Radio journalism

Radio journalism or radio journalism or radio journalism refers to a form of journalism that is broadcast over the radio .

particularities

Journalistic contributions on the radio are mostly broadcast live ("On Air") in news programs that appear at fixed times and are often ended or interrupted by musical contributions. Visual content cannot be displayed and only auditory content can be transmitted.

The contributions using a pre-written script of one or more speakers in a recording studio with sound recorded. Today, special computer software supports the radio presenters in presenting and designing radio programs . Often guests are invited or there is a conversation between the moderators about the topic.

Special news formats that are less successful on television and other media are traffic and traffic jam reports for drivers and reviews of music publications ( music journalism ).

Recordings of radio broadcasts (" air checks ") are also used to analyze and optimize radio broadcasts and their content. For legal reasons, all German radio stations record their programs.

Radio formats are divided into accompanying programs, which are followed predominantly in parallel, irregularly and with little concentration, and switching programs, which have a fixed, concentrated audience. Radio stations that mainly broadcast news and largely forego music are also called news radio.

Journalistic formats on the radio

Radio feature : This is a non-fictional radio genre that combines elements from the areas of documentation, reportage and radio play and thus informs the listener about an event.
Built contribution : Here the author presents a written text that is mixed with other acoustic sources. It is comparable to the report.
Talk radio : In the radio format, conversations are mostly held on political and social topics, news in general or help in life. As a rule, directly broadcast conversations take place with studio guests, the moderators and / or calling listeners, whereby in the latter case call-in broadcasts are also used as a form of audience participation. The format is comparable to the talk show on television. During an interview , the conversation is limited to reporters and someone with a particular interest in the program.
Vox Pop : This format describes the questioning of passers-by.
Magazine programs: Magazine programs are broadcast regularly, usually on a weekly basis, and are assigned to a specific topic. Following the example of the print media , in which news magazines or business magazines dominate, listeners to the electronic media should also be offered a regular compilation of information from a specific subject area. The best-known types of this form of broadcast are political magazines , business magazines , cultural magazines and regional magazines . Magazines usually offer more journalistic freedom than a classic news format.

News article : Describes the classic messages that are presented by one or more moderators.

Traffic jam and accident reports: Many radio stations regularly broadcast traffic jam and accident reports, especially for the car radio, in order to inform drivers about the current traffic situation.

Live coverage of events e.g. B. football games

Report : A report refers to a report that reflects the perception of a reporter on site who deals with a topic.

Documentation: Documentation reproduces a topic from several perspectives.

Glossary : A glossy describes a brief and critical expression of opinion on a specific topic.

Radio comedy : Radio comedy refers to a radio-specific form of comedy that is based on journalistic contributions from the radio program. For example, parodied interviews , voices or pieces of music or original sound collages can be used for humorous purposes.

Compact programs: messages are summarized in a few minutes.

Cultural report and reviews (Kulturradio): In the radio format, a cultural event or product is critically examined and reported on.

News Teasing / Program Promotion: Describes the announcement of upcoming news, which are broadcast, for example, after a song has been played or a radio advertisement .

special actions such as radio games (for example guessing or knowledge games)

history

Beginnings

With the advent of radio in the 1920s, the first journalistic formats for the medium also emerged. This new medium changed the way of writing rapidly, as the radio could report on current events in real time and also had access to the emotions of the listener through music. For the first time, new sub-categories of the journalist's profession, such as commentator and moderator, as well as new forms of representation emerged.

Radio journalism is one of the first broadcast formats to take place in the 1920s through live broadcasts and news reports. From 1924 the " German Hour " (as a forerunner of Bavarian Broadcasting ) was broadcast from Bavaria. In the United States, broadcasting was much more important in 1924; this year the inaugural speech of the President was broadcast on radio for the first time. In 1926 Deutsche Welle GmbH went on air, which was later renamed Deutschlandender .

National Socialism and Propaganda

With the Reichssendung propaganda was carried out on the German population from 1930 to 1945 under National Socialism . The Reichssendung was an important mouthpiece for the National Socialists, but was only one of many propaganda means on the radio of the Third Reich . The National Socialists used the mass media for their own purposes immediately after they came to power and switched radio in the German Reich to the same. With the slogan "The whole of Germany will hear the leader with the peopleâ 'marketed the government to Volksempfänger VE 301. With a regulation on extraordinary radio measures from 1. September 1939 , the day of the beginning of the invasion of Poland , was in the German Reich spreading the news punished by eavesdropped enemy transmitters . Listening to radio stations from neutral countries allied with Germany was also prohibited. From 1931 onwards, the government of the Reich tried to use numerous jammers against hostile transmitters, but these led to undesirable interference from the German transmitter during operation . Reich Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels introduced the name Großdeutscher Rundfunk for Reichsrundfunk on January 1, 1939 . From June 1940 this broadcast a National Socialist standard program for the entire German Reich. In addition to the official state broadcasters of the countries not occupied by the Wehrmacht , camouflage channels also broadcast “black propaganda”. This consisted of targeted disinformation . So from 1943 the British operated the soldier transmitter Calais (it radiated on the mainland) and the German short wave transmitter Atlantik (it was aimed at German submarine crews in the Atlantic and English Channel). Since July 1943 radio stations were operated in the Soviet Union, which were initially intended primarily as a means of psychological warfare against the Wehrmacht.

post war period

After the end of the war, the program was partially taken over by the Allies. With the establishment of the GDR in 1949, broadcasting in the Soviet occupation zone was completely transferred to the state party SED . The German service of the BBC took over the task of re-education and propaganda against the Soviets from November 1945 . In the post-war period, broadcasters in Germany made a name for themselves as promoters of culture, especially in the fields of literature and classical music. It was forbidden to intercept radio signals from the FRG in the GDR and offenses were severely punished.

