Golden elephant dog

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Golden elephant dog
Golden elephant dog (Rhynchocyon chrysopygus) (illustration by Joseph Smit)

Golden elephant dog ( Rhynchocyon chrysopygus )
(illustration by Joseph Smit )

Systematics
Superordinate : Afrotheria
without rank: Afroinsectiphilia
Order : Elephant jerk (Macroscelidea)
Family : Elephant jerk (Macroscelididae)
Genre : Proboscis Dog ( Rhynchocyon )
Type : Golden elephant dog
Scientific name
Rhynchocyon chrysopygus
Günther , 1881

The Golden elephant shrew ( Rhynchocyon chrysopygus ), also Goldsteiß-elephant shrew or gold back elephant shrew , is a mammal of the family of shrews . It inhabits a narrow coastal strip in eastern and southeastern Kenya , where the representatives occur in closed forest landscapes. The animals are, like other elephants, characterized by a trunk-like elongated nose and long hind and short front legs. The way of life of the golden elephant dog has been studied comparatively well, especially through field observations in the 1970s and 1990s. It is diurnal, ground dwelling and lives in monogamous couple bonds that last for life. The tied animals use territories that completely overlap, but joint activities are largely limited to the mating season. The diet consists of a diverse number of invertebrates , with beetles dominating. It is searched on the ground and occasionally also dug up. Typical is the construction of nests from plant material, which serve as retreats. The female gives birth to a young several times a year. The rearing takes place without the active participation of the sire. The species was scientifically introduced in 1881. Due to the highly fragmented distribution area, their existence is considered to be severely endangered.

features

Habitus

The golden trunk dog is a medium-sized representative of the trunk dog. According to studies of 80 individuals, it has a total length of 46.4 to 56.1 cm, the head-trunk length is 21.8 to 30.4 cm, the tail is 21.3 to 27 cm long. The tail is around 85% the length of the rest of the body. The weight varies from 410 to 690 g. There is no externally recognizable sexual dimorphism ; the males examined in the Arabuko Sokoke Forest weighed an average of 527 g, females weighed 545 g. Like all elephants, the golden elephant dog has a trunk-shaped, elongated and very agile nose as well as short and thin limbs, with the hind legs longer than the front legs. The trunk is noticeably arched and higher at the pelvis than at the shoulders. The back fur consists of long, silky hair. It shows a walnut-brown to dark red-brown color. In contrast, there is a golden yellow spot on the rear part of the trunk, to which the animals also owe their common names . The hairs of the golden yellow spot are on average longer (22.2 mm) than those of the rest of the body (16.6 mm), and they are longer in females than in males. Especially with the latter, a particularly thick skin is formed, which is three times as thick as that of the rest of the back. The skin only thickens as the young animals grow out. Some individuals are characterized by an indistinct speckled pattern on the back, as is typical of the spotted proboscis dog ( Rhynchocyon cirnei ). The head appears greyish-yellow-brown. The eyes are large, the ears are erect and broad. They become 30 to 38 mm long, the bare skin visible here is black. A prominent mane sometimes appears on the neck. The tail is two-colored, dark on top, light underneath, and only sparsely hairy. It continuously decreases in thickness from the root to the tip, a brush-like, black-colored tuft of hair is formed at the tip of the tail, and there are also irregularly shaped white spots of color. The legs and feet are blackish in color. Front and rear feet each have four rays and end in well-developed claws. The rear foot becomes 68 to 79 mm long.

Skull and dentition features

The length of the skull is 67.6 mm, the width at the zygomatic arches 36.2 mm. Overall, it is built narrowly and more triangular when viewed from above, which is caused by a broad skull and a narrow rostrum . The tympanic bubbles are slightly enlarged on the underside of the skull . The lower jaw has a towering articular branch. The bit is made up of 34 to 36 teeth together and has the following tooth formula : . If the upper incisors are formed, they are only small in size. The upper canine, on the other hand, is large, and a secondary sexual dimorphism can also be detected here: in males, the upper canine is about 5.5 to 7.5 mm long, in females 3.6 to 5.2 mm. The rear teeth have a slightly high crown ( hypsodontic ) character, the premolars and the molars are clearly different because the latter are dilambdodont (that is, they have two Λ -shaped ribs on the chewing surface). The upper row of teeth reaches a length of 23.5 to 29.8 mm.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the golden elephant dog (small green markings in the center of the square)

The golden elephant dog is endemic to East Africa . It inhabits only