Reifensteiner schools
The Reifensteiner Schools and the associated Reifensteiner Association (originally the association founded in 1896 for the establishment of economic women's schools in the countryside ) are historically significant vocational educational institutions for women and girls and the associated association.
A total of around 90,000 women and girls were trained at the company's own and affiliated schools after completing secondary school. The association as well as the schools and graduates (including Käthe Delius , Marie-Elisabeth Lüders and Freya von Moltke ) played an important role in the German vocational training system and in women's education as a whole. They were a pioneering organization for agricultural education, nutritional science as a university subject, and consumer advice and rural welfare. The foundation goes back to initiatives of the Prussian noblewoman Ida von Kortzfleisch .
Named after Reifenstein in Eichsfeld, the Reifensteiner Verband owned a total of 15 of its own (higher) schools from 1897 to 1990, including a colonial school affiliated with the Bad Weilbach school. At the same time, the association acted as a school association, job placement agency and network of graduates and seminarians. Numerous other organizations were connected through cooperations, so that a total of more than 40 economic women's schools, rural housekeeping schools and teaching companies felt connected to the Reifensteiner idea and movement. The list of Reifenstein schools gives an overview of this.
background
Country home education
In the German Empire up to the early 20th century, household services played a central role in women's employment. Instead of systematic training as in the dual system of vocational training, the principle still prevailed in rural women’s education: “The daughter learns best from the mother”. For young men, on the other hand, there were already numerous specialist educational institutions such as agricultural, arable and advanced training schools. Rural women's education (or its deficiencies) had long been a problem area in the empire and was an important topic of the early (aristocratic or bourgeois) women's movement .
Joachim Kramer's dissertation on rural home economics education in Germany, published in 1913, already summarized corresponding reform approaches. As early as the 1870s, some women's associations had set up so-called household institutions. The Baden women's association , which Grand Duchess Louise co-founded in 1859, was considered to be groundbreaking in the relationship. In 1886 the first housekeeping school was set up in Pforzheim . In Baden , more precisely in Schopfheim in 1885, the first traveling cooking courses were held. These took place mainly in the winter months (see winter school ), the women's clubs provided teachers and (mobile) kitchen equipment. With the increasing interest of the municipalities and regional authorities, the courses were held longer, for at least 6 weeks, and so, according to Kramer, more sustainably. With the increasing number of permanent facilities in Baden, the hiking schools lost their importance even before the First World War, while they were only systematically expanded in Bavaria. In southern Germany, the medium-sized farms there accommodated the participation of women, while according to Kramer in agriculture in Prussia, women were not previously involved in the actual agricultural production either on the large estates or with the small tenants or day-wage families. The Reifenstein schools were also described in detail by Kramer as early as 1913. He names them as part of the efforts of the German women's movement for better vocational training. At the German Women's Congress in Berlin in 1912, poor previous education among rural women was also criticized as an economic problem and a sign of backwardness in Germany. In 1913, Kramer also saw a problem that training in restaurants or even in urban areas was making girls less interested in returning to the country and thus increasing rural exodus. The girls of the poor rural population found employment increasingly as (unskilled) workers in urban industry, which was seen rather negatively at the time.
Kramer (1913) compared the German situation with a number of institutions abroad. In Switzerland, Belgium and Austria, too, there were traveling cooking courses for women in the countryside. The Austrian educational institutions for rural women were characterized as comparatively backward in 1913, while Switzerland was portrayed as exemplary. In France, home economics was an issue in primary schools at the time, but higher education for girls who left school was not systematically organized. In the USA, after Kramer, Iowa and the state of New York were the leaders, the training of home economics teachers took 4 years and was of a very high standard.
Changes in equipment and literature
At the same time, the technical equipment of households increased massively, as did the associated household literature, which, according to Hans Jürgen Teuteberg, has so far been little researched but is surprisingly extensive and rich in content. In the 16th to 18th centuries, their predecessors only addressed the pater familias , the male directors of larger rural households, in the form of house fathers' literature (see also home cooking) . In the second half of the 19th century, women - first the experienced housewife and increasingly the younger, still inexperienced housewife - began to see women independently and to address them specifically in household guides that were then produced on a large scale. The associated new role of the housewife as head of the household was later attributed to the north-west German household schools under the motto Where housewives are made and then - again under emancipatory auspices - viewed rather negatively.
