Philipp Seliwerstowitsch Oreschkow

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Philipp Silvestrowitsch Oreschkow , also Oreschkow, Filipp Seliwerstowitsch, and Oreškov, Filip Filipovič, (* October 8, 1899 - October 23, 1983 ) was a Soviet professor and cultural officer with the rank of major of the Red Army and responsible education officer of the Soviet military administration in Germany (SMAD) for the province or the state of Brandenburg from 1946 to 1949 with seat in Potsdam .

Life

He was born as the son of a farmer, whose first name was Silwestr ( Сильвестр ), in the Russian Empire in a small village in the Smolensk governorate . From his own experience, Oreshkov described how, under the Tsarist government, a child from the “common people” of Russia was able to achieve a higher education in exceptional cases - despite the different types of schools with their non-coordinated programs. In this context, he cited the feasible way attends a teaching seminar or -Instituts after a successful graduation . After appropriate training in a teacher training college, he took up the profession of teacher until 1919. He taught a. a. the subject of biology. In the course of his educational development he became director of a school in the Smolensk region , which was once headed by the Russian prince Volkonsky as a high school in the town of Dorogobush . From 1932 Oreschkow worked in higher education after he had attended the natural science department of the Pedagogical Faculty of the University of Smolensk around 1924. From 1935 to 1938 he was an aspirant at an institute in Moscow for professors of popular education. Before that, he worked as the deputy director of the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute, where he was responsible for distance learning. At the end of his advanced training at the All-Unions-Institute for (Communist) Education, he defended a dissertation and became the holder of the academic degree candidate in educational sciences . Then he was appointed director of the Pedagogical Institute in Kirov . In 1944 he moved with his family to Moscow to work in his civilian profession at the newly founded Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. According to a previously issued decree, the Red Army no longer recruited reservists with academic degrees during the war, including the reserve major PS Oreshkov. However, in 1945 he was sent to Germany with a group of staff from this Moscow Academy to work in the field of education in the Soviet Military Administration ( SMAD ).

As a member of the Red Army , he came to Berlin-Karlshorst in 1945 , where he was initially employed as an employee in the SMAD - Department of Popular Education . On July 18, Oreschkow was posted to Potsdam as a culture / education officer of the Soviet military administration in order to take over the supervision of the Soviet occupying power over the popular education system in the province of Mark Brandenburg as a department head. He also exercised this function in the later state of Brandenburg until October 1949.

SMAD officials in Potsdam

Oreschkow was a functionary of the Soviet occupation administration in Potsdam. The administration of the Soviet Military Administration (SMAD) for the province and later the state of Brandenburg began its work on July 9, 1945 in a former Kurmärk service building in the then New Königstrasse 74 in Potsdam . As head of the popular education department on the German side, his subordinate contact was primarily the 3rd Vice President of the Mark Brandenburg Province and later Minister for Popular Education, Science and Art, Fritz Rücker (* 1892, † 1974). In the foreword of the publisher Volk und Wissen for the publication The Basics of Soviet Didactics , the author PS Oreschkow was named as head of the school department of the SMA for the state of Brandenburg . In the conclusion of his sketchy presentation, Oreschkow reveals himself as a proponent of the Russian-Ukrainian pedagogue Konstantin Uschinski (1824–1871), especially regarding his view of the means and methods with regard to “sticking to what has been learned”. Oreshkov was very interested in history, not least in the historical development of the Russian popular education system. When describing the elimination of remnants from the time of serfdom in the Russian popular education system, he mentioned the school reform of the People's Education Minister Pyotr S. Wannowski (1822-1904) around 1899 and his successor Nikolai P. Bogolepow (1846-1901) and the reform of the Education Minister Ignatiev (1870–1945) around 1915.

