Großdeutscher Rundfunk

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Großdeutscher Rundfunk was from January 1, 1939 to 1945, the name for the uniform radio program of the National Socialist German Reich .

history

prehistory

Station selection for the upscale radio device class 1934 (LW and MW, no KW)

Großdeutsche Rundfunk has its prehistory in the broadcasting policy of the Weimar Republic . Nine regional broadcasting companies, which from the end of 1923 stretched geographically from Munich via Frankfurt am Main and Leipzig to Breslau and Königsberg , were merged into a Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (RRG) from May 15, 1925 .

In 1923 , the Reichspost had already transferred its competencies to a Reich telegraph administration and a DRADAG (wireless services AG). In 1926, DRADAG took over the majority of shares within RRG. The interests of the German postal represented here Hans Bredow . The managing directors of RRG were Kurt Magnus and Heinrich Giesecke.

Due to the "Second Weimar Broadcasting Regulations" of July 1932, which replaced the first broadcasting regulations of 1925/1926, the shares of the nine regional broadcasting companies became

centralized and nationalized during the Weimar Republic.

After the takeover of the Nazi party in 1933, broadcasting was still matter for the state. The National Socialists saw it as a central political propaganda instrument at an early stage and therefore subordinated radio to the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda under Joseph Goebbels . In mid-1933, Eugen Hadamovsky , the previous broadcasting director of the German broadcaster, was appointed program director of the RRG ("Reichssendeleiter", in addition to a technical and a commercial director) .

If the RRG was until then an amalgamation of legally independent broadcasting companies, which in turn were owned by the Reichspost / RRG and the states, in July 1933 the broadcasting companies transferred their RRG shares to the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, and the states transferred their holdings to the Broadcasting companies on the RRG. The regional broadcasting companies were then liquidated, mostly in the course of 1934 (Leipzig 1935, Munich 1937). From April 1, 1934, the previous names were standardized according to the Reichssender (headquarters) scheme . In November 1934 the "Reichs-Rundfunk-Trial" began, an 86-day show trial initiated by the new Nazi Reichsendleiter Eugen Hadamovsky against some of the leaders of the "Systemrundfunk". Due to the incorporation of the Saar area , the Reichsender Saarbrücken was established in 1935 . In 1937 the RRG got Heinrich Glasmeier as a "Reichsintendent and General Director".

In addition, after the "Anschluss" of Austria in 1938, the Reichsender Wien , after the establishment of the Protectorate in 1939, the Reichssender Böhmen and, with the start of the war, the Reichsender Danzig, so that at the end of 1939 there were thirteen Reichsender and the Germany transmitter.

From 1938 many transmitters were to be upgraded for the "propaganda war" and rapid frequency changes from large transmitters were to be possible at any time. The Deutsche Reichspost, which was commissioned to do so, could not meet this requirement of the Propaganda Ministry with the existing systems. For this reason, new 100 kW systems were installed in the network of the German European broadcasters, which could transmit in the entire medium wave band using exchangeable transmitter crystals. New transmitters were built in Breslau, Hamburg, Heilsberg (Poland, then East Prussia), Mühlacker near Stuttgart, Ismaning near Munich, Dobrochov near Brno (Czech Republic) and in Dobl near Graz.

1939 to 1945

At the instigation of Joseph Goebbels, the term Großdeutscher Rundfunk was introduced for the Reichsrundfunk on January 1, 1939 . At the beginning of the war, Goebbels confidante and newly appointed head of the broadcasting department of the Propaganda Ministry, Alfred-Ingemar Berndt , set about adapting the broadcasting landscape to the requirements of warfare. A large part of the journalistic and technical staff was drafted into the Wehrmacht's propaganda companies , the broadcasting schedules were thinned out, programs merged and from June 1940 only two full programs with regional windows were broadcast for the entire Reich territory.

The Reich program was broadcast over all Reich broadcasters and their subsidiary broadcasters. In the morning there were local programs for one to two hours. There was a break in broadcast from around midnight until the start of broadcasting at 5 or 6 a.m. This was filled in by the program of the German broadcaster, which began at 12:30 p.m. with its programs that ended after the morning news. In 1942 the Reich broadcasters in Cologne, Saarbrücken, Stuttgart and Leipzig stopped delivering programs.

Since the radio stations stopped broadcasting when enemy aircraft approached, the local wire radio stations took over the radio program in several parts of the country , for example in the Hesse-Nassau district the Reich program could be received on one frequency and the program of the German station on the other. In the event of an immediate air hazard , only air situation reports were sent. In other parts of the empire, for example in Northern Bavaria, the transmitter of the Luftgau Command Nuremberg used the frequency of the switched off secondary transmitter Nuremberg to report on the direction of the bomber squadron.

With the advance of Allied troops from East and West towards the end of the Second World War in the spring of 1945, one Reich broadcaster after the other ended its activities. As the last broadcaster of Großdeutscher Rundfunk, the secondary broadcaster Flensburg , which had been upgraded to a Reich broadcaster , could be heard. In Flensburg - Mürwik was also the last government until May 23, 1945 . The Reichsender Flensburg also ceased operations in May 1945.

After that, the occupying powers set up new radio stations in their occupation zone . Until this went into action, Radio Luxemburg provided the German population, especially in West Germany, with news on long wave.

List of stations of the Großdeutscher Rundfunk

(Status: December 1940; Source: Volks-Brockhaus , Leipzig 1941)

Secondary transmitters with the same frequencies were switched as a single frequency network .

Transmitting system of the "Sender Alpen" built between 1939 and 1941 in Dobl , Styria

German Europe channels

In addition, there were other “major broadcasters” in the network of “German European broadcasters” (DES) with their own programs, as well as shortwave broadcasters (with foreign language broadcasts). In the German Reich and the occupied territories, 107 long and medium-wave transmitters and 23 short-wave transmitters for international broadcasts in 53 languages ​​were available at the beginning of 1943 . The following were particularly well known:

literature

  • Ansgar Diller: Broadcasting Policy in the Third Reich. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 1980, ( Rundfunk in Deutschland. Volume 2), ISBN 3-423-03184-0 .

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ [by today's standards, these broadcasting companies corresponded to "joint ventures"]
  2. ↑ From crystal detector to superhet
  3. ^ First broadcasting regulations 1926
  4. ↑ The abbreviation "SWR" was also in use until 1998, see program history of radio in the Weimar Republic (1997), vol. 2, p. 1249.
  5. ^ Sender Dobl near Graz. Retrieved July 22, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Oberpostdirektion on Winterplatz
  7. ^ "Sendstelle Bremen" was subordinate to the Reichssender Hamburg . After the Osterloog transmitter went into operation , the “ Bremen transmitter ” was renamed “ Unterweser transmitter ”.
  8. ↑ Sender Memel (PDF; 267 kB)
  9. ^ Sender Graz-St. Peter
  10. ^ Sender Klagenfurt
  11. ↑ Czech radio media magazine March 15, 1999 ( Memento from February 10, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  12. ↑ Reichsender Bohemia
  13. ↑ List of German transmitters 1940 ( Memento of the original from January 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. List of Reich broadcasters 1941 ( Memento of the original from January 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. German station list 1943 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dxradio-ffm.de  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dxradio-ffm.de
  14. ↑ International Broadcasting History ( Memento of the original from February 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rfcb.ch
  15. ^ Long-wave transmitter Luxembourg
  16. ↑ For propaganda broadcasts from the “Reichssender Bremen” (“ Germany Calling ”), the Norddeich transmitter was controlled by Berlin or Hamburg.
  17. ^ Sender Osterloog
  18. ^ Sender Graz-Dobl