tiara
The tiara ( ancient Greek τιάρα tiára , also triregnum ), papal crown or sometimes also called Roman crown , is the crown of the Pope that was worn on solemn occasions .
history
Its origin lies in the Byzantine court ceremony. The phrygium or frigium was taken over from Persia and was based on the Phrygian cap . This preform of the tiara was a high, pointed or cone-shaped headgear with a gold ring from the ancient Persian Achaemenids (Persian kings). The camelaucum , a badge of rank of high Eastern Roman officials, is also considered to be a preliminary form of the tiara (cf. Camauro ). Pope Silvester is said to have refused the diadem allegedly offered by Emperor Constantine .
The first papal hoods are in the 7./8. Century. In the 8th century, a headgear called camelaucum of Pope Constantine I is mentioned for the first time in writing. It was white with a gold border; this edge was later developed into the crown circlet with spikes. The first crown circlet was added around the 10th century, and by the end of the 13th century the tiara already had two crowns - as seen on the fresco in the Lateran basilica , which shows the proclamation of the Holy Year 1300 by Boniface VIII . With three hoops, presumably introduced during the exile in Avignon , the tiara on the tomb of Pope Benedict XII. pictured. On the back there were two loosely hanging bands, so-called infuln . The three maturities are to symbolize the main tasks of the papal office: saints, directing and teaching or the ordination office , the jurisdiction and the teaching office . In another interpretation they symbolize the divine trinity . The liturgists agree that the tiara is an extra-liturgical head covering for the Pope. The ceremonial books stipulate that the Pope may only wear the tiara on certain days and in certain places, "never inside the church", but only outside. When the Pope enters the church, he must take off the tiara. Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) made a clear distinction: he wore the miter as a priest ( pro sacerdotio ), always and everywhere, while the tiara on certain occasions as ruler ( pro regno ). It can be seen from this that an interpretation of the triple crown as a symbol for the unity of teaching, priesthood and pastoral office is wrong, because then the Pope would have to wear the Triregnum always and everywhere, but especially if he as a teacher, priest and Shepherd appears at Holy Mass, which was never the case.
The imperial orb and the cross were added in the 16th century. The tiaras were usually given to the popes by their home diocese .
The transfer formula for the coronation with the tiara was created after 1560. It is translated as follows:
"Receive the triple crown and never forget that you are the father of princes and kings, the head of the world and the governor of Jesus Christ, [...]"
In the Vatican Museums are only Pope crowns from the period after the occupation of the Papal States by Napoleon . A new one was made for Pope Pius VII from fragments of destroyed older tiaras , which he had to wear on the occasion of Napoleon's imperial coronation in 1804. Since the end of the Papal States in 1870, there has been increasing uncertainty about the correct assignment of the tiara. The papal crown had no liturgical and no actual theological meaning, but served as a symbol of the distinction between the papacy and the clerical and secular princes and, in particular, the claimed supremacy of clerical power over secular through the attachment of the three crowns.
Pope Paul VI 1963 was the last Pope to be crowned Pope traditionally with a tiara. He donated his modern tiara (designer Valerio Vigorelli ), a gift from his diocese of Milan for his papal coronation, as early as November 1964 during the Second Vatican Council for the benefit of poor people in socially disadvantaged areas of Rome. This tiara, the last ever worn, is kept in the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC , as a thank you to American Catholics for their charity in the Third World .
The two successors, John Paul I and John Paul II , were no longer crowned with the tiara, but continued to have them in their coat of arms . It was not until Benedict XVI. replaced - under the influence of the church heraldist Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo - the tiara in the personal papal coat of arms with a simple miter with three golden horizontal stripes. This is reminiscent of the miter that Pope Paul VI. at the conclusion of the Second Vatican Council in 1965. The standard of the Swiss Guard, however, showed Benedict's coat of arms crowned with the tiara. The tiara is still part of the coat of arms of the Holy See and the Vatican State . The statue of St. Peter in St. Peter's Basilica continues to be crowned with a magnificent tiara on June 29th , the feast of the Prince of the Apostles, and on February 22nd, the feast of the Kathedra. This Tiara Petri is the only one still in use.
