Augusto Ruschi

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Augusto Ruschi on a 500 Cruzados Novos bank note
(Brazilian currency 1989–1990)

Augusto (Gutti) Ruschi (born December 12, 1915 in Santa Teresa , Espírito Santo , † June 3, 1986 in Vitória , Espírito Santo) was a Brazilian zoologist , botanist and conservationist. Its botanical author's abbreviation is " Ruschi ".

Live and act

Ruschi was one of twelve children of Giuseppe Ruschi and Maria Roatt who emigrated from Italy to Brazil. Ruschi attended the Escola Mista de Santa Teresa preschool , then the Colégio Ítalo-Brasileiro primary school . He later attended the Ginásio Espiritossantense high school in Vitória. In Campos dos Goytacazes he studied agricultural sciences and in Vitória law . He married Maria Claíde Campos Ruschi, with whom he had the two sons Alexandre Augusto Ruschi Filho and André Ruschi (1956-2016). From a second marriage with Marilande geb. Angeli had another son named Piero Ruschi , who is also a biologist.

As with his father and grandfather, who both came from South Tyrol , Augusto Ruschi's passion was initially the numerous types of orchids and bromeliads that grow in Brazil. While watching the parasitic plants hanging from the trees, Ruschi saw how they were pollinated. He was particularly fascinated by the game of the hummingbirds when they swirled around the flowers, dipped their beaks and heads into the calyx and flew away covered with pollen. Augusto Ruschi was seen as a person with many interests. He devoted his life to studying flora and fauna and the disappearance of the Atlantic coastal rainforest in his state of Espírito Santo, as well as in that of Ecuador , Venezuela and Peru . Ruschi published four volumes (1, 2, 4, 5) by Aves do Brasil . Volume 3, planned by Ruschi, never appeared due to the author's death. Ruschi was a professor at the Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro . In 1959, he described the brilliant subspecies ( Amazilia versicolor kubtchecki ), which was new to science and dedicated to Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (1902–1976). In 1963 the green- masked hummingbird subspecies ( Augastes scutatus soaresi ) followed, which he dedicated to the doctor Júlio Soares (1898–1975). Also in 1963 he described the gray-breasted sword-wing subspecies ( Campylopterus largipennis diamantinensis ). In 1972 it was a subspecies of the dark shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis malaris margarettae ), which he dedicated to Margaretta Lammot DuPont Greenewalt (1902-1991). In 1982 he described the blue-green mazilia ( Amazilia rondoniae ), which is now regarded as a subspecies of the glossy amazily ( Amazilia versicolor ( Vieillot , 1818)). The funnel- eared species Natalus espiritosantensis ( Ruschi , 1951) was listed as a species in the literature for a long time until Guilherme Siniciato Terra Garbino and Adrian Tejedor found out in 2012 that according to the International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature, Natalus macrourus ( Gervais , 1856) had naming priority. Further initial descriptions led to numerous confusions in science. For example, Threntes cristina Ruschi 1975 (syn: orange-throated shadow hummingbird ), Threntes grzmeki Ruschi 1973 (syn: red-tailed shadow hummingbird ) and Phaetornis nigrirostris Ruschi 1975 (syn: immature scallop-throated shadow hummingbird ) emerged as synonyms much later. Ruschi was considered an eccentric among scientists . In addition to his inadequate descriptions, it was his privately published journal, which was difficult to access in his museum, that made life difficult for other scientists.

On June 26, 1949, Ruschi founded the Museu de Biologia Professor Mello Leitão in Santa Teresa, which bears the name of his late friend Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão (1886-1948). Ruschi published almost 400 scientific articles in the field of botany, mammalogy , ornithology and anthropology of the indigenous tribes of Brazil. At home there was an aviary in which Crawford Hallock Greenewalt, Sr. photographed many hummingbirds . The images appeared in articles in National Geographic Magazine and in his 1960 book Hummingbird . He honored the photographer with the subspecies Colibri delphinae greenewalti Ruschi , 1962 (Syn: Brown violet- eared hummingbird ). On November 15, 1962, Ruschi rediscovered the violet-crowned flag sylph ( Loddigesia mirabilis ) on the eastern slopes of the Utcubamba River in northern Peru .

