History of radio

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Transmitter mast in Brant Rock (postcard, around 1910)

The radio history includes the development of radio broadcasting and the associated devices such as antennas and radio receivers . It begins in the early 20th century and is closely related to the history of the telephone and wireless telegraphy, as well as advances in physics in the fields of electricity and magnetism .

Development of technical requirements

The beginnings

Soviet postage stamp from 1989 on the occasion of Popov's 130th birthday as the "inventor of the radio"

Radio comprises three components: sound recording , transmission and reception . Thomas Alva Edison developed the first usable, purely mechanical sound recording process with his tin foil phonograph, which was introduced in 1877 . The technical conversion of acoustic sound waves into electrical impulses was first achieved in the second half of the 19th century with the invention of the first microphones by Philipp Reis and Alexander Graham Bell, among others . Transmission presupposed the invention of the telephone . There are numerous parallel developers and inventors here; the most extensive solution comes from Alexander Graham Bell from 1876. However, the telephone initially required a wire as a conductor.

Wireless broadcasting is based on the discovery of electromagnetic waves by Heinrich Hertz in 1886. The technical principles of broadcasting were invented and patented by Nikola Tesla at the end of the 19th century . However, in 1895 a fire destroyed his completed system. In 1943, the Supreme decided Patent Court of the United States for the US is that Tesla was the inventor of radio. Tesla had lived in the USA since June 1884, where he first worked for Thomas Alva Edison in New York, then came to the competition Westinghouse Electric and later, in early 1943, died there at an old age.

On May 7, 1895, Alexander Popov presented this technology for the first time in the State University of Saint Petersburg . On March 24, 1896, his experimental arrangement transmitted the words "Heinrich Hertz" to a receiving station 250 meters away. Popow was honored for this pioneering achievement at the Paris Electrotechnical Congress in 1900. Nevertheless, his work fell into public oblivion in view of a few other successes, particularly commercial achievements. Later on, the East-West conflict, through deliberate ignoring in the western world, contributed to the fact that Popow, who died in 1906, was forgotten, in contrast to Tesla and Marconi.

Special postage stamp for the invention of the radio by Guglielmo Marconi

In the public consciousness, however, Guglielmo Marconi continued to be regarded as the inventor of the radio and the commercial use of electromagnetic waves for the transmission of telegraphic messages . Marconi patented his experimental arrangement, which was structured in the same way as Popow, in June 1896. In 1897 he succeeded for the first time in wireless transmission over a distance of five kilometers. In 1899 he established a wireless telegraph connection across the English Channel and shortly afterwards, in 1901, he radioed across the Atlantic - the latter due to technical improvements in the form of the inductively coupled antenna circuit developed by Ferdinand Braun . Marconi and Braun received the Nobel Prize in Physics for this achievement in 1909 . Furthermore, Adolf Slaby in Berlin-Charlottenburg had developed a similar improvement relatively at the same time. A large company has always been behind the developments: At Slaby it was AEG , at Marconi it was the Marconi Company (founded as Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company in 1897) and the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America (founded 1899, later in RCA risen) and at Braun it was Siemens & Halske (S & H).

The knowledge gained from dealing with wireless telegraphy was subsequently increasingly expanded. Laid the foundation for the successful distribution of sound William Du Bois Duddell in 1900 with the "Singing Arc Lamp" ( "Singing arc lamp "). Valdemar Poulsen used this to develop his arc transmitter to generate undamped vibrations in order to be able to transmit speech and music. In 1906 the Telefunken company achieved a range of around 40 kilometers with Poulsen's transmitter.

On Christmas Eve 1906 was Reginald Fessenden from the new station for wireless telegraphy in Brant Rock ( Massachusetts ) with a machine station , the first radio broadcast . There, under the direction of Fessenden, some scientists had gathered for an experiment. After Fessenden's description, he began with a short speech, followed by "phonograph music " (the Largo by Handel ). Then Fessenden played a violin solo, namely the composition “ O Holy Night ” by Adolphe Adam , which ends with the words: “Be amazed and be mute”. Fessenden sang a verse and played the violin. “Then came the Bible text 'Glory to God on high'. We concluded by wishing them a 'Merry Christmas' and telling them that we planned to broadcast again on New Year's Eve. ”The Fessenden experiment could be heard on the US coasters of the Atlantic.

