
  • Phaethornis malaris ochraceiventris Hellmayr , 1907 occurs in northeastern Peru and western Brazil. With a wing length of 65 mm, this is the second largest subspecies. The chest and belly are bright orange.
  • Phaethornis malaris bolivianus Gould , 1861 is widespread in southeastern Peru, Bolivia and western Brazil. This subspecies has a dark brown throat and chest and an orange ocher belly.
  • Phaethornis malaris margarettae Ruschi , 1972 occurs in eastern Brazil. This subspecies is slightly paler in underside colors and differs in tail coloration

Phaethornis malaris ucayalii Zimmer, JT , 1950 is now considered a synonym for P. m. moorei . Phaethornis superciliosus insignis Todd , 1937 is now used as a synonym for P. m. Bolivianus considered. Phaethornis ochraceiventris camargoi Grantsau , 1988 is a synonym for P. m. margarettae .

migration

The migration behavior of the dark shadow hummingbird has not yet been researched.

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the dark shadow hummingbird was in 1835 by Louis Alexander von Nordmann under the scientific name Trochilus malaris . Georg Adolf Erman had brought the type specimen to the Natural History Museum in Berlin from his trip. In 1827 William Swainson introduced the genus Phaethornis for the eastern long-tailed shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis superciliosus ( Linnaeus , 1766)), which was later assigned to the dark shadow hummingbird. The term “Phaethornis” is derived from the Greek words “phaethōn Φαέθων ” for “the shining one, the shining one” and “órnis όρνις ” for “bird”. "Malaris, malar" is of Latin origin and means "from the cheeks, cheeks". "Insolitus" stands for "unusual" from the Latin words "in-" for "not" and "solitus, solere" for "usual, to be used to something". "Moorei" is dedicated to its collector William Moore, who was part of the Iowa Exploring Expedition , which was sponsored by Andrew Jackson Stevens. "Ochraceiventris" is a Latin word structure from "ochraceus, ochra" for "ocher, ocher" and "venter, ventris" for "belly". »Bolivianus« refers to the country of Bolivia. Finally, »margarettae« is a dedication to Margaretta Lammot DuPont Greenewalt (1902–1991), the wife of Crawford H. Greenewalt .

»Ucayalii« refers to the Río Ucayali . "Insignis" means "extraordinary, special" and is derived from "in" for "opposite" and "signum" for "mark". »Camargoi« honors the Brazilian ornithologist Hélio Ferraz de Almeida Camargo (1922–2006) with whom Grantsau described the Kawall Amazon .

literature

  • Christoph Hinkelmann , Guy Maxwell Kirwan , Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Great-billed Hermit (Phaethornis malaris) In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • Rolf Grantsau : The hummingbirds of Brazil . Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro 1988, ISBN 978-85-208-0101-7 .
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Alexander von Nordmann in Georg Adolf Erman: Chapter I. Birds, II. Mammals, III. Amphibians, IV.Fishes in voyage around the earth through North Asia and the two oceans, in the years 1826, 1829 and 1830 . Natural history atlas. G. Reimer, Berlin 1835, p. 1–26 ( books.google.de ).
  • John Todd Zimmer : Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 55, The hummingbird genera Doryfera, Glaucis, Threnetes, and Phaethornis . In: American Museum novitates . No. 1449 , 1950, pp. 1–51 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 4.5 MB ]).
  • George Newbold Lawrence: Description of seven new species of Humming-birds . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 6 , 1858, pp. 258–264 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - first edition: 1855).
  • Carl Eduard Hellmayr: Mr CE Hellmayr exhibited and described the following new birds from Brazil . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 19 , no. 131 , 1907, pp. 51-55 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: An introduction to the Trochilidæ: or family of humming-birds . Taylor and Francis, London 1861 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Augusto Ruschi: Uma nova espécie de Beija-flor do EESanto . In: Boletim do Museu de Biologia Prof. "Mello Leitão" (=  Zoologia ). tape 35 , 1972, p. 1–5 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 229 kB ]).
  • William Swainson: A Synopsis of the Birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, FLS and HS and Mr. William Bullock, jun. In: The Philosophical magazine: or Annals of chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, natural history and general science . tape 1 , no. 85 , 1827, pp. 433-442 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Walter Edmond Clyde Todd: New South American Birds . In: Annals of the Carnegie Museum . tape 25 , 1937, pp. 243-255 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Rolf Grantsau: The hummingbirds of Brazil . Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro 1988, ISBN 978-85-208-0101-7 .

Web links

Commons : Dark shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis malaris )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Christoph Hinkelmann u. a.
  2. ↑ a b Rolf Grantsau (1988), p. 36
  3. ^ Rolf Grantsau (1988), p. 38
  4. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  5. ↑ a b Alexander von Nordmann (1835), p. 2, entry 16.
  6. ^ John Todd Zimmer (1950), p. 18.
  7. ↑ George Newbold Lawrence (1958), p. 258.
  8. ^ Carl Eduard Hellmayr (1907), p. 54.
  9. ^ John Gould (1861), p. 42.
  10. ↑ Augusto Ruschi (1972), p. 1.
  11. ^ A b John Todd Zimmer (1950), p. 22.
  12. ^ Walter Edmond Clyde Todd (1937), p. 246.
  13. ^ William Swainson, p. 441.
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 301
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 239.
  16. ↑ a b James A. Jobling, p. 205.
  17. ↑ George Newbold Lawrence (1958), p. 259.
  18. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 279.
  19. ^ John Gould (1861), p. 43.
  20. ↑ Augusto Ruschi (1972), p. 5.