1957 Ruschi and French ornithologist visited Jacques Berlioz , the Natural History Museum in London , where 14 bellows of the gold mask hummingbirds ( Augastes lumachella ( Lesson, RP were, 1839)). They found that the species had not been collected in half a century. While Berlioz concluded that the species was extinct, Ruschi wasn't convinced. In the American Museum of Natural History , he finally found a hide with the location Morro do Chapeú in Brazil. There were three cities with this name in Brazil. In 1961 Ruschi decided to visit the one at the foot of a mountain of the same name. After eight unsuccessful days, he wanted to give up, then he succeeded in rediscovering the species in a gorge almost 200 meters deep at the Chachoeira do Ferro Doido waterfall . He extended his stay by two days and collected 24 males and females of the bird that was thought to be extinct.

The numerous plants he describes include u. a. in 1953 Neoregelia punctatissima , Neoregelia rubrifolia and Neoregelia tigrina or in 1954 Zygostates chateaubriandii . The latter he named after Francisco de Assis Chateaubriand Bandeira de Melo (1892–1968).

For his commitment to the protection of the rapidly disappearing tropical rainforest in Brazil and his scientific contributions, he was honored in his home country and worldwide. On 19 March 1969 he was the Italian President Giuseppe Saragat of Commander of the Order of the Star of Italy awarded.

Ruschi founded the Reserva Biológica de Santa Lúcia . When in 1977 the governor of Espírito Santo Élcio Álvares (1832-2016) planned an oil palm plantation in this area, Ruschi refused entry to the reserve. Instead, he promised to visit the governor's palace to shoot him. It was reported by Álvares and Ruschi turned on the press. In particular, when the incident became a topic in the international press, Álvares said goodbye to his plans.

At the end of his life, Ruschi became very ill. While doing research in the Amazon in 1975, he came into contact with poisonous toads, an incident that led to serious liver problems. Brazilian President José Sarney had Indian shamans come to Brasília to treat Ruschi, but their efforts were also unsuccessful. One attending physician doubted that the toads had anything to do with the disease. Rather, he suspected that an overdose of anti-malarial drugs was the cause of his liver failure.

Memberships

In 1960, Ruschi was elected an Associate of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). In 1969, he was elected a corresponding fellow . He was a member of the Academia Brasileira de Ciências , corresponding member of the Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales , a member of the Société des explorateurs français , founding member of the Fundação Brasileira para Conservação da Natureza , Member of the Conselho de Valorização de Parques Nacionais e Reservas Equivalentes and the Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal . Ruschi received a grant from the National Research Council . In addition, he was a member of many other Brazilian and international scientific societies and associations. When the first Pan-African Ornithological Congress took place in Livingstone from July 15 to 19, 1957 , Ruschi took part in this congress. In 1960 he attended the meeting of the AOU, from June 17 to 24, 1962 the XIII International Ornithological Congress in Ithaca and from July 24 to 30, 1966 the XIV International Ornithological Congress in Oxford .

Dedication names

In 1987 Peter Weygoldt and Osvaldo Luiz Peixoto named the Hylinae species Dendropsophus ruschii after Ruschi. Fausto Luiz de Souza Cunha and José Francisco da Cruz honored him in 1979 with the name of the Ruschi rat ( Abrawayaomys ruschii ). Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme and Bruno Rezende Silva dedicated the Neoregelia species Neoregelia ruschii to him in 2001 , Ludovic Jean Charles Kollmann dedicated the Begonia species Begonia ruschii in 2003 .

Publications (selection)