The development of the tube transmitter based on the Meißner circuit by Alexander Meißner , which was registered for a patent in 1913, is also of great importance as the basis for the further development of the associated technology.

Development until 1923

During the First World War , Hans Bredow and Alexander Meißner made the first attempts with tube transmitters (see electron tubes ) and feedback receivers , in which music was already transmitted well. From 1915 there were first plans for regularly broadcast commercial radio programs in the USA. Initially, however, such projects were not implemented.

On November 6, 1919, the Dutch manufacturer Hanso Schotanus à Steringa Idzerda broadcast the first well-known radio program from his private apartment in The Hague . Until 1924, it broadcast its popular program four days a week. After that he had to give up, as the financing of the program relied on voluntary contributions from the listeners, which were not available due to the increasing number of broadcasting stations in the Netherlands.

In 1920 the first commercial radio station began regular operations in Pittsburgh (USA). At the beginning of the year, Frank Conrad , a former naval officer and employee of the telegraph company Westinghouse , initially played gramophone records and live piano pieces on his amateur radio system for test purposes and asked neighboring radio operators for feedback on the radio quality. The music that is always played on Friday evenings quickly developed into a popular leisure event. In the further course of 1920 Westinghouse provided simplified and cheap radio sets that could also be operated by laypeople. Conrad expanded the broadcasting operations to a program under the callsign KDKA . On November 2, 1920, the program began to be broadcast every evening with a live broadcast of the results of the American presidential election. Within a few months, other American broadcasters began broadcasting regularly. Companies from a wide variety of industries broadcast shows and programs for advertising purposes on their own initiative.

The 210 m high still preserved transmitter mast on the Funkerberg in Königs Wusterhausen

On December 22nd, 1920, the first radio transmission of a Christmas concert took place in Germany by the Königs Wusterhausen station of the Reichspost . Post workers played instruments they had brought with them, sang songs and recited poems. The Funkerberg is therefore considered the birthplace of public broadcasting in Germany. Until the advent of television, the expression “broadcasting” was identical to radio (at times also called “radio broadcasting” or “sound broadcasting”).

The so-called Funkerspuk was decisive for the development of the young medium : following the Russian model, revolutionary workers occupied the headquarters of the German press news on November 9, 1918 and misleadingly proclaimed the victory of the radical revolution ( USPD , KPD , Spartakusbund ) in Germany. In response to this action, the SPD government tightened its control over the young medium:

  • Funkregal ("Funkhoheit"): sovereign right of the Reich to set up and operate transmitting and receiving systems (from around 1919);
  • Prohibition of radio broadcasts for private individuals (around 1922, repealed 1923);
  • Limitation of the technical properties of receiving devices, ban on feedback , authorization requirement ; Introduction of the license fee from 1923.

The German Hour was founded on May 22, 1922 . It was a subsidiary of the business news bureau Eildienst , which was related to the Foreign Ministry . The Ministry of the Interior itself founded Dradag (wireless service AG).

From 1922 onwards, the Wirtschaftsrundspruchdienst was the first to operate a regular, fee-based radio. On April 6, 1923, the first radio club was founded in Berlin , as was the Association of the Broadcasting Industry in Berlin.

The hour of birth of German radio is October 29, 1923. On this day the first entertainment program is broadcast from the Vox-Haus (see Funk-Hour Berlin ). The Berlin cigarette dealer Wilhelm Kollhoff is the first official radio participant in Germany . The license to listen to the program cost - 1923 was the height of the inflationary period - 60  gold marks or 780 billion paper marks .

In 1917, the Basler incandescent lamp factory in Switzerland manufactured electron tubes according to the specifications of Hans Zickendraht . Four years later, a transmitter beamed the new Basel Armory St. Jakob signals that in Neuchâtel were received.

Beginnings until the end of the Second World War

The forerunners of broadcasting in Germany were the "Presserundfunk" and the "Wirtschaftsrundspruch". The State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Post, Hans Bredow, was responsible for setting up the first transmitter networks in 1924 . When the first broadcasting company, Funk-Hour Berlin , began broadcasting on October 29, 1923, there was not a single paying listener. On January 1, 1924, there were 1,580 paying radio subscribers in Germany. From 1924 the " German Hour " (as a forerunner of Bavarian Broadcasting ) was broadcast from Bavaria. In the United States, broadcasting was much more important in 1924; this year the inaugural speech of the President was broadcast on radio for the first time.

