Karmette
Karmette , also funeral mass , older also Tenebrae , is the name of the Matutin of the church prayer on the three cartages Maundy Thursday , Good Friday and Holy Saturday .
Designation and customs
Mette as well as Matutin are derivatives of the Latin (hora) matutina , the morning hour. The Karmetten be Tenebrae (from the Latin for darkness, literally shadows), Finster Mette or gloomy Mette called. That name is possibly derived from the beginning of the fifth responsory on Good Friday Tenebrae factae sunt or the Gospels of the day ( Mt 27.45 VUL / Mk 15.33 VUL / Lk 23.44 VUL ).
The carmets take place in the dark, unadorned church; After Mass on Maundy Thursday evening , all candles, flowers and blankets are removed from the altars in order to reflect the agony of Jesus on the Mount of Olives , his exposure and the events of the Passion .
Traditionally, there is a light rake ( tenebrae candlestick ) or two symmetrically arranged candlesticks on the altar or in the choir room, each carrying seven candles arranged upwards and thus forming a triangle. The fourteen candles are symbols for eleven apostles and three Marys: Maria Cleophae , Maria Salome and Maria von Magdala . In addition, a mostly larger candle can burn in the middle as a symbol for Christ. At the beginning of the service all candles are lit. A candle is extinguished after every psalm or reading. At the end of the service the Christ candle burns, if necessary, this can be extinguished on Holy Saturday as a sign of Christ lying in the grave.
Earlier rites such as stamping or ritual beating or knocking by the master of ceremonies on pews at the end of the celebration are no longer common. The stamping symbolized the approach of the rulers of the High Council . The noise expressed the tumult during the capture and the earthquake at the death of Christ, and later also the indignation over the betrayal of Judas Iscariot .
Regionally, this celebration was also celebrated as a so-called pumper or rumble mette on the previous evening. With the reorganization of the celebration of Holy Week by Pope Pius XII. the shape of the armettes was changed; they are now always celebrated in the early morning of the corresponding cartage.
liturgy
Pre-conciliar form
Before the liturgical reform of the Second Vatican Council , the celebration of the funeral masses was characterized by the threesome: on three consecutive nights people gathered to sing the masses, which consisted of three nocturnes each. Every nocturn had three variable elements in addition to the silent prayer Our Father : psalm , reading , responsory. Each of these three elements appeared three times in each nocturnal: three psalms, three readings, and three responsories.
The following procedure is specified in Liber Usualis :
| Pre-conciliar form according to the Liber Usualis | Maundy Thursday | Good Friday | Holy Saturday |
|---|---|---|---|
| first nocturn | |||
| first psalm +1 | Ps 69 EU | Ps 2 EU | Ps 4 EU |
| second psalm +2 | Ps 70 EU | Ps 22 EU | Ps 15 EU |
| third psalm +3 | Ps 71 EU | Ps 27 EU | Ps 26 EU |
| first reading with responsory 4 | Klgl 1,1-5 EU | Klgl 2.8-11 EU | Klgl 3.22-30 EU |
| second reading with responsory 5 | Klgl 1,6-9 EU | Klgl 2.12-15 EU | Klgl 4,1-6 EU |
| third reading with responsory 6 | Klgl 1.10-14 EU | Klgl 3,1-9 EU | Klgl 5.1-11 EU |
| Pater noster (silent) | |||
| second nocturn | |||
| first psalm +7 | Ps 72 EU | Ps 38 EU | Ps 23 EU |
| second psalm +8 | Ps 73 EU | Ps 40 EU | Ps 27 EU |
| third psalm +9 | Ps 74 EU | Ps 54 EU | Ps 30 EU |
| first reading with responsory 10 | Augustine (1) | Augustine (4) | Augustine (7) |
| second reading with responsory 11 | Augustine (2) | Augustine (5) | Augustine (8) |
| third reading with responsory 12 | Augustine (3) | Augustine (6) | Augustine (9) |
| Pater noster (silent) | |||
| third nocturn | |||
| first psalm +13 | Ps 75 EU | Ps 59 EU | Ps 54 EU |
| second psalm +14 | Ps 76 EU | Ps 88 EU | Ps 76 EU |
| third psalm +15 | Ps 77 EU | Ps 77 EU | Ps 88 EU |
| first reading with responsory 16 | 1 Cor 11, 17-22 EU | Heb 9.11-14 EU | Heb 4.11-15 EU |
| second reading with responsory 17 | 1 Cor 11 : 23-26 EU | Heb 9.15-18 EU | Heb 4.11-15 EU |
| third reading with responsory 18 | 1 Cor 11: 27-34 EU | Heb 9.19-22 EU | Heb 4.11-15 EU |
| Pater noster (silent) | |||
| Laudes | |||
| first psalm +19 | Ps 51 EU | Ps 51 EU | Ps 51 EU |
| second psalm +20 | Ps 90 EU | Ps 143 EU | Ps 92 EU |
| third psalm +21 | Ps 36 EU | Ps 85 EU | Ps 64 EU |
| AT reading with responsory 22 | Ex 15.1-19 EU | Hab 3.2 to 19 EU | Isa 38,10-20 EU |
| Praise Psalm +23 | Ps 147 EU | Ps 147 EU | Ps 150 EU |
| Canticle from the NT with responsory 24 | Lk 1.68-79 EU | Lk 1.68-79 EU | Lk 1.68-79 EU |
| Antiphon: | Christ factus est | Christ was obedient to us until death | Phil 2.8-9 EU . |
With regard to the corresponding antiphones, please refer to a list on the discussion page.