  • Morcegos do Estado do Espírito Santo. Família Vespertilionidae, chave analítica para os Gêneros e espécies representadas no E. Santo. Descrição de Myotis nigricans e Myotis espiritosantensis n. Sp. e algumas observações a seu respeito . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  zoology ). No. 4 , 1951, pp. 1–11 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 297 kB ]).
  • Orquidáceas do Estado do Espírito Santo - Chave artificial e analítica para determinar as seções do gênero Laelia e Laeliocattleya ea relação das espécies de Laelia e Laelio cattleya naturais Finderados no Estado do Espírito Santo . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  Botâníca ). No. 15 , 1954, pp. 1–3 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 53 kB ]).
  • Orquidáceas novas do Estado do Espírito Santo . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  Botâníca ). No. 15 , 1955, pp. 1–4 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 108 kB ]).
  • A trochilifauna de Brasília, com descrição de um novo representante de Amazilla (AVES). E o primeiro povoamento com essas aves aí realizado . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  Biologia ). No. 22 , 1959, pp. 1–16 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 497 kB ]).
  • A coleção viva de Trochilidae do Museu de Biologia Prof. Mello Leitão, nos anos de 1934 até 1961 . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  Biologia ). No. 30 , 1961, pp. 1–41 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 905 kB ]).
  • To novo representante de Colibri (Trochilidae, Aves) da região de Andaraí no Estado da Bahia . In: Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão . No. 32 , 1962, pp. 1–7 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 325 kB ]).
  • Algumas observações sôbre Augastes lumachellus (Lesson) e Augastes scutatus (Temminck) . In: Boletim do Museu de Biologia Prof. Mello Leitão (=  Série Biologia ). No. 31 , 1962, pp. 1–24 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 1.1 MB ]).
  • Notes on Trochilidae: the genus Augastes . In: Proceedings XIII International Ornithological Congress: Ithaca, 17-24 June 1962 . 1963, p. 141-146 .
  • A atual distribuição geográfica das espécies e subespécies do gênero Augastes com a descrição de uma nova sub-espécie: Augaste scutatus soaresi Ruschi ea chave artificial e analítica para o reconhecimento das mesas . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  Divulgação ). No. 4 , 1963, pp. 1–4 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 119 kB ]).
  • To novo representante de Campylopterus (Campylopterus largipennis diamantinensis), da região de Diamantina, no Estado de Minas Gerais . In: Boletim do Museu de Biologia Prof. Mello Leitão (=  Série Biologia ). No. 39 , 1963, pp. 1–9 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 307 kB ]).
  • Nidificação de Loddigesia mirabilis (Bourcier) em cativeiro e algums observações sobre sua hibridização com Myrtis fanny fanny (Lesson) . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  Biologia ). No. 43 , 1964, pp. 1–7 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 181 kB ]).
  • Os movimentos controlados das retrizes exteriores em Loddigesia mirabilis (Bourcier) eo estalido produido pelo macho . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  Biologia ). No. 44 , 1964, pp. 1–4 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 133 kB ]).
  • Atual distribuição geográfica de Loddigesia mirabilis (Bourcier) e algumas observações a seu respeito (Aves. Trochilidae) . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  Biologia ). No. 46 , 1965, pp. 1–2 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 60 kB ]).
  • Atual distribuição geográfica de Loddigesia mirabilis (Bourcier) durante o banho e ao espreguiçar (Aves. Trochilidae) . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  Biologia ). No. 49 , 1965, pp. 1–4 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 599 kB ]).
  • A distribuição geográfica de Klais guimeti guimeti (Bourcier, 1843) e algumas observações sobre a sua biologia e ecologia (Trochilidae - Aves) . In: Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão (=  Zoologia ). No. 33 , 1968, pp. 1–9 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 197 kB ]).
  • Morcegos do Estado do Espírito Santo - Chaves analíticas e artificiais para determinação das famílias, gêneros, espécies e sub-espécies dos morcegos no estado, com a descrição de uma nova espécie da família Natalidae Miller, 1899 da região do rio. Itaúnas Barra e rio Mucuri ao Sula da bahia: Natalus espirosantensis n. Sp. In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  zoology ). No. 34 , 1970, pp. 1–11 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 366 kB ]).
  • Uma nova espécie de Beija-flor do EESanto . In: Boletim do Museu de Biologia Prof. "Mello Leitão" (=  Zoologia ). No. 35 , 1972, p. 1–5 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 229 kB ]).
  • Uma nova espécie de Threnetes (Aves, Trochilidae) - Threnetes grzimeki sp. n . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  zoology ). No. 37 , 1973, pp. 1–6 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 197 kB ]).
  • Uma nova espécie de beija-flor do Espírito Santo (Phaethornis nigrirostris) . In: Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão . No. 36 , 1973, pp. 1–3 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 390 kB ]).
  • Agroecologia . Horizonte Editora, Brasília, DF 1978.
  • with Ronald Herbert Pine: Concerning certain bats described and recorded from Espírito Santo, Brazil . In: Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (=  Zoología ). tape 47 , no. 2 , 1978, p. 183–192 ( researchgate.net [PDF; 2.9 MB ]).
  • Aves Do Brasil . tape 1 . Editora Rios, Princeton 1979.
  • Aves Do Brasil . 2 Chaves Artificiais e Analiticas. Editora Rios, Sao Paulo, Brasil 1981.
  • Aves Do Brasil . 4 Beija-flores. Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro 1982.
  • Aves Do Brasil . 5 Beija-flores. Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro 1982.
  • Beija-Flores Do Estado Do Espirito Santo / Hummingbirds of State of Espirito Santo . Estacao Biologica do Juseu Nacional UFRJ, Santa Teresa 1982.
  • Uma nova especie de beija-flor do Brasil: Amazilia rondoniae n. Sp. ea chave para determinar as especies de Amazilia que ocorrem no Brasil . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  zoology ). No. 100 , 1982, pp. 1–2 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 51 kB ]).
  • Orquídeas do Estado do Espírito Santo . Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro 1986.