In his remarks on the "permanent appropriation of the subject matter" Oreschkow referred to pedagogical classics such as Comenius and Pestalozzi and, in particular, when describing the didactic rule "From the known to the unknown", Diesterweg's "Guide to education for German teachers", which he quotes verbatim . Rolf Mitzner (* 1931), who was elected the first rector of the Brandenburg State University of Potsdam , which was re-established in the early 1990s, saw Oreschkows “ The Basics of Soviet Didactics ” as an explanation of the SMAD administration “how teaching should be done at the new educational institutions in the Soviet zone of occupation. "

Official business (selection)

On May 13, 1946, the Soviet military administration in Potsdam handed over the palaces and gardens of Sanssouci to the German provincial administration. As a result, a German-Soviet commission was set up to take stock of these properties. Its members were Professor Philipp S. Oreschkow as well as the chairman of the SMAD cultural department in Potsdam Lieutenant Guard Jewgeni F. Ludschuweit and on the German side Fritz Rücker , Vice President of the Provincial Administration , and Professor Willy Kurth (* 1881; † 1963), Director of the State Castles and Gardens. Oreschkow initiated the first steps in the rooms of the Commun in the New Palace to found a university in the state of Brandenburg. On March 19, 1948, Order No. 45 was issued to establish a college for the training of pedagogues in Potsdam at the beginning of the academic year 1948/49 .

At the beginning of 1948 he was asked by the Soviet school officer Lieutenant Barski for a final decision in the dispute regarding the regulation of the admission requirements for the student dormitory of the Joachimsthal School in Templin and a "postponement of the action until March 25, 1948" was achieved.

Lecturer and author in a soldier's skirt

Presented as a candidate for pedagogical science , Oreschkow gave two lectures in August 1947 in the House of Culture of the Soviet Union "Am Festungsgraben" in Berlin on the subject of didactic principles of Soviet pedagogy . When reporting on this educational event in a daily newspaper, it was emphasized: “The lecturer emphasized the unity of theory and practice. The pupil should be able to apply the elements of his knowledge acquired in school in practical life: therefore value is placed on the solidity of the teaching, which conveys knowledge that can be reproduced at any time. ”At the same time, the education officer informed about the system of popular education in the Soviet Union . He had already written a paper in German about popular education in his home country and the then publishing house Volk und Wissen ( GmbH ) dedicated it as a conference volume to the delegates of the first educational congress from August 15 to 17 in Berlin, to the teacher and Educators from all provinces and countries of the Soviet occupation zone took part. Oreschkow was also identified by name as the author of the book The Basics of Soviet Didactics published by the same publisher . The teacher, historian and humanist Robert Conrad Viktor Riemann (* 1877; † 1962), son of the music teacher Hugo Riemann , found Oreschkov's requirement that the teacher should "ask as many problematic and difficult questions as possible" as "exaggerated".

German honorary doctorate

Twenty years after the end of the Second World War , the former cultural officer received an honorary doctorate from a Dr. hc paed. awarded in Potsdam. In doing so, u. a. highlighted his services in founding a Brandenburg state university in 1948 with a general science and a pedagogical faculty for teacher training, which went into operation in 1949 under the rectorate of the lawyer Arthur Baumgarten (* 1884; † 1964). The former minister for public education in the state of Brandenburg, Fritz Rücker , received the same honor in October 1965. Under the heading World of Science , the "Universitätszeitung Leipzig" dealt with scientific relations between the Soviet Union and the GDR after 1945 and paid tribute to the former head of the SMA Brandenburg FS Oreschkow for having "rendered outstanding services" at the opening of the Pedagogical University in Potsdam and therefore received "an honorary doctorate from this university" in 1965.

Russian academy employee

Under the other first names Philipp Seliwerstowitsch Oreschkow, he worked as a "senior employee of the Institute for Theory and History of Pedagogy of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RFSR " and "Inspector for secondary schools". Oreshkov returned to Moscow in October 1949. In the last years of his career, Professor Oreshkov worked at the Moscow Correspondence Pedagogical Institute.

A seminar about the didactician Oreschkow was organized by the pedagogue, historian and theologian Hans Schlemmer (* 1885, † 1958), who taught as a professor of education at the Humboldt University in Berlin and at the former University of Education in Potsdam .

In the 1970s Oreschkow received the authorization from the Potsdam University to work there as an honorary professor for the history of education.

family

Philipp S. Oreschkow's family had a daughter, Svetlana Philippowna Oreschkowa, who was born in 1935. She became a historian and, as such, worked at the Institute for Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences with a focus on Ottoman-Turkish history. Her scientific work became internationally known under the author name Oreshkova, SF .