Post-conciliar forms
After the Second Vatican Council , various forms of the karmette emerged. The sequence according to the book of hours is given as an example .
| Liturgical text | Maundy Thursday | Good Friday | Holy Saturday |
|---|---|---|---|
| Invitatory | Ps 95 EU | Ps 24 EU | Ps 67 EU |
| Hymn | |||
| first psalm | Ps 69.2-13 EU | Ps 2,6–9 EU | Ps 4 EU |
| second psalm | Ps 69 : 14-22 EU | Ps 22.2-23 EU | Ps 16 EU |
| third psalm | Ps 69.30-37 EU | Ps 38 EU | Ps 24 EU |
| first reading with responsory | Jer 15.10-21 EU | Jer 16.1-15 EU | Jer 20.7-18 EU |
| second reading with responsory | Ephrem the Syrians | Leo the Great | Meliton of Sardis |
| Canticle 1 | Jer 14,17b-21 EU | ||
| Canticle 2 | Ez 36,24-28 EU | ||
| Canticle 3 | Klgl 5,1-7.15-15-17.19-21 EU | ||
| Gospel | John 13 : 1-15 EU | Mt 27.1–2.11–56 EU / Mk 15.1–41 EU / Lk 23.1–49 EU | Mt 27.57-61 EU / Mk 15.42-47 EU / Lk 23.50-56 EU |
| Laudes | |||
| first psalm | Ps 80 EU | Ps 51 EU | Ps 64 EU |
| Canticle | Jer 12 : 1-6 EU | Hab 3,2-4.13a.15-19 EU | Isa 38.10– was 14cd.17–20 EU |
| second psalm | Ps 81 EU | Ps 147 : 12-20 EU | Ps 150 EU |
| reading | Heb 2,9b – 10 EU | Isa 52: 13-15 EU | Hos 6.12 EU |
| Responsory / antiphon | Responsory of the day: Christ factus est ( Phil 2.8-9 EU ) | ||
| Benedictus - Preces - Our Father - Oratio | |||
The God's Praise of 2013 and the Munich Cantorale suggest this simple form:
| Liturgical text | Good Friday | Holy Saturday |
|---|---|---|
| Invitatory | Ps 95 EU | Ps 95 EU |
| Hymn | Praise to God No. 299 ("The King wins" = Vexilla regis) | Praise to God No. 427 ("Lord, your goodness" according to Psalm 36 EU ) |
| first psalm | Ps 2 EU UN | Ps 4 EU |
| second psalm / canticle | Ps 142 EU | Isa 38.10-12.16.20 EU |
| third psalm | Ps 22 EU | Ps 24 EU |
| reading | Klgl 1,1-2; 3,1-33 EU | Klgl 5.1-22 EU |
| Responsory | Christ you son of the liv God | - |
| Hymn | - | Benedictus |
| Oratio and possibly a blessing | + | + |
Musical
Lamentations of Jeremiah
The readings of the first nocturn on each of the three cartages were taken from the Lamentations of the Prophet Jeremiah (Lamentationes) :
The lamentations of the prophet Jeremiah are mostly sung: in the original text, the sections were designated with Hebrew letters: the underlying melody is interpreted as a “liturgical sigh”. The text is sung in the peregrinus tone . The sections always lead to the cry: Jerusalem , Jerusalem, convertere ad Dominum Deum tuum (“Jerusalem, Jerusalem, return to the Lord your God”).
Miserere
The final lauds continue with psalms and a canticum with the associated antiphons. The first psalm of Lauds was preconciliar on all three days, today only on Good Friday, the 50th psalm. The setting of Allegri's Miserere is particularly effective because of the contrast to the preceding Gregorian chant and psalmody.