On May 29, 1924, the first radio exhibition took place in Hamburg. In the summer of 1924, the English postal authorities ran a train journey between London Paddington and Birmingham to examine radio reception with a 15 m long antenna mounted on the roof. The test was positive; It was particularly noticeable that the iron in the locomotive did not interfere with reception.

Broadcasting station in Europe on January 1, 1925 ( Red pog.svgmain station, Black pog.svgsecondary station)
Signet of the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft

On January 31, 1925, the first shortwave radio broadcast from the USA could be heard in Germany. The World Broadcasting Association was founded on April 4, and the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft on May 15 , the umbrella organization for broadcasting under the umbrella of the Deutsche Reichspost. On November 1st, Bernhard Ernst gave the first live commentary on a football match between Preußen Münster and Arminia Bielefeld on the radio.

The first international soccer match that could be broadcast on the radio was the match between Germany and the Netherlands on April 18, 1926 in Düsseldorf . On June 1, the Reich Ministry of Post appointed the first “Reich Broadcasting Commissioner”. The first test transmitter for shortwave broadcasting in Germany went into operation on September 1st. On November 15th, the World Broadcasting Association arranged the radio frequencies worldwide for the first time. The radio tower in Berlin was inaugurated on September 3rd . Also in 1926, Deutsche Welle GmbH went on the air, which was later renamed Deutschlandender .

On April 19, 1927, the frequency agreement of the World Broadcasting Association was made sustainable through the establishment of the International Wave Control Center in Brussels. On October 4, 1927 (until November 25), the radio conference began in Washington, which allocated shortwave bands to the member countries for the first time. In December, the shortwave test transmitter AFK was launched in Döberitz . In Chelmsford in the same year (1927) began the first short-wave experiments.

The foreign press noticed the German broadcasting developments from the beginning. In May 1928, the Times correspondent for Germany wrote that the program imposed on Germans by Reichsrundfunkkommissar Bredow was much more serious than the BBC's British:

“Roughly speaking, the German system differs from the English system in that it works during the day and plays at night. During the day there are time signals, news broadcasts, reports on the economy, weather, stock market, grain trade, information for farmers, lessons and lectures. Practically the only entertainment before the evening is the gramophone concerts broadcast in the late morning or early afternoon. [...] The amusing side of the radio only kicks in in the evening, around 7:30 or 8:30 a.m. Nevertheless, as surprising as it may be, the German often finds the evening programs boring and, although he would not openly admit it, keeps the educational programs far more entertaining during the day and early in the evening. "

- The Times, May 30, 1928, p. 20

In October 1928, the Deutsche Reichspost commissioned the Telefunken electrical company to build a shortwave transmitter in Zeesen.

On January 1, 1929, the frequency agreements of the Washington Radio Conference came into force. On August 28th, the world radio broadcaster began its official operations. On September 30th the writer Alfred Döblin gave his speech “ Literature and Radio ” at the workshop “Poetry and Radio ”. On December 2nd, Radio Madrid broadcast 25 minutes of a concert broadcast by the world broadcaster on wave 31.38. On December 25, the US broadcaster NBC took over the German Christmas program; it was the first program exchange with the USA. In January 1932 this exchange agreement was extended. The first directional spotlight for North America went into operation on January 22, 1932. On August 19, the Reichspost presented the first radio receiver with a shortwave receiver module at the radio exhibition in Berlin.

Bert Brecht recognized the possibilities of broadcasting. In his radio theory he put forward the thesis: “The radio would be the greatest conceivable communication apparatus in public life (...) if it knew how to not only transmit but also receive, i.e. not only hear the listener but also make and speak not to isolate him, but also to put him in relation. ”Brecht's goal was to achieve listener activity and thus to transform the distribution apparatus into a communication apparatus.