Author of German-language writings (selection)

  • Popular education in the USSR , Berlin 1946; DNB 57532175X
  • The basics of Soviet didactics . Berlin 1948; DNB 453655432
  • The work wasn't in vain . In: University of Education Potsdam. Scientific journal, year 12/1968; Issue 1 pp. 35-40; Social and Linguistic Series. [Translation of the report with biographical information from the author, Prof. Dr. hc PS Oreschkow, by Dr. Frohne, Institute for Slavic Studies of the former PHP]

literature

Web links

annotation

When PS Oreshkov was awarded the honorary title of “Outstanding Employee in National Education” by the Ministry of National Education in his home country, the dean was congratulated by the faculty of his position in Moscow, the faculty for distance learning at the State Pedagogical Institute. He was addressed by the teaching staff as “Dear Philipp Silvestrowitsch!” The patronymic should therefore be clear. However, it remains unclear why the 2014 SMAD handbook, which was commissioned by the Joint Commission for Research into the Recent History of German-Russian Relations and by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin and the Institute for General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the Federal Archives Agency of Russia, the State Archives of the Russian Federation, and the Federal Archives, presented the patronymic ( Сильвестр ) with "Seliverstowitsch" [Siliwerst]. New Year's Eve was and is a saint's name, which was used as a first name to worship the canonized Pope Silvester . PS Oreshkov apparently did not want or should not be associated with this saint, who was and is also venerated in the Russian Orthodox Church , by his patronymic Silvestrovich , especially since the teacher with his non-proletarian origins became a member of the Communist Party after Lenin's death . His nickname Philipp (Slavic Filip) meant in the literal translation from the Greek "horse friend" and was obviously still acceptable for an active CP member of rural origin - as Oreschkow was - although this first name was "in the Christian world" in Based on the name of the apostle Philip was chosen frequently. The people and knowledge publishing was in the publications of Oreschkows writings in German in 1945 the first name of the author completely gone and the first letter then called for the 1948 first published entitled "The foundations of Soviet didactics" in abbreviated form of his first and patronymic " PS "both in the author's name on the title page and in the publisher's foreword.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Heller, Gisela : Potsdamer Histories , Berlin 1986, 2nd edition, p. 236, DNB 860672271
  2. ↑ SMAD manual. The Soviet Military Administration in Germany 1945-1949 , p. 677; ISBN 978-3-486-70857-8
  3. ↑ Other names: Oreškov, Filip Filipovič; Oreshkov, PS; DNB 106892010
  4. ^ Forerunners of the new school, edited by Hohendorf, Gerd / König, Helmut / Meumann, Eberhard, Berlin 1989, p. 210; ISBN 978-3-06-212774-8
  5. ↑ Oreschkow [Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences]: People's education in the USSR , Volk und Wissen Verlags GmbH ("North Print Shop " in Berlin-Mitte, Schlegelstrasse 27), Berlin / Leipzig 1946, p. 5 i. V. m. P. 19 [Organizational chart “System of Popular Education in Pre-Revolutionary Russia”].
  6. ^ Heller, Gisela : Potsdamer Stories , ISBN 978-3-95655-829-0
  7. ↑ Oreschkow, Philipp Selvestrowitsch: Your work was not in vain , pp. 35-40 (35), in: Scientific journal of the Pädagogische Hochschule Potsdam , Volume 12 (1968); ISSN 0138-290x
  8. ↑ PS Oreshkov: The work was not in vain . In: University of Education Potsdam. Scientific journal, year 12/1968; Issue 1 pp. (35-40) 36 f .; Social and Linguistic Series.
  9. ↑ The former "Wasserdirektion Kurmark" building at Neue Königstrasse 74 was completed in 1940 and is now Berliner Strasse 98.
  10. ↑ Foitzik, Jan: Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) 1945–1949 , Berlin 1999, p. 470; ISBN 3-05-002680-4
  11. ^ The basics of Soviet didactics , Berlin / Leipzig 1950, 2nd, revised edition [first edition 1948], p. 3 DNB 106892010