Ida von Kortzfleischs role
In 1894, Kortzfleisch published a memorandum under the title The female service obligation in the economic women's college in the daily newspaper Daily Rundschau . She was responding to a series of articles the writer Otto Leixner to women's issues in Germany, that he the political pushiness as the false concept of education of Weiberrechtlerinnen and their alleged increasing Vaterlandslosigkeit had attacked . The memorandum gave its name to the economic women's schools, and the controversy led to the founding of the schools. Von Kortzfleisch, not a pedagogue herself, but a gifted networker with access to various aristocratic and middle-class circles, intended with the economic women's schools to develop a previously non-existent higher education system for young women in rural areas and to establish this more widely in society. According to Kramer (1913) , the idea of a female year of service , analogous to the one-year military service for male high school graduates, also met with approval from the women's movement . There it was explicitly placed in connection with women's suffrage .
Kramer saw this as literally somewhat fantastic plans , but put the broad appeal, like some somewhat military-looking technical terms among the maiden, in connection with the original idea. Wörner-Heil sees the women from Reifenstein as part of the efforts to increasingly recognize the role of women as citizens in the 19th century and as pioneers for the later combination of social and educational reforms.
Kortzfleisch himself cited the collection of the female forces, often uselessly dormant in the families of the property owners, as an important advantage of the economic women's schools. She was also concerned with eliminating personal and social prejudices between women of different classes and origins. The schools should introduce girls who do not know how to utilize their time and energy, areas of work for women beyond housewife activities and enable them to work independently and to take on positions of trust . Management training was also explicitly planned. It was also important to Kortzfleisch that women take the representation of their interests into their own hands. When the theologian Ludwig Weber dominated the congress leadership when the German Evangelical Women's Association was founded in 1912 , she informed Elisabeth Gnauck-Kühne about her (she was not informed) election to the board and supported the later chairwoman Gertrud Knutzen and her commitment to autonomous structures in the federal government . The maiden cooperated with the evangelical women's union in the job placement.
Historical development
In 1896 the association for the establishment of economic schools for women was founded by Ida von Kortzfleisch. On the estate of Baroness Dorette von Schenck zu Schweinsberg (1842–1902) in Nieder-Ofleiden, the first economic women's school was opened in 1897, initially for three years. With the establishment of the first women's school and its training offer for a rural housekeeping - at that time - based on the latest scientific findings, an attempt was made to eliminate the disadvantages of women in rural areas compared to urban women.
Beginnings in Ofleiden
A commemorative report by the later politician Marie-Elisabeth Lüders , which is featured several times in the association's journal, names Ida von Kortzfleisch as well as Auguste Förster , Margarethe von Bistram and Dorette Schenck zu Schweinsberg as exemplary supporters of the first school. The first 20 students in Ofleiden were between 18 and 24 years old. Lüders saw the great unity of their age group due to the common costume. The relationship with the teachers is described as very good, with two exceptions. Lüders saw herself occasionally treated unfairly or capriciously by them, also in view of her inclinations towards women. The property was equipped in a comparatively primitive way, even for the conditions at the time, no water pipes, neither electricity nor gas, the bedrooms were not heated, and the required work performance was quite extensive given the comparatively high fees. Two village girls helped scrub and carry water. The maids were assigned to groups, who alternately had to do various jobs in the house, in the kitchen, or with the chickens and turkeys such as laundry. In the garden group, dealing with bees was comparatively unpopular. The maids were also asked to teach and look after the village girls themselves in the recently established local kindergarten, as in a winter course for the village girls. Lüders himself came from a middle-class background and received his doctorate in 1912 on the training and further education of women in commercial professions. She describes how to deal with the socially and economically very different villagers as extremely instructive, also with regard to the social work chosen by some of the maids later. Among other things, they were drastically confronted with the consequences of poor hygiene based on cases of lupus ( skin tuberculosis ) in their surroundings.
Reifenstein
In 1900 the school was relocated to Reifenstein in Eichsfeld . In 1903 the Minister of Agriculture Victor von Podbielski supported the establishment of further schools. In 1906 the Reifensteiner model and documents of the Union of the Embassy of Austria-Hungary were presented after an inquiry.
From 1907 to 1909, the association and the schools still had to fight for approval. The transfer of responsibility from the Ministry of Agriculture to the Ministry of Commerce in Prussia cut off previous access to the management of the Ministry. After a massive public campaign and appropriate lobbying, approval was granted in 1909. Anna von Heydekampf became the first female secretary, and the association became increasingly professional. In 1917 there were already 68 corporate members, including municipal associations, chambers and provincial committees. The economic women's schools in the country and the associated association now found further interest. The rush was great, the schools could sometimes only accept half of the applicants.