From 1926 onwards, standard types of radio receivers had emerged: the tube device had replaced the detector apparatus and the loudspeaker had replaced the headphones . Around 1930 the BBC was internationally regarded as a model for balanced and up-to-date reporting broadcasting. Their good reputation reached as far as the USA, where radio served commercial purposes from the start. The American Nobel Prize in Physics, Robert Andrews Millikan, wrote in 1930:

“The programming broadcast in England is infinitely superior to anything that can be received here in the country, because the BBC provides the English public with the greatest gain in education and entertainment that I suspect has ever been in the history of the world . [...] And that for less than a cent per family, only collected by those who want to take advantage of this. "

The use of far-reaching AM frequencies made possible an international mass audience. In 1939, for example, the BBC had 150 million listeners worldwide during a live performance of trumpets from a pharaoh's tomb.

1933: German radio pioneers and SPD functionaries in Oranienburg concentration camp
1935: Shops close so that a speech by Hitler can be heard
People's receiver, type VE301W

The Reichssendung was a radio broadcast that was broadcast from 1930 to 1945 on all radio stations in Germany. It was a mouthpiece with which the government addressed the population over the radio and thus the first instrument of clear political interference in the radio program. The first transmissions of this kind were usually every half hour, in the evening. In the German Reich under National Socialism , the Reich broadcasts were then only one of many radio propaganda channels for the regime. What the Reich broadcasts had in common was the interconnection of all transmitters in the Reich. The technology for this was tested from 1926 onwards via telephone lines and later via a radio cable system.

The National Socialists used the mass media for their own purposes immediately after they came to power and switched radio in the German Reich to the same. It became the most important propaganda instrument for Hitler's policy. Hans Flesch , Alfred Braun , Ernst Hardt - as well as numerous other radio pioneers - were arrested and deported to concentration camps.

With the slogan "The whole of Germany will hear the leader with the peopleâ" the government marketed the Volksempfänger VE 301. Its model designation was derived from the date of the Nazi seizure of power from (301 = January 30 [1933]). The number of listeners rose from around four million at the beginning of 1932 to over 12 million in mid-1939. Despite this success, radio reception density in Germany in 1934 was only 33.3% (46.9% in 1937) and thus far below that in the USA (78 , 3%) and Great Britain (66.1%).

With an ordinance on extraordinary broadcasting measures of September 1, 1939 , the day the attack on Poland began , the spreading of news from bugged enemy broadcasters was made a punishable offense in the German Reich . Listening to radio stations from neutral countries allied with Germany was also prohibited. In National Socialist Germany, both were also referred to as “broadcasting crimes”.

As early as 1933, the Gestapo began to deport radio participants who were assigned to the Communists and who had jointly received “ Radio Moscow ” to concentration camps. Higher regional courts, special courts and the People's Court had already passed judgments for “preparation for high treason ” without a legal basis because the accused had listened to this station. Since October 29, 1929, Radio Moscow, a powerful shortwave broadcaster of the Central Council of Russian Trade Unions, has broadcast German-language programs that support the KPD in Germany with propaganda. From 1931 onwards, the Reich government tried to use numerous jammers against this, but these led to unpleasant interference from the German transmitter during operation .

In September 1933, the Gestapo issued a decree that all persons found during the collective reception of "Radio Moscow" were to be sent to a concentration camp immediately. Technical changes to radio receivers were considered to prevent reception.

BBC World Service has broadcast a German-language program since autumn 1938 .

Reich Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels introduced the name Großdeutscher Rundfunk for Reichsrundfunk on January 1, 1939 . From June 1940 this broadcast a National Socialist standard program for the entire German Reich.

During the Second World War , a motif developed in numerous later books and films: the "war of the radio waves". This means programs that should enlighten, disinform or simply morally weaken the war opponent. In addition to the official state broadcasters of the countries not occupied by the Wehrmacht , camouflage channels also broadcast “black propaganda”. This consisted of targeted disinformation. So from 1943 the British operated the soldier transmitter Calais (it radiated on the mainland) and the German short wave transmitter Atlantik (it was aimed at German submarine crews in the Atlantic and English Channel). Both worked according to the “cover, cover, dirt, cover, dirt” method coined by the Australian-German journalist Sefton Delmer , which meant not only to place false reports, but to hide them in mostly solid news. Sefton Delmer never attacked the National Socialist leadership in Berlin in his camouflage programs.

