Restionaceae

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Restionaceae
Elegia tectorum

Elegia tectorum

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Restionaceae
Scientific name
Restionaceae
R.Br.

The Restionaceae are a plant family in the order of the sweet grass-like (Poales). The Restionaceae family has a disjoint area in the southern hemisphere . Some species are used in the tropical belt as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

Description and ecology

Habit of Baloskion tetraphyllum
Inflorescences of Baloskion tetraphyllum
Habit of Apodasmia similis in the habitat

They are perennial herbaceous plants with a grass-like habit; some species are evergreen. They mostly form rhizomes . Some species are xeromorphic . Photosynthesis is often carried out in the stem , as the leaves are often greatly reduced. The stalks are often divided into nodes and internodes (like the sweet grasses). The leaves are alternate.

Most taxa are dioeciously separated ( diocesan ), rarely monoecious . The male and female inflorescences often look different. The small, mostly unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite flowers are threefold and radially symmetrical to weakly zygomorphic . There are one or mostly two circles with each bract , so three or six. There may be one, two or three stamens per flower . Staminodes are sometimes present in the female flowers . There are usually three or less often one carpel / leaves per female or hermaphrodite flower .

There are cap fruits or nuts formed.

The fruits of many species usually only germinate after a bush fire , whereby the actual trigger (smoke or ash) is not known. Also, the germination rate is often rather low despite the appropriate environmental conditions, so that breeding is sometimes difficult.

Systematics and distribution

The Restionaceae family was established in 1810 by Robert Brown in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae , p. 243. The type genus is Restio Rottb. The botanical generic name Restio is derived from the Latin word restis for rope, this is a reference to the original use of some species, the fibers of which were used to make ropes and cords. The Restionaceae are therefore rarely referred to with the common German name rope grass plants .

Synonyms for Restionaceae R.Br. are: Ecdeiocoleaceae DFCutler & Airy Shaw , Anarthriaceae DFCutler & Airy Shaw. Since RF Thorne and JL Reveal 2007, taxa have belonged to the former family of the Elegiaceae Raf. today to the Restionaceae.

The Restionaceae family has a disjoint area in the southern hemisphere , which largely corresponds to the great continent of Gondwana . The family's oldest pollen finds come from the Upper Cretaceous .

In South Africa and Australia the Restionaceae occupy the ecological niches of the sweet grasses (Poaceae), rushes (Juncaceae) and sedge plants (Cyperaceae) in the natural vegetation . After colonization by the Europeans, they were consciously or unintentionally partially displaced by these groups of plants (for example to create pastureland). The original homeland of the taxa of the Restionaceae are the tropical and subtropical areas, or rarely the warm temperate areas, in southern Africa, Madagascar , Australia, Tasmania , New Zealand , in Southeast Asia , New Guinea , and in southern South America (only one species: Apodasmia chilensis ). Elegia fastigiata mast is considered to be extinct . , an endemic species of the Cape flora (South Africa).

The Restionaceae family includes 40 to 58 genera with 400 to 590 species (depending on whether individual authors separate genera into other families):

Female and male Alexgeorgea spec.
Habit of Calopsis paniculata
Habit of Cannomois virgata
Habit of Lepyrodia muelleri
Habit of Platycaulos callistachyus
Habit of Rhodocoma capensis
Habit of Staberoha banksii
Habit of Thamnochortus insignis
  • Alexgeorgea Carlquist : The three or so species occur only in the Australian state of Western Australia .
  • Anthochortus Nees (Syn .: Antochortus Nees orth. Var., Phyllocomos Mast. ): Of the approximately seven species, six occur only in the South African province of Western Cape and one also in the Eastern Cape .
  • Apodasmia B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : Of the four or so species, two occur in Australia, one in New Zealand and one in southern Chile.
  • Askidiosperm Steud. : The approximately twelve species occur only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Baloskion Raf. : The approximately eight species distributed in Australia in South Australia , Queensland , New South Wales , Australian Capital Territory , Victoria as well as Tasmania.
  • Calorophus Labill. (Syn .: Calostrophus F.Muell. Orth. Var.): The only two species both occur in Tasmania and one also in Victoria.
  • Cannomois P.Beauv. ex Desv. (Syn .: Cucullifera Nees , Mesanthus Nees ): The 13 species in South Africa that have been around since 2011 are all found in the Western Cape and a few in the Eastern and Northern Cape .
  • Catacolea B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : It contains only one species:
    • Catacolea enodis B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : It occurs only in the Australian state of Western Australia.
  • Ceratocaryum Nees : The eight or so species occur only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Chaetanthus R.Br. (Syn .: Prionosepalum Steud. , Chaelanthus Poir. Orth. Var.): The three or so species occur only in the Australian state of Western Australia.
  • Chordifex B.G.Briggs & LASJohnson (Syn .: Acion B.G.Briggs & LASJohnson , Guringalia B.G.Briggs & LASJohnson , Saropsis B.G.Briggs & LASJohnson ): The approximately 21 species are distributed in southwestern Australia (Western Australia, Queensland, New South Wales) and Tasmania.
  • Coleocarya S.T.Blake : It contains only one species:
    • Coleocarya gracilis S.T.Blake : It occurs in the Australian states of Queensland and New South Wales.
  • Cytogonidium B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : It contains only one species:
  • Dapsilanthus B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : The four or so species are distributed in Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland), New Guinea , Malaysia , Cambodia , Thailand , Vietnam and Hainan .
  • Desmocladus Nees : The approximately 15 species occur only in the Australian states in South Australia and Western Australia. (According to BG Briggs: Desmocladus (Restionaceae) enlarged to include the Western Australian genera Harperia, Kulinia and Onychosepalum. In: Telopea , Volume 17, 2014, p. 32 the species of the genera Harperia , Kulinia , Onychosepalum also belong to the genus Desmocladus )
  • Dielsia Gilg : It contains only one species:
    • Dielsia stenostachya (W.Fitzg.) BGBriggs & LASJohnson (Syn .: Dielsia cygnorum Gilg nom. Illeg.): It occurs only in the Australian state of Western Australia.
  • Elegia L. (Syn .: Chondropetalum Rottb. , Dovea Kunth , Lamprocaulos Mast. ): The approximately 35 species are common in South Africa and mainly floral elements of the Capensis .
  • Empodisma L.ASJohnson & DFCutler : Of the only three species, one occurs only in Western Australia, one only on New Zealand's North Island and one in Australia and New Zealand .
  • Eurychorda B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : It contains only one species:
    • Eurychorda complanata (R.Br.) BGBriggs & LASJohnson : It is common in the Australian states of South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.
  • Harperia W. Fitzg . : The three or so species occur only in Western Australia. (According to BG Briggs: Desmocladus (Restionaceae) enlarged to include the Western Australian genera Harperia, Kulinia and Onychosepalum. In: Telopea , Volume 17, 2014, p. 32 the species of the genera Harperia , Kulinia , Onychosepalum also belong to the genus Desmocladus )
  • Hydrophilus H.P. Linder : It contains only one species:
  • Hypodiscus Nees (Syn .: Boeckhia Kunth , Lepidanthus Nees , Leucoploeus Nees ): The 15 or so species are all floral elements of the Capensis, two species also occur a little north of it in Namaqualand, and they are in the South African provinces of West, East and East North Cape widespread.
  • Hypolaena R.Br. : The eight or so species are distributed in the Australian states of Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.
  • Kulinia B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : It contains only one species:
    • Kulinia eludens B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : It is only found in Western Australia. (According to BG Briggs: Desmocladus (Restionaceae) enlarged to include the Western Australian genera Harperia, Kulinia and Onychosepalum. In: Telopea , Volume 17, 2014, p. 32 the species of the genera Harperia , Kulinia , Onychosepalum also belong to the genus Desmocladus )
  • Lepidobolus Nees : The eight or so species are distributed in the Australian states of Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, seven of which are found in Western Australia.
  • Leptocarpus R.Br. (Syn .: Schoenodum Labill.): The only three species are common in the Australian states of Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. According to BG Briggs: Leptocarpus (Restionaceae) enlarged to included Meeboldina and Stenotalis, with new Western Australian species and subgenera. In: Telopea , Volume 16, 2014, p. 22, the species of the genera Meeboldina and Stenotalis belongto the genus Leptocarpus .
  • Lepyrodia R.Br. : The approximately 22 species are distributed in the Australian states of Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.
  • Loxocarya R.Br. (Syn .: Megalotheca F. Muell. ): The five or so species occur only in Western Australia.
  • Mastersiella Gilg-Ben. : The only three species are floral elements of the Capensis and occur in the South African provinces of the Western and Eastern Cape.
  • Meeboldina Suess. : The five or so species occur only in Western Australia. According to BG Briggs: Leptocarpus (Restionaceae) enlarged to included Meeboldina and Stenotalis, with new Western Australian species and subgenera. In: Telopea , Volume 16, 2014, p. 22, the species of the genera Meeboldina and Stenotalis belongto the genus Leptocarpus .
  • Melanostachya B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : It contains only one species:
    • Melanostachya ustulata (F.Muell. Ex Ewart & Sharman) BGBriggs & LASJohnson : It occurs only in Western Australia.
  • Nevillea Esterh. & HPLinder : The three or so species are floral elements of the Capensis and only occur in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Onychosepalum Steud. : The three or so species occur only in Western Australia. (According to BG Briggs: Desmocladus (Restionaceae) enlarged to include the Western Australian genera Harperia, Kulinia and Onychosepalum. In: Telopea , Volume 17, 2014, p. 32 the species of the genera Harperia , Kulinia , Onychosepalum also belong to the genus Desmocladus )
  • Platycaulos H.P.Linder : The about nine species Flore elements of capensis and occur in the South African provinces of Eastern and Western Cape; one species also extends to KwaZulu-Natal .
  • Platychorda B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : The only two species occur only in Western Australia.
  • Restio Rottb. (Syn .: Calopsis P.Beauv. Ex Desv. , Craspedolepis Steud. , Ischyrolepis Steud. , Leiena Raf. ): The approximately 160 species are distributed in southern Africa and one species occurs only in Madagascar.
  • Rhodocoma Nees : The eight or so species are floral elements of the Capensis and occur in the South African provinces of the Eastern and Western Cape; one species also extends to KwaZulu-Natal.
  • Sporadanthus F. Muell. : Of the approximately seven species, four occur in southern and eastern Australia, one only in Tasmania and two only on the North Island of New Zealand.
  • Staberoha Kunth : The nine or so species are floral elements of the Capensis and only occur in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Stenotalis B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : It contains only one species:
    • Stenotalis ramosissima (Gilg) BGBriggs & LASJohnson : It occurs only in Western Australia. According to BG Briggs: Leptocarpus (Restionaceae) enlarged to included Meeboldina and Stenotalis, with new Western Australian species and subgenera. In: Telopea , Volume 16, 2014, p. 22, the species of the genera Meeboldina and Stenotalis belongto the genus Leptocarpus .
  • Taraxis B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : It contains only one species:
  • Thamnochortus P.J.Bergius : The 33 or so species are floral elements of the Capensis and all occur in the South African province of Western Cape; a few species also occur in the Eastern and Northern Cape.
  • Tremulina B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : The only two species are only found in Western Australia.
  • Tyrbastes B.G. Briggs & LASJohnson : It contains only one species:
  • Willdenowia Thunb. (Syn .: Willdenovia Thunb. Orth. Var., Nematanthus Nees , Spirostylis Nees ex Mast. ): The approximately twelve species are all floral elements of the Capensis and all occur in the South African province of Western Cape; a few species are also found in the Eastern and Northern Cape; two species also thrive outside the Capensis in Namaqualand.
  • Winifredia L.ASJohnson & BGBriggs : It contains only one species:

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Individual evidence

  1. ^ Restionaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 7, 2014.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Restionaceae - data sheet at Australian Plant Name Index = APNI . Retrieved December 7, 2014.
  3. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names . 3. Edition. Nikol-Verlag (licensed edition), Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-149-9 , p. 532 .
  4. ^ A b Restionaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 7, 2014.}
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Restionaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 7, 2014.
  6. ↑ Species list for Anthochortus in the Red List of South African Plants
  7. ↑ Species list on Askidiosperma in the Red List of South African Plants
  8. ↑ Species list for Cannomois in the Red List of South African Plants
  9. ↑ Species list for Ceratocaryum in the Red List of South African Plants
  10. ↑ Species list for Hydrophilus in the Red List of South African Plants
  11. ↑ Species list for Hypodiscus in the Red List of South African Plants
  12. ^ List of species for Mastersiella in the Red List of South African Plants
  13. ^ List of species on Nevillea in the Red List of South African Plants
  14. ↑ Species list for Platycaulos in the Red List of South African Plants
  15. ↑ Species list to Rhodocoma in the Red List of South African Plants
  16. ^ List of species for Staberoha in the Red List of South African Plants
  17. ↑ Species list for Thamnochortus in the Red List of South African Plants
  18. ^ List of species on Willdenowia in the Red List of South African Plants

Web links

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