Former tiaras
By the Sacco di Roma in 1527 a dozen tiaras had accumulated, all of which were stolen at the time, except for the tiara of Julius II (term of office 1503–1513), which was later made by Gregory XIII. (Tenure 1572–1585) was adorned with emeralds. In the course of time the following tiaras were added:
- Paul III's tiara (Term of office 1534–1549) was "made from the gold and precious stones found in the mausoleum of Maria, daughter of Stilicho and wife of the Roman emperor Flavius Honorius ."
- Tiara of Clement VIII (term of office 1592–1605).
- Tiara of Urban VIII (term of office 1623–1644).
These four tiaras existed when in 1798 under Pius VI. (Term of office 1775–1799) the Papal State was conquered by French troops and the Roman Republic was created. The emeralds from Julius II's tiara ended up in the collection of the Natural History Museum in Paris and were used for Napoleon's tiara.
presentation
Pope Innocent III , Tiara only with infuln
Pope Gregory X. , tiara with a simple crown
Pope Benedict XII. , Tiara with double crown
Pope Alexander VI , Tiara with a triple crown
Popes were almost exclusively depicted with the tiara in art, since bishops were depicted with the miter . Even the Saint Peter often found with the triple tiara on his head in church art again. A clear example of this is the larger than life statue of St. Peter on the high altar of St. Peter in Munich .
various
Pope John Paul II was given a tiara in 1981, but he never wore it. His successor, Benedict XVI, received a tiara specially made for him during a general audience on May 11, 2011 by a delegation of Catholic and Orthodox believers.
The most famous tiara is that of Pius IX. It was worn most often and was used until the coronation ceremony of John XXIII. used as a coronation tiara. Especially by Pius XII. who only wore this tiara, it became world famous through numerous photographs. This tiara is also the only one that has so far been exhibited north of the Alps .
During the entire session of Vatican II , the statue of Peter in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome was crowned with the tiara and wrapped in a splendid, purple smoke cloak. John XXIII as a council father, in contrast to the council father Pius IX. ( Vatican I ) at the opening of the council on the tiara as a symbol of power; Instead, he wore one of his papal mitres and thus presented himself as Shepherd of the Church .
In addition to the Roman Pope, the Catholic Patriarch of Lisbon has had the tiara in their coat of arms since the 18th century. However, this is always displayed without a key. Today it is only shown in the coat of arms of the patriarchate, not in the personal coat of arms of the incumbent patriarch.
See also
literature
- Dieter Philippi: Philippi Collection - Headgear in Faith, Religion and Spirituality . St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig, 2009, ISBN 978-3-7462-2800-6 .
- Bernhard Sirch: The origin of the episcopal miter and papal tiara . EOS Verlag, St. Ottilien, 1975, ISBN 3-920289-57-9 .
Web links
- www.kath.de/kurs/vatikan/tiara
- Explanations of the tiara in the description of the Pope's coat of arms (official website of the Vatican)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Dictionnaire historique de la papauté, Paris 1994, Benoît XII
- ↑ Bernhard Sirch: The new papal coat of arms without a tiara, the symbol of papal power (February 21, 2009, accessed on March 20, 2013)
- ^ K. Richter: The ordination of the Bishop of Rome . Aschendorff, Münster i. W. 1976, 109.
- ^ Standard Swiss Guard ( Memento of April 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) under Benedict XVI.
- ↑ a b c d e The anniversary gift of the Catholic world for the Pope. In: Illustrirtes Wiener Extrablatt , March 8, 1903, p. 16 (online at ANNO ).
- ^ Tiara as a gift for John Paul II.
- ↑ Papal Tiara Commissioned and Gifted to Benedict XVI., May 25, 2011