literature

  • Mileide de Holanda Formigni, Hilton Pereira da Silva: Conservação Ambiental e Populações Tradicionais: Uma Contribuição à Análise Bibliográficada Obra de Augusto Ruschi . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  N. Sér. ). No. 31 , 2013, p. 59–75 ( inma.gov.br [PDF; 325 kB ]).
  • Albert E. Conway: In Memoriam: Augusto Ruschi, 1915–1986 . In: The Auk . tape 108 , no. 3 , 1991, pp. 708 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 76 kB ]).
  • Peter Weygoldt, Osvaldo Luiz Peixoto: Hyla ruschii n.sp., a New frog from the Atlantic Forest Domain in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil (Amphibia, Hylidae) . In: Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment . tape 22 , no. 4 , 1987, pp. 237-247 , doi : 10.1080 / 01650528709360736 .
  • Fausto Luiz de Souza Cunha & José Francisco da Cruz: Novo gênero de Cricetidae (Rodentia) de Castelo, Espírito Santo . In: Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão (=  Zoologia ). No. 96 , 1979, pp. 1–5 ( boletim.sambio.org.br [PDF; 182 kB ]).
  • Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme, Bruno Rezende Silva: Two Apple-green New Species from Southeastern Brazil . In: Journal of the Bromeliad Society (=  Zoologia ). tape 51 , no. 4 , 2001, p. 147–153 ( journal.bsi.org [PDF; 2.8 MB ]).
  • Guilherme Siniciato Terra Garbino, Adrian Tejedor: Natalus macrourus (Gervais, 1856) (Chiroptera: Natalidae) is a senior synonym of Natalus espiritosantensis (Ruschi, 1951) . In: Mammalia . tape 77 , no. 2 , 2012, p. 237-240 , doi : 10.1515 / mammalia-2012-0090 .
  • Crawford Hallock Greenewalt, Sr.: Hummingbirds . Doubleday & Company, Garden City, NY 1960.
  • Nigel James Collar: New species, high standards and the case of Laniarius liberatus . In: The Ibis . tape 141 , no. 3 , 1999, p. 358-367 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1474-919X.1999.tb04406.x .
  • Mary Lecroix, François Vuilleumier: Guidelines for the description of new species in ornithology . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . 112A, no. 2 , 1992, p. 191-198 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Walter Scheithauer: Hummingbirds. Flying gems . BLV Buchverlag, Munich 1982, ISBN 978-3-405-10684-3 .
  • Ludovic Jean Charles Kollmann: Begonia ruschii L. Kollma (Bergoniaccae), uma nova espécie da Floresta Atlântioca do Espirito Santo, Brazil . In: Boletim Museu Biol. Prof. "Mello Leitão" Santa Teresa (=  N. Sér. ). No. 15 , 2003, p. 29–33 ( boletim.sambio.gov.br [PDF; 127 kB ]).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Mileide de Holanda Formigni et al. a. (1987), p. 61.
  2. ^ André Ruschi (1956-2016)
  3. ↑ Augusto Ruschi, DADOS BIOGRÁFICOS in Agroecologia (1978), p. 11
  4. ↑ a b Walter Scheithauer (1982), pp. 92-94. Report based on an article by Luis Marden in the Journal of the National Geographic Society in January 1963.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Albert E. Conway (1991), p. 708.
  6. ↑ a b In About the Author in Volume 1 of Aves Do Brasil .
  7. ↑ Guilherme Siniciato Terra Garbino u. a. (2012), pp. 237-240.
  8. ↑ Mary Lecroix et al. a. (1992), p. 193.
  9. ^ Nigel James Collar (1999), p. 362.
  10. ↑ Augusto Ruschi (1964) No. 44, p. 1.
  11. ↑ Augusto Ruschi (1955) No. 16, p. 2.
  12. ↑ Peter Weygoldt u. a. (1987), p. 238.
  13. ^ Fausto Luiz de Souza Cunha et al. a. (1979), p. 2.
  14. ↑ Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme et al. a. (2001), p. 147.
  15. ↑ Ludovic Jean Charles Kollmann (2003), p. 32.
personal data
SURNAME Ruschi, Augusto
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ruschi, Gutti
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Brazilian zoologist, botanist and conservationist
DATE OF BIRTH December 12, 1915
PLACE OF BIRTH Santa Teresa
DATE OF DEATH June 3, 1986
Place of death Vitória