Antiphon
The subsequent short reading is followed by the solemn antiphon Christ factus est instead of the usual responsory (“Christ was obedient for us until death”, Phil 2.8–9 EU ).
The text was partially expanded daily by a half-sentence: (Maundy Thursday :) Christ was obedient for us until death, (Good Friday:) until death on the cross. (Holy Saturday :) Therefore God exalted him and gave him his name which is greater than all names.
Liturgical books
In cathedral churches in particular , the karmets are celebrated with the congregation on Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday mornings; the chants and texts are mostly taken from the Münsterschwarzacher Antiphonale . In the praise of God there are suggestions for simple forms of bracelets, on which z. B. refer to the Munich Kantorale . In addition, the divine praise diocesan portion of the Rottenburg-Stuttgart diocese contains appropriate texts and suggestions for the liturgical process.
Compositions
The tenebrae have been set to music many times in the history of church music . There are compositions either only of the lamentation readings or also of the responsories ; the latter include works by Carlo Gesualdo and Marc-Antoine Charpentier . The best known today are the versions by Tomás Luis de Victoria and François Couperin (of which only the first three nocturns have survived). Also the Miserere by Gregorio Allegri was created for the celebration of Tenebrae as setting of the first Psalm of Lauds.
The text of the lamentations is distributed differently on the respective days or nocturnes :
|
Gregorian chant ( Middle Ages ) (for example in Liber Usualis ) |
|||
| 1 day | 1: 1-5 | 1: 6-9 | 1: 10-15 |
| 2 day | 2: 8-11 | 2: 12-15 | 3: 1-9 |
| 3rd day | 3: 22-30 | 4: 1-6 | 5: 1-11 |
| Carpentras (1539) | |||
| 1 day | 1: 1-4 | 1: 5.4: 1-2 | 1: 11-13 |
| 2 day | 2: 8-10 | 2: 11.1: 14-15 | 4: 10-12 |
| 3rd day | 3: 22-29 | 1: 8-9.2: 17 | 5: 1-7 |
| Orlando di Lasso (1584) | |||
| 1 day | 1: 1-3 | 1: 7-9 | 1: 12-14 |
| 2 day | 2: 8-10 | 2: 13-15 | 3: 1-9 |
| 3rd day | 3: 22-30 | 4: 1-3 | 5: 1-6 |
| Marc-Antoine Charpentier (late 17th century) | |||
| 1 day | 1: 1-5 | 1: 6-9 | 1: 10-14 |
| 2 day | 2: 8-11 | 2: 12-15 | 3: 1-9 |
| 3rd day | 3: 22-30 | 4: 1-6 | 5: 1-11 |
| Jan Dismas Zelenka (1722) | |||
| 1 day | 1: 1-5 | 1: 6-9 | (is missing) |
| 2 day | 2: 8-11 | 2: 12-15 | (is missing) |
| 3rd day | 3: 22-30 | 4: 1-6 | (is missing) |
literature
- Rhabanus Erbacher , Roman Hofer , Godehard Joppich : Benedictine Antiphonale, special volume: Maundy Thursday to Easter Sunday ; Vier-Türme-Verlag, Münsterschwarzach; ISBN 978-3-87868-233-2
- Funeral masses during Holy Week , excerpt from the Antiphonale for the Liturgical Prayer, edited by the Liturgical Institutes Trier - Salzburg - Zurich, in collaboration with the monks of the Münsterschwarzach Abbey; Herder publishing house, Freiburg, Basel, Vienna; Vier-Türme-Verlag, Münsterschwarzach, 1980; ISBN 3-451-18973-9
- Pius Parsch : The early divine service during Holy Week ; Folk liturgical apostolate, Klosterneuburg, 1938
Web links
- J. Grabinski: About the funeral mats of the Kartage
- Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) / Tenebrae Hearse in English
- Tenebrae in the Catholic Encyclopedia
- Explanation of the use of candles in the liturgy in "Catholic Encyclopedia"
- Tenebrae with the "Sisters of Carmel"
- Text of the Lamentations of the Prophet Jeremiah in Latin / German ( MS Word ; 46 kB)
- Markus Bautsch: Procedure of the carmets in the parish Mater Dolorosa Berlin-Lankwitz
- German-language Karmette for Holy Saturday with Tenebrae chandeliers on YouTube
Individual evidence
- ↑ J. Grabinski: About the funeral mats of the Kartage .
- ↑ with Jerusalem here (see Fourfold meaning of Scripture not) city of Jerusalem , but the church and the individual soul meant
- ↑ Antiphonals to the Liturgy of the Hours . 7th edition. Vier-Türme-Verlag, Münsterschwarzach 1996, p. 299 ff.
- ↑ The Genre of the Lamentations at medieval.org (English)