While the German Propaganda and Foreign Ministry used its foreign broadcaster, the German Shortwave Transmitter , massively for its propaganda, the BBC held back. In a report in the London Times in September 1941, letters to the editor David Thomson praised the German-language programs of the Soviets with the words that they “went straight to the hearts of ordinary people”, while the German programs of the BBC lacked the “personal touch” because they had one too "intellectual and literary impression" and therefore pursued an outdated strategy. The BBC's Deputy Chief Stephen Tallents went into the same newspaper three days later in detail on the dichotomy between serious reporting and emotional speech. Various methods are used in the German BBC program, of which direct addressing is only one. For example, a mother in Germany was addressed directly by name via a transmitter and she was reminded of the birthday of her 18-year-old son, whom she would not see for a long time because he was a British prisoner of war. To listeners interested in personal address, Tallents recommended the Sefton Delmer program every Tuesday evening at 9 am, but above all " Frau Wernicke ", a fictional Berlin housewife who is better known in Germany than many British statesmen. The information from the BBC should follow the motto: "Never tell a lie." (Always stick to the truth.) Well-known emigrants also had their say.

Towards the end of the war, the German channels failed more and more frequently. On April 23, 1945, the New York Times reported that the short-wave transmitter in Zeesen near Berlin had not broadcast since April 21 at 10:45 a.m. and that the German transmitter had been silent for three days. On May 7th, 8th and 9th 1945 the last remaining intact Reichsender Flensburg announced the unconditional surrender on behalf of the executive Reich government .

the post war period

Before the end of the war, the Western Allies had far less concrete ideas about the change in the German media landscape than the Soviet side. The Soviets began early to train German communists in exile as cadre for building media. Since July 1943 they operated radio stations in the Soviet Union, which were initially intended primarily as a means of psychological warfare against the Wehrmacht .

The British were the first to start broadcasting a radio program in defeated Germany on May 4, 1945 in Hamburg, other occupying powers quickly followed, the French not until October in Koblenz . The Allies had to make use of the existing broadcasting infrastructure, whereby the occupation zones and old German structures were superimposed.

The new transmission system of the Berliner Rundfunk in Königswusterhausen (1949)

The " Haus des Rundfunks " occupied by the Red Army in Masurenallee in Berlin (from July 1945 British sector), later the seat of the broadcaster Free Berlin (SFB), became under the control of the Soviet Military Administration (SMAD) on May 13, 1945 the first radio broadcast of the " Berliner Rundfunks ", the future radio of the GDR , broadcast. As a countermeasure, the Americans initially launched a wireless service and, from September 1946, launched “Broadcasting in the American Sector” ( RIAS ). In August 1946, the British military government in Berlin put a relay transmitter into operation for the Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk Hamburg (NWDR) transmitter located in the British occupation zone .

The Soviet occupying power confiscated all radio sets with more than three tubes in their zone in accordance with a secret decree of September 27, 1945, which had not been agreed with the other allies. Only certain politicians and officials were allowed to keep such devices in order to receive special news broadcasts from the non-Soviet controlled area. All the others were left with three or fewer tubes only to receive the German radio station and Berlin radio that were censored by the occupying forces.

With the establishment of the GDR in 1949, broadcasting in the Soviet occupation zone was completely transferred to the state party SED . The British occupation administration gradually transferred more competencies to the German employees of the NWDR. The German service of the BBC took over the task of re-education and propaganda against the Soviets from November 1945. The Americans quickly built a decentralized broadcasting structure. The French occupiers were only able to set up their own zone radio slowly because of technical problems. They created the SWF as a unified transmitter with small regional sections for their comparatively small zone of occupation. A full program was only broadcast in March 1946. In October 1948, the SWF received autonomy based on the US model, but until 1952 the occupation authorities had extensive opportunities to intervene.