  12. ^ The foundations of Soviet didactics , Berlin / Leipzig 1950, 2nd, revised edition [first edition 1948], p. 39
  13. ↑ Russian: Павел Николаевич Игнатьев; English: Paul Ignatieff
  14. ↑ Oreschkow: People's education in the USSR , Berlin 1946, p. 4; DNB 57532175X
  15. ↑ The 2nd edition was published by Verlag Hirt in Breslau in 1919; DNB 579649458
  16. ^ The foundations of Soviet didactics , Berlin 1948, p. 35; DNB 453655432
  17. ^ Rolf Mitzner: New beginning in a historical place . In: Görtemaker, Manfred (Ed.): 25 years University of Potsdam. Retrospectives and Perspectives , Berlin 2016, pp. (11-29) 12; ISBN 978-3-95410-071-2
  18. ↑ Neues Deutschland , May 13, 1981, p. 4
  19. ^ Mitzner, Rolf : New beginning at the historical place . In: 25 years of the University of Potsdam. Retrospectives and Perspectives , edited by Manfred Görtemaker , pp. (11–30) 12; ISBN 978-3-95410-071-2
  20. ↑ Oreschkow, Philipp Selvestrovich: Your work was not in vain . S. (35-40) 40, in: Scientific journal of the Pädagogische Hochschule Potsdam , Volume 12 (1968); ISSN 0138-290x
  21. ^ Wegner, Heinz Friedrich Ernst: The Joachimsthalsche Gymnasium - the Landesschule Templin , Berlin 2007, p. 226; ISBN 978-3-929829-62-4
  22. ↑ Addition to the author's name on the brochure title Die Volksbildung in der USSR , Berlin 1946
  23. ^ Berliner Zeitung, August 16, 1947 [Public invitation to both free events in the advertising section of the Berliner Zeitung ]
  24. ^ Neues Deutschland , August 21, 1947, p. 3
  25. ↑ Filip F. Oreškov: The public education in the USSR , the conference proceedings with the subtitle: z The delegates. Pedagogue. Congress Berlin 15.-17. Aug 1946 .
  26. ↑ Filip Filipovič Oreškov: The basics of Soviet didactics , Berlin / Leipzig 1950; 1950, 2nd, revised edition, first edition 1948
  27. ↑ DNB 116543531
  28. ↑ Riemann, Robert: Stupidity and insight in eighty years of life . Edited by Tord R. Riemann (2008-2009), p. 26 i. V. m p. 28; © 2009 Tord R. Riemann
  29. ^ New Germany , October 20, 1965, p. 2
  30. ↑ University newspaper Leipzig of October 12, 1967 [11. Volume], p. 6
  31. ^ SMAD manual: The Soviet Military Administration in Germany 1945-1949 , ed. by Wladimir P. Koslow, Horst Möller , Sergei W. Mironienko, Alexandr O. Tschubarjan, Hartmut Weber , Jan Foitzik, Tatjana W. Zarewskaja-Djakina, Munich 2009, p. 677; ISBN 978-3-486-58696-1
  32. ↑ Eichler, Wolfgang: The stone of Sisyphos. Studies on general pedagogy in the GDR , Münster / Hamburg / London 2000, p. 102, footnote 32; ISBN 978-3-8258-4413-4
  33. ↑ Dirk Menzel: Liberal religious education and free Protestantism. The example of Hans Schlemmer (1885-1958) , Munich 2001, p. 23, footnote 26, ISBN 978-3-8316-0009-0
  34. ↑ Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) publications by Oreshkova, SF
  35. ↑ Copy of the letter of congratulation translated into German. In: University of Education Potsdam (PHP). Scientific journal, year 12/1968; Book 1: The work wasn't in vain , pp. (35-40) 38; Social and Linguistic Series. [Translation with biographical information by Dr. Frohne from the Institute for Slavic Studies of the former PHP]
  36. ^ SMAD handbook: The Soviet Military Administration in Germany 1945-1949 , pp. 533, 677, 815; ISBN 978-3-486-58696-1
  37. ↑ Schill, Ines: "40000 first names from all over the world" [dictionary], keyword "Silvester"; ISBN 3-8094-1861-7
  38. ↑ PS Oreschkow: your work was not in vain S. (35-40) 35, in: Scientific Journal of Teacher Education Potsdam, Volume 12 (1968); ISSN 0138-290x
  39. ↑ Schill, Ines: "40000 first names from all over the world" [dictionary], keyword "Philipp"; ISBN 3-8094-1861-7
  40. ↑ DNB 453655432
personal data
SURNAME Oreschkow, Philipp Seliwerstowitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Oreschkow, Philipp Silvestrowitsch; Oreshkov, PS; Oreškov, Filip F .; Oreškov, Filip Filipovič; Oreshkov, PS
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Soviet cultural officer in World War II
DATE OF BIRTH October 8, 1899
DATE OF DEATH October 23, 1983