The collapse of the GDR also meant the end of state broadcasting and broadcasters either merged or new ones were created and private broadcasters developed. Radio journalism recorded declining audience numbers due to technological developments after the war and the popularity of television (and later the Internet). The spread of the car radio has also strengthened radio journalism despite the spread of television, since it can be consumed better on the side and is less distracting in traffic.

Current developments

The Internet has developed its own radio broadcasts on Internet radio and podcasts compete with broadcasts on radio. The audience of journalistic formats on the radio is also decreasing due to the popularity of the new media . Cross-media and social media offers and media libraries add interactive, non-linear and visual content to many broadcasters' radio offerings.

relevance

In a survey , 8% said they used public broadcasting and 2% private broadcasting as a source of information about political events. In contrast, television is used by 36% in the public sector and 5% in the private sector. Even daily newspapers (22%) and the Internet (17%) are more commonly used as a source of information than the radio.

education and profession

There is no compulsory training for the profession of radio journalist. Nevertheless, many broadcasters expect a degree and / or an internship in this field. There are sometimes special courses for radio journalists at journalism schools and media academies.

literature

Walther La Roche , Axel Buchholz : Radio Journalism: A Handbook for Training and Practice in Radio, Springer-Verlag, Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 9783896695734
Peter Overbeck: Radio Journalism, 2009, ISBN 9783896695734
Axel Primavesi: Radio news in transition: A comparison of the news broadcasts from WDR 2 and Radio NRW, Springer-Verlag, 2019, ISBN 9783658247003

Individual evidence

^ Birgit von La Roche, Walther von La Roche, Axel Buchholz: Radio journalism: a manual for training and practice in radio . Springer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01772-9 , pp. 354–370 ( google.de [accessed on November 21, 2019]).
^ Birgit von La Roche, Walther von La Roche, Axel Buchholz: Radio journalism: a manual for training and practice in radio . Springer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01772-9 , pp. 155–329 ( google.de [accessed on November 21, 2019]).
^ Birgit von La Roche, Walther von La Roche, Axel Buchholz: Radio journalism: a manual for training and practice in radio . Springer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01772-9 , pp. 427-432 ( google.de [accessed November 21, 2019]).
^ Birgit von La Roche, Walther von La Roche, Axel Buchholz: Radio journalism: a manual for training and practice in radio . Springer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01772-9 , pp. 331–349 ( google.de [accessed November 21, 2019]).
^ Birgit von La Roche, Walther von La Roche, Axel Buchholz: Radio journalism: a manual for training and practice in radio . Springer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01772-9 , pp. 609–615 ( google.de [accessed November 21, 2019]).
^ Birgit von La Roche, Walther von La Roche, Axel Buchholz: Radio journalism: a manual for training and practice in radio . Springer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01772-9 , pp. 597–602 ( google.de [accessed November 21, 2019]).
↑ Main sources of information about political events in Germany in 2018 | Statista. Retrieved September 3, 2019 .
↑ Buchholz, Axel ,: Radio-Journalismus: A manual for training and practice in radio . 10th edition 2013. Wiesbaden, ISBN 978-3-658-02684-4 , pp. 609–636 ( google.de [accessed November 21, 2019]).

[1] Birgit von La Roche, Walther von La Roche, Axel Buchholz: Radio journalism: a manual for training and practice in radio . Springer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01772-9 , pp. 354–370 ( google.de [accessed on November 21, 2019]).

[2] Birgit von La Roche, Walther von La Roche, Axel Buchholz: Radio journalism: a manual for training and practice in radio . Springer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01772-9 , pp. 155–329 ( google.de [accessed on November 21, 2019]).

[3] Birgit von La Roche, Walther von La Roche, Axel Buchholz: Radio journalism: a manual for training and practice in radio . Springer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01772-9 , pp. 427-432 ( google.de [accessed November 21, 2019]).

[4] Birgit von La Roche, Walther von La Roche, Axel Buchholz: Radio journalism: a manual for training and practice in radio . Springer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01772-9 , pp. 331–349 ( google.de [accessed November 21, 2019]).

[5] Birgit von La Roche, Walther von La Roche, Axel Buchholz: Radio journalism: a manual for training and practice in radio . Springer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01772-9 , pp. 609–615 ( google.de [accessed November 21, 2019]).

[6] Birgit von La Roche, Walther von La Roche, Axel Buchholz: Radio journalism: a manual for training and practice in radio . Springer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01772-9 , pp. 597–602 ( google.de [accessed November 21, 2019]).

[7] Main sources of information about political events in Germany in 2018 | Statista. Retrieved September 3, 2019 .

[8] Buchholz, Axel ,: Radio-Journalismus: A manual for training and practice in radio . 10th edition 2013. Wiesbaden, ISBN 978-3-658-02684-4 , pp. 609–636 ( google.de [accessed November 21, 2019]).