The schools made it possible for country girls of the well-to-do circles to have a higher education , and on the other hand they were regarded as suitable places of instruction for the training staff of domestic education as a whole. The Reifenstein schools quickly established themselves. The Brakwater teaching farm (owner Helene von Falkenhausen ) near Windhoek in South West Africa (today Namibia ) belonged to the association from 1909. Another associated Reifensteiner school abroad was established with the Finn monastery in Estonia 1922-1939. In 1915 in Prussia, graduates from other schools were only admitted as (home economics) teachers in exceptional cases. Reifensteiner Maiden were involved in numerous associations, clubs, in particular in the Protestant women's movement as well as with rural women . In 1908 the schools had 124 pupils and 31 teachers and in the previous year had received 13,350 marks from the state and 20,465 from other grants. The quite conservative positioned Reifensteiner Verband was already accepted into the Federation of German Women's Associations on the initiative of Elisabeth Boehm in 1913 , which was combined with a simplification of the name. Elisabeth Boehm (1859–1943) was the founder of the agricultural housewives' association and later a longstanding board member of the Reifensteiner.
Aristocratic, officer and landowner families were among the important supporters of the concept, and the first female students came mostly from aristocratic and bourgeois circles. In 1915 the association committee included the wife of a Lieutenant General von Ammon , Sophie b. Berg, the wife of the State Minister Karl Heinrich von Boetticher , also Maria geb. Puricelli, the wife of Minister of State Clemens von Schorlemer . The paying office in Berlin was operated by the wife of Lieutenant Colonel von Mauntz, and that in Bad Kösen by the wife of General Arthur von Heydekamp .
Guiding principles and curricula in the German Empire
The guiding principles continued to compare the maiden year with the one-year military service of high school leavers. The genuinely German schools should convey a bundle of germs of the professions to which women are entitled . The teaching and working subjects of the economic women's schools should prepare for the tasks of women in German cultural life, in three directions:
- As a nurse of life and health, based on scientific knowledge
- As a man's helper on the basis of the economic and social order of the fatherland
- As guardian of morality and carer of the people in the spirit of Christ .
In the empire two courses were offered at the women's schools. The one-year maiden course enabled girls and women of the educated classes to prepare for the profession of housewife or their deputy. The maiden year, from 1926 the “women's apprenticeship year” or “apprenticeship year” was also used as preparation for the following, also one-year seminar. The seminar trained to be a teacher of agricultural household science. In the two-year training, one third (940) of the 3030 hours per week was divided into theory and two thirds (2090) from practical subjects.
The final exam was divided into two written exams, each on practical and theoretical aspects. The oral exam included a teaching sample such as the demonstration and explanation of a practical term paper and a theoretical exam. The future teachers had to complete a year of probation before taking on a permanent position.
Costume and insignia
The traditional costume that was prescribed for a long time was based on the reform dress . The proper name of the students as Maiden was on the acronym M ut, A usdauer, I dealismus and D returned emut and is not to be confused with the working Maiden the RAD or Reichsarbeitsdienst in the Nazi period. The Reifensteiner Maiden badges, the so-called school pins, are different depending on the school. The brooches mostly show motifs from agriculture and nature as a hallmark of the various schools.
First job profiles
The Reifensteiner Verband was a professional representation , developed professional fields for women and also served as a network . In addition to the position as a teacher at stationary schools such as the traveling housekeeping schools, the management of institutions, for example, also belonged to the occupation planned as early as 1915. The graduates should be able to take over the economic management of medium-sized and larger agricultural enterprises and goods such as teaching activities. Land care in the general welfare and (senior) house clerk, for example in nursing homes, sanatoriums and public kitchens, as well as housekeeping in correspondingly larger households, was also planned. The training as a "house clerk" was officially recognized from 1923 as a "rural housekeeper".
One of the Reifenstein schools, the one in Bad Weilbach, also trained women for employment in the German colonies from 1911 to 1914 . This training lasted a year and a half after the maiden year. Here, however, the independent and specialized colonial schools in Witzenhausen and later in Rendsburg prevailed. After losing World War I , Germany lost all colonies in early 1920 .
Curriculum content
The general teaching objectives explicitly included experiments, excursions, practical tasks and the self-activity of the students. Personnel management, literally the ability to issue operational orders to an appropriate extent and to monitor their execution, was also a central concern. The curriculum included home economics (cooking and baking, housework, manual work) and sciences (physics, chemistry, botany, food doctrine, health care, psychology and pedagogy), civics and German and accounting. During the scientific exercises, among other things, preparations for microscopic and bacteriological examinations were made, electrochemical experiments were carried out, solder tube samples were taken and dry matter and fat content were determined. A third focus was agriculture, in which animal husbandry, dairy and fruit and vegetable growing were taught.
The women's schools trained in cooking, baking, canning, slaughtering, washing, ironing, simple tailoring, sewing and mending. Horticulture and vegetable growing, poultry husbandry and poultry breeding, small animal and pig husbandry, milk processing and beekeeping were trained. In addition, economic, legal, scientific, historical and political connections were conveyed. In addition to teaching exercises and specialist methodology, social and nursing-hygienic content was conveyed through lectures, internships and lessons in infant and child care and nursing.
The school organization as well as the boarding school included the daily supplies for the school community: the respective cooking classes provided lunch for the classmates. The structured curriculum and the close connection between practice and theory also proved their worth in times of crisis. The practical orientation, in which the schoolgirls from the city valued the closeness to nature, and Maiden of rural origin valued the high degree of independence and personal responsibility, ran through the entire history of the school.
Various offices resulted from the daily tasks, from cleaning the lamps to feeding the animals or setting the table. The students were divided into groups led by a maid. Practice-oriented model, nursing and training companies for training female apprentices in agriculture, housekeeping and horticulture were often attached to the women's schools. Gardens, dairy and small animal breeding were run for training purposes as well as independent businesses.
daily routine
The training was organized according to a tight schedule. Holidays were 2–3 weeks at Christmas and 8–10 days in October. The day began at 6 o'clock in the morning with a short prayer and breakfast. In the morning, the home economics lesson took place, interrupted by a second breakfast, and the cooking department also prepared lunch. After that, there was a rest period until 3 p.m. The science lessons were carried out until the early evening, as well as choral singing and gymnastics were scheduled regularly. Once a week, a joint music or social evening was planned, at which school girls also gave presentations and lectures. Although every domestic job was learned from the ground up, maids were also in the house or external specialists were asked for repetitive work. On Sundays church attendance or home worship was planned.
Effort and earning potential
The schools accepted women and girls from the secondary girls' schools between 18 and 38 years of age. A medical certificate such as a certificate of good conduct was required. In 1915, the quarterly seminar fees amounted to 350 (maiden class) or 300 marks (seminar) for German schoolgirls, foreign women were admitted, but had somewhat higher fees at a flat rate of 400 marks. Scholarships were granted by, among others, Ida von Kortzfleisch herself and the German aristocratic association on application.
The exams were officially recognized and regulated in Prussia from 1909. Starting salaries for female graduates ranged from 600 to 850 marks for teachers (for free stations, i.e. board and lodging) and 1,800 and 2800 marks (for free stations, which was calculated at 750 marks) in more responsible positions. Some of the school entrepreneurs, such as the chambers of agriculture or municipal associations, also paid pensions, while others contributed a share to the pension funds. The Reifensteiner Association itself also held advanced training events. The school on the Amalienruh estate near Meiningen offered extended agricultural training courses and studies, which were also aimed at female graduates.
First World War
The demand for apprenticeships rose rapidly during the First World War. Initially, entire schools were closed or relocated for military reasons and only resumed and intensified in winter 1914. The supply situation was increasingly tense, especially catastrophic in 1916, at the same time, household management skills such as the graduates and teachers were in great demand and strained. Separate regular war courses were also set up. The military defeat, the end of the empire and in particular the Spanish flu 1918–1920 led to considerable impairments and upheavals in schools as well. Among other things, the school in Ofleiden, which is particularly popular and known for its noble maids, was attacked by the local workers' council.
Weimar Republic
After the First World War, the increasing need for teachers for girls' education in rural areas was taken into account and new job profiles such as rural social workers or gardeners were added. From 1920 on, female speakers were also accepted into the chambers of agriculture. A Reifensteiner, Käthe Delius , became the first ministerial advisor in the Ministry of Agriculture and drove the domestic school system forward. The training period was extended and, among other things, a social half-year was introduced. A birthday greeting to the former Kaiser Wilhelm II in the Maidenblatt in 1929 led to controversy and a forced change in the editorial team.
The association, like the associated magazine, also had its own employment agency.
Maiden meetings
The maids met at regular central maiden meetings, to which each school should send at least one representative. In 1926 one of these took place in Breslau under the motto Von Maiden for Maiden . There was an invitation to maiden tea in the concert hall, a lecture by an old maid from Stuttgart and a general discussion on maiden issues took place . The program was supplemented, among other things, with a steamboat trip and a club evening. The traditional costume was compulsory at tea and at the association evening. Local maiden meetings took place regularly in Hamburg and Stuttgart, among others. In Berlin in 1926 local maiden meetings were also invited to swim in the Wannsee and it was recommended to take pastries, lutes and song books with you. A name contribution commemorated the death sentence against Leo Schlageter, a member of the voluntary corps . Some articles point to controversies, for example on the question of a ban on alcohol, as late as 1921 the pros and cons of women's suffrage were discussed. The October 1926 edition was dedicated to Ida von Kortzfleisch and the 25th anniversary of the Obernkirchen Economic School for Women . Among other things, the mistletoe-shaped Oberkirchen maiden brooch was depicted at the foundation festival and a maiden song O old maiden glory was quoted.
Cooperation with the Jewish Women's Association
The Reifenstein schools were not denominational, but were closely linked to the Protestant women's movement and the church. In 1926, the economic women's school in Wolfratshausen was also established as a women's school operated by a Jewish institution, the Munich branch of the Jewish women's association. The school existed until 1938.
Among other things, the writer Carry Brachvogel , who was later murdered in Theresienstadt, had advertised the economic women's schools and their cooking courses in Upper Bavaria.
National Socialism
In 1934 the Reifensteiner Association and its schools were affiliated to the Reichsnährstand , and the Hanoverian country farmer's leader Hartwig von Rheden now took part in the board meetings. In 1935, by decree of the Reich and Prussian Ministers for Science, Education and National Education, training to become an agricultural teacher was reorganized and the economic women's schools in the countryside were renamed "Rural women's schools". Until 1936, the centerpiece was the state-recognized (but then separately carried out with regard to pedagogical content) training of teachers for their own schools and for the entire rural domestic education system. In 1936, by ministerial decree, it was renamed “rural women schools”.
The aristocratic origins of many female pupils, the fundamentally Christian orientation and the good (or rather exaggerated) equipment of the schools was viewed critically by the new rulers.
In 1936 the previous chairwoman was deposed by Herwarth and a chairwoman and a managing director appointed by the Reichsnährstand were appointed, and the school administrators also proceeded in a similar way. Essential aspects of democratic self-government have been abolished in the association as well as in the school administrations, models and admission regulations have been realigned in line with the regime and its racial ideology.
In 1937 the association name was changed to "Reifensteiner Association for House and Agricultural Women Education" as part of an amendment to the statutes. In 1942 the Oberkirchen headmistress, Freiin von Dincklage, was temporarily deposed (and later appointed a deputy appointed by the Reichsnährstand ) after an article in the SS magazine Das Schwarze Korps , because she was an applicant who believed in God (i.e. who had left the church under the sign of the Nazi regime) The daughter of an SS member had canceled.
The entire existence of the Reifensteiner schools was temporarily in danger, but they were retained as a whole - also because of the importance attached to them for the supply situation. Towards the end of the war, among other things, a headmistress was accused of having given a pastor of the Confessing Church space for church services. A number of schools were affected by billeting such as compulsory obligations and were used, among other things, as a hospital or headquarters. War-related closings and the destruction of entire schools like the one in Metgethen also occurred. The inventory and most of the teaching staff at the schools in Reifenstein and Beinrode were brought to Obernkirchen before the Russian occupation.
Development after 1945
In 1945/46, the rural women’s schools in Bad Weilbach, Chattenbühl, Obernkirchen, Wittgenstein and Wöltingerode, which were closed due to the war, were reopened in the western occupation zones. In 1946, the previous managing director was appointed to the board by a decision of the Berlin Register Court. In 1947 the women's schools in Reifenstein and Beinrode were nationalized on the basis of an order from the Soviet military administration , and ownership of the property passed to the state of Thuringia . The formal reconstitution of the Reifensteiner Verband only took place in 1947 when it was entered in the Berlin-Charlottenburg register of associations and in 1948 in the register of associations in Obernkirchen. The schools were converted into vocational technical schools, some temporarily to higher technical schools, the range of courses was expanded and, among other things, 6 or 12-month courses were offered for high school graduates.
In 1949 a first chairwoman was elected. The first general meeting of the Reifensteiner Verband took place on October 10, 1950. The changes in the statutes of the Nazi era were corrected in 1951, and the May Days that had already taken place were now formally incorporated. Schools in the west also sponsored schools (and their staff) in the former eastern regions .
Crisis from the 1960s
From the 1960s onwards, extensive modernizations were carried out, both in terms of space, technology and pedagogy. The range of courses offered by schools expanded in these years. Six training courses, some of them lasting several years, were offered with a focus on rural housekeeping, each of which had different educational access requirements. Nevertheless, from 1960 to 1972 economic and social changes had a negative effect on the number of female students and thus the economic situation of rural women schools, which led to the closure of several schools. The educational reform had chosen the Catholic working-class girl from the country as its target group, the former barriers to access to higher education had been reduced. The social changes of the 1968s called many of Reifenstein's school traditions into question. Wearing the so-called maiden costume, which once made a significant contribution to the school community, was released after many decades.
In the 1970s, the two rural women’s schools still in existence in Wittgenstein and Wöltingerode had several school branches that also enabled social care careers. A two-year school for dieticians was set up in Wittgenstein. The two schools existed to the end. For example, the Reifensteiner Schule Wöltingerode opened a technical college for social education in 1973. From 1972 to 1990, the two remaining Reifenstein schools changed their structures, and the training courses were once again adapted to the new educational needs. In 1980 another tradition was broken: the first male student was accepted into the Wittgenstein School together with 170 female students. In 1990 the last two rural women’s schools, Wittgenstein and Wöltingerode, were closed and transferred to the Christliche Jugenddorfwerk Deutschland e. V. handed over.
Present and inheritance
On May 29, 1991 the Reifensteiner Verband e. V. - Association of former Reifensteiners -, it celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1997 and in 2015 has around 1,200 members worldwide. The association and school documents are kept in the Lower Saxony State Archive (Bückeburg location) (D 21).
The Reifensteiner women's schools upgraded rural housekeeping from an unskilled job to a qualified and respected apprenticeship. They also had an indirect influence on the associated vocational training and their professional representation and associations. The schoolgirls had a certain sense of class and also contributed to the merger in agricultural housewives 'associations and rural women' s associations.
They also conveyed traditional and community-building ceremonies such as festivals, theater and nativity plays as well as musical performances as part of school life. The violinist Luz Leskowitz , who later directed a local music festival, performed in Birkelbach in 1960 . As usual in the dual system, the understanding of education was based on the unity of general and vocational training and, in addition to professional qualifications, placed emphasis on personal development. The schools and the association contributed to the recognition of domestic work as gainful employment, the strengthening of female self-confidence, the emphasis on the principle of self-help and the economic, cultural and professional emancipation of women in rural areas.
Trivia
Marie Elisabeth Lüders remembered ridiculous verses in Berlin that targeted the comparatively rural, provincial school location and its voluntary removal from the urban environment.
The economic women's school in Miesbach also had a model farm with the Fehrhof. The “ Bavarian Cookbook ”, which has been updated to the present day, was created from a collection of recipes from the general's daughter, Miesbacher teacher and later Upper Government Agriculture Councilor Maria Hofmann . Miesbacher Maiden were out and about with teaching kitchens in old Bavaria and conveyed relevant content in the cold season. According to the writer Carry Brachvogel , that was urgently needed at the time. She promoted the economic women's school and its cooking courses:
"Then Bavaria will lose its well-founded reputation for bad cuisine and even the broadest class will learn that there are also very remarkable culinary provinces beyond dumplings and branding."
The mockery term dumpling high school diploma ( dumpling one year old was more appropriate in the Reifensteiner case ) is cited to this day for household technical schools in general, as well as for high schools with a social and household aspect , which are still widespread in Bavaria. Such nicknames came up against non-Bavarian Reifensteiners; for example, pudding school - in the sense of a Geusen word - was also used internally.
Hofmann was in charge of the Bavarian cookbook and its new editions until her death in 1998. Other schools in Reifenstein also used and published their own collections of teaching and recipes for teaching.
Well-known students
- Elisabeth von Barsewisch (cf. Bernhard von Barsewisch ), and her daughter, the author Gisa von Barsewisch.
- The daughters Caroline Hermine and Henriette of the second wife of Kaiser Wilhelm II, Hermine Reuss older line , completed their one-year training in 1932/33 and 1936/37, also in Obernkirchen .
- Käthe Delius (1893–1977), later director of the Federal Research Institute for Housekeeping.
- Princess Friederike Luise von Hannover , who later became Queen of Greece, was in Obernkirchen from Easter to autumn 1937.
- Marie-Elisabeth Lüders , politician and later age president of the German Bundestag, was a student in Nieder-Ofleiden in 1899
- Freya von Moltke , lawyer and resistance fighter, widow of Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
- Ruth von Kalkreuth, wife of Mut Steiner , long-time chairwoman of the Württemberg regional association of agricultural housewives' associations, prisoner in the Rudersberg labor education camp
- Elisabeth von Thadden was in Maidburg until her mother's death, after which she took over the management of her father's property at the age of nineteen.
- Ernestine von Trott zu Solz , deaconess and head of the therapeutic living and residential community Landheim Salem near Asendorf
- Verena Wagner , Richard Wagner's granddaughter, was a student in Obernkirchen in 1936/37.
literature
Historical writings
- General publication of the Reifensteiner Verein, Gotha 1915
- J. Frick: How do you become a teacher of agricultural housekeeping in Prussia? Second edition 1914
- Anna von Heydekampf, Maidenstammliste, Gotha: Schmidt & Thelow, 1925
- Ida von Kortzfleisch, Das Maidenbuch 1910
- Johannes Kramer: The rural domestic education system in Germany, dissertation at the University of Erlangen, Fulda 1913
- The Maidenblatt: Organ of the Reifensteiner Association for Home and Agricultural Women's Education e. V. and the Maidenbund, Gotha Schmidt & Thelow 1916–1942
- Prussia Ministry of Agriculture, Domains and Forests: The provisions of the Minister for Agriculture, Domains and Forests on the training of teachers in agricultural housekeeping from March 30, 1914: Special deduction for the Reifensteiner Association for economic women's schools in the country, Ministerialblatt for 1914, Berlin Unger (1914)
- Reifensteiner Verband e. V. - Association for former Reifensteiners (ed.): Reifensteiner recipes. Recipe and advice collection from the economic women's school in Reifenstein (Eichsfeld). Reprint anthology with cooking, baking and preserving recipes, vegetable growing, laundry rules; thematic introductions to the history of Ina Farwick, Josef Keppler, Herbert Goedecke, Duderstadt 2005, 256 pages, 16 black-and-white illustrations, ISBN 3-936617-45-7
Advisory literature in the area
- Lotte Matschoss, The tailor's dummy made of paper, Berlin: Reifensteiner Frauenschulverlag, 1930
- Lotte Matschoss, colors and their application in daily life, Reifensteiner Frauenschulverlag, 1930
- Reifensteiner laundry rules Gotha: Schmidt & Thelow, [1930], 7th through. u. presumably ed.
- Luise Senff, Reifensteiner basic recipes for cooking and baking, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, 1966, 9th edition.
- Elsbeth von Oppen, Reifensteiner preserving recipes for fruit and vegetables, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1960, new edit. 10th ed.
Recent studies
- Ortrud Wörner-Heil: Noble women as pioneers of vocational training: rural housekeeping and the Reifensteiner Verband kassel university press GmbH, 2010
- Ortrud Wörner-Heil: Women's schools in the country - Reifensteiner Verband (1897–1997), series of publications by the Archives of the German Women's Movement, Volume 11, Archives of the Women's Movement, 1997
- Ortrud Wörner-Heil: Käthe Delius (1893-1977) Housekeeping as a science, Fulda, 2018
- Anna von Heydekampf (Ed.): Ida von Kortzfleisch, her life and her work, Gotha, 1927
- Anke Sawahn: The women's lobby from the country - The rural women movement in Germany and its functionaries 1898 to 1948, DLG-Verlag, 2009
- Juliane Jacobi: Girls and Women Education in Europe - from 1500 to the present, Campus Verlag, 2013
Web links
- Association website www.reifensteiner-verband.de/
- Museum Obernkirchen
- CJD wins
- Lower Saxony
- Reifenstein monastery church
- Women's places-Lower Saxony
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Kramer, pp. 30-35
- ↑ Kramer, pp. 90-91
- ↑ Kramer, p. 68
- ↑ a b Kramer, p. 16.
- ↑ Kramer, p. 18.
- ↑ a b c Kramer, 1913, § 11: Rural home economics teaching arrangements abroad, pp. 110–115
- ↑ Hans Jürgen Teuteberg, «From housemother to housewife. Kitchen work in the 18th / 19th century in contemporary housekeeping literature », in: Hans Jürgen Teuteberg (Ed.) The revolution at the dining table: new studies on food culture in the 19th-20th centuries. Century, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004, a. a. Pp. 116-119
- ↑ Britta Oehlke, Where housewives are made ... Northwest German household schools and their influences and effects from the end of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century. Dortmund: Wulff (2004), Univ., Diss., 2003. Münster (Westphalia),
- ↑ Both titles in Ortrud Wörner-Heil: Noble women as pioneers of vocational training: the rural housekeeping and the Reifensteiner Verband kassel university press GmbH, 2010, pp. 245–246, Wörner-Heil quotes Leixner's title Zur Frauenfrage in Deutschland 1893, published in several episodes of the Daily Rundschau (from No. 220) had appeared.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Ortrud Wörner-Heil: Women's schools in the country 1997, A story of female awakening and pioneering spirit, pp. 9-17
- ↑ a b c d e Kramer 1913, section Economic women's schools in rural areas, pp. 80–83
- ↑ a b c Reifensteiner Verein: Allgemeine Vereinschrift, Gotha August 1915, From the benefit of economic women's schools, IvKS 7.
- ↑ Ortrud Wörner-Heil: Noble women as pioneers of vocational training: rural housekeeping and the Reifensteiner Verband kassel university press GmbH, 2010, p. 247
- ↑ a b Reminder report from Marie-Elisabeth Lüders , maid in Nieder Ofleiden in the first year 1889/99. Sheet of the Altmaiden No. 445 May / June 2003, first publication 1954 in the association magazine, quotation from the association website of the reifensteiner association. http://www.reifensteiner-verband.de/Nieder-Ofleiden.pdf
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Ortrud Wörner-Heil: Women's schools in the country 1997, pp. 60–109
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Ortrud Wörner-Heil: Frauenschulen auf dem Lande 1997, pp. 26–31
- ↑ a b c Ministerialblatt für 1914, p. 28ff.
- ^ Reifensteiner Verein: Allgemeine Vereinschrift, Gotha August 1915
- ↑ a b Reifensteiner Verein: Allgemeine Vereinschrift, Gotha August 1915 Ida von Kortzfleisch's guiding principles p. 6
- ↑ They are occasionally traded as Nazi badges by militaria dealers and relevant political currents, so they have no context in terms of content or history.
- ^ Reifensteiner Verein: Allgemeine Vereinschrift, Gotha August 1915 p. 5
- ↑ a b Reifensteiner Verein: Allgemeine Vereinschrift , Gotha August 1915, Professions p. 14
- ↑ Kramer 1913, p. 84
- ↑ Reifensteiner Verein: Allgemeine Vereinschrift, Gotha August 1915 General teaching objectives p. 7
- ↑ Ministerialblatt for 1914, substance distribution plan p. 9ff
- ^ Reifensteiner Verein: Allgemeine Vereinschrift, Gotha August 1915 Officially prescribed curriculum for women's schools, pp. 8 and 9
- ↑ a b c d Reifensteiner Verein: Allgemeine Vereinschrift, Gotha August 1915 p. 12
- ^ Reifensteiner Verein: Allgemeine Vereinschrift, Gotha August 1915, Scholarships p. 16
- ↑ a b c d e Das Maidenblatt, May 20, 1926, Volume 11, No. 10
- ^ Das Maidenblatt, October 5, 1926, Volume 11, No. 19
- ↑ a b c Hans Kratzer: Sauguad. The Bavarian Cookbook has been around for 100 years. It reflects the history of the kitchen and technology, language and zeitgeist. And you learn to cook with it too. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , No. 244, October 23, 2015, p. R15.
- ^ Siegener Zeitung :: KULTUR :: Luz Leskowitz says goodbye. In: www.siegener-zeitung.de. Retrieved March 10, 2016 .
- ↑ Economic women's school in the countryside in Bavaria, Miesbach, Ursula Meyer, Reifensteiner Association
- ↑ According to Article 131 of the Bavarian Constitution , the girls (meanwhile all pupils) had to be specially instructed in baby care, child rearing and housekeeping.
- ^ Announcement from the Reifensteiner Verband on the anniversary of the handover , August 2, 2010.
- ↑ Bavarian TV: Video "The Bavarian Cookbook" - Between Spessart and Karwendel. In: ARD Mediathek. Retrieved September 22, 2015 .
- ^ Reifensteiner Verband - Association of former Reifensteiners (HrsGr.): Reifensteiner Rezepte - Recipe and advice collection of the economic women's school in Reifenstein (Eichsfeld), Mecke Druck und Verlag, Duderstadt 2005
- ↑ For example Ingrid Gräfe, The festive buffet of the Reifensteiner School in Birkelbach. Published by Reifensteiner Schule Wittgenstein, Birkelbach, 1988
- ↑ Gisa and Bernhard von Barsewisch: At the "Noble Geese" at the table - Cooking and living in Brandenburg manor houses, A picture of the times with old recipes, published by the Förderverein Schloß-Museum Wolfshagen e. V. L&H Verlag, Berlin, 2nd edition, ISBN 978-3-939629-08-5
- ↑ Wörner-Heil, 2010, chapter on von Kalkreuth, 305–371
- ↑ See among others Edition Zeitzeugen, Elisabeth von Thadden “Gestalten - Widerstehen - Erleiden”, Hans Thoma Verlag, 2002