Radio scale of a tube receiver from 1952

In West Germany were from 1948 to 1949 by the country's broadcasting laws of the Bayerischer Rundfunk , the Hessian Radio , Radio Bremen and the Süddeutsche Rundfunk founded. In 1950 all state broadcasting corporations merged to form the working group of the public broadcasting corporations of the Federal Republic of Germany ( ARD ). Since Germany received only a few medium wave frequencies under the Copenhagen Wave Plan - which, unlike in other large European countries, had to be distributed among several regional broadcasters - the broadcasters also began to push ahead with the expansion of the VHF network. On May 3, 1953, Deutsche Welle began broadcasting on shortwave as an international broadcaster for the Federal Republic of Germany.

In the post-war period, broadcasters in Germany made a name for themselves as promoters of culture, especially in the fields of literature and classical music. In the 1950s and 1960s, for example, many writers were able to earn a living by reading and writing radio plays . In addition to the large radio symphony orchestras such as the RSO Frankfurt with its range of classical music, ARD also specifically promoted modern styles such as jazz and electronic music .

Broadcasting in the event of a nuclear attack

In September 1962, officials from the US Civil Defense Bureau (OCD) met with American broadcasters to reflect on the role of radio in the event of a "thermonuclear attack." In January 1963, the US Department of Defense printed the final report.

This suggested that broadcasting should be operated with particular care during and after a nuclear strike that hits the United States. This included the precautionary installation of bunkers in radio stations as well as the purchase of dragon balloons ("kytoons") and automatic electric planes to set up antennas. Radio, according to the report, reaches 97.9% of all households in the country, most of them via AM frequencies ( medium wave ). In addition, apart from car radios, 48% of all radio receivers sold were battery-powered in 1962, which is ideal for disasters with an unsecured energy supply and battery life of up to 300 hours. Energy-saving portable transistor radios are mainly due to the Japanese market, which even offers devices with six transistors cheaply in the USA.

The commission advised program makers to broadcast light entertainment to improve the morale of the population, but to concentrate on the news to save electricity. Bad news (such as an impending nuclear strike) is also better than no news, because it only promoted rumors and uncertainty.

Expansion and changes in broadcasting operations

The 1960s to 1980s

In 1961, ARD's guest worker programs began for immigrants from southern Europe. The oldest broadcast is the Mezz'Ora Italiana , which was first broadcast in Italian on October 21, 1961 by Saarland Radio.

On January 1, 1962 in the Federal Republic of Germany, founded by federal law in 1960 took Germany radio began broadcasting on long and medium wave on a receivable in much of Europe information program. The target group of the program were primarily the listeners in the GDR and - with the foreign language broadcasts later recorded on medium wave - Eastern Europe, it practically formed the counterpart to the Deutschlandsender , the radio program of the radio of the GDR .

From the 1960s to the end of the 1980s, the public broadcasting corporations in West Germany and the state broadcasting service of the GDR in East Germany had a monopoly position.

The cultural commitment of the ARD broadcasters was not expanded further in the 1970s and gradually scaled back over the following two decades.

While state broadcasting was still the only provider of radio programs licensed in East Germany, private radio stations started operating in West Germany in the mid-1980s . It is the beginning of the so-called “ dual broadcasting system ”.

On July 23, 1988, Radio Dreyeckland in Freiburg, Germany's first free radio, was legalized after the pirate radio could no longer be prosecuted . In Switzerland , on November 14, 1983, the free radio Radio LoRa in Zurich went on the air. In connection with the "free radio stations" one also speaks of the "triple broadcasting system", which means the division of the existing frequencies into three pillars of public, commercial and non-profit independent broadcasters.

After the wall came down

The collapse of the GDR also meant the end of state broadcasting. Operation was continued in accordance with the Broadcasting Transition Act of September 14, 1990 (Law Gazette of the German Democratic Republic 1990 Part I p. 1563). In 1990/91 the East German broadcasters were renamed, staff were cut and broadcasting was finally stopped on December 31, 1991 on the basis of the State Treaty on Broadcasting in the United Germany.

The ARD was expanded to include the two East German stations ORB (merged with the SFB to form the RBB in 2003 ) and MDR . In the radio of the East German radio station created by the merger DS culture , the West Berlin radio station RIAS 1 and the West German Germany Radio 1994 Germany radio , which then further ended with two programs. In January 2010, DRadio Wissen split off from this , which means that there are now three national full radio programs in Germany.

Cultural promotion

To promote culture, the public service broadcaster in Germany maintains 14 symphony and radio orchestras, eight choirs and four big bands. With these ensembles, public broadcasting is the largest concert organizer and one of the most important clients for composers. The development of radio plays and dialect literature is also promoted by public service broadcasters.

Overall, however, in 2011 the situation in cultural funding was reversed compared to the post-war years. Although the public broadcasters still cover a significant spectrum of cultural services, the work for radio is not only paid significantly less than on television, but in many cases has become a losing business for the authors and artists involved. A gap has arisen between well-paid and socially secure salaried radio workers and the so-called "free" who can often no longer make a living from their work.

See also

literature

Web links

Museums:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gordon Greb and Mike Adams. Charles Harrold, Inventor of Radio Broadcasting . McFarland & Company. Jefferson (Nort Carolina), 2003. Page 32. ISBN 978-0-7864-1690-5 .
  2. ^ Kurt Seeberger: The radio. In: Wolfgang Stammler: German Philology in Outline. Volume III, Berlin 1957, Col. 666
  3. ↑ Patent DE291604 : Device for generating electrical vibrations. Registered on April 10, 1913 , inventor: Alexander Meissner ( Online @ DepatisNet ). ‌
  4. ↑ The first day of the program ( Memento of the original from March 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dra.de
  5. ↑ The London Times , October 6, 1927, page 6: "Broadcasting in Germany"
  6. ↑ Der deutsche Rundfunk , issue 30 of July 27, 1924, p. 1684
  7. ↑ Start of radio in Europe (until 1924)
  8. ↑ "Preußen Münster rotates the thing" - history of football on the radio ( memento of the original from September 9, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in Q History of April 8, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.qhistory.de
  9. ↑ Andreas Bode: Football at the time of National Socialism: everyday life, media, arts, stars . In: Markwart Herzog (Ed.): Irseer Dialoge. Culture and science interdisciplinary . tape 13 . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-17-020103-3 , pp. 163 (334 p., Limited preview in Google Book search).
  10. ↑ This chronological information from: With 8 kW around the world. German world radio in the Weimar period. History of shortwave broadcasting in Germany 1929–1932. German wave. Cologne. Publishing house Haude and Spener, Berlin 1969.
  11. ^ The radio as a communication device. In: Bertolt Brecht: Collected works in 20 volumes. Vol. 18, 133-137. Tsd., Frankfurt am Main, pp. 127–134.
  12. ↑ Quoted from BBC Year Book 1931 , p. 235, in the original Science and the new civilization , C. Scribner's sons (1930), Chapter 1
  13. ^ Brecht's poetry: new interpretations, edited by Helmut Koopmann, Königshausen & Neumann, 1999, p. 60, ISBN 3-8260-1689-0
  14. ↑ Michael Hensle: Broadcasting crime . Listening to "enemy broadcasts" during National Socialism. Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-936411-05-0 , p. 18.
  15. ^ The Times : Broadcasts to Germans - The Russian Model - What the BBC is doing . September 15, 1941, p. 5. You can read the full length of the original letter to the editor here .
  16. ^ Sylvia Prahl: New audio books on anti-Nazi stations. Never tell a lie .
  17. ^ The signatory of the decree was General Ivan Alexandrowitsch Serow , representative of the chief of the SMAD, Marshal Georgi Konstantinowitsch Zhukov .
  18. ^ CL Sulzberger: Soviet Censorshop in Berlin Severe . New York Times of March 21, 1946
  19. ↑ The Office of Civil Defense was later merged into the Federal Emergency Management Agency .
  20. ↑ M. Owens, D. Schimelfenyg: The Civil Defense Role of Radio Broadcasting in the Postattack Period , Technical Operations Inc., January 1963. The fear of a nuclear strike was a product of the Cold War and was always related, although not by name called to the Soviet Union . In the USA between 1950 and 1980 numerous campaigns such as B. the training film Duck and Cover . This public report by the OCD even contained disposable advertising slips at the end.
  21. ↑ For the meaning of the “triple broadcasting system”, see: “Charter” ( memento of the original of August 24, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from Radio Helsinki - Association of Free Radio Styria . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / helsinki.at
  22. ↑ Nils Minkmar: "The creative precariat" , FAZ , June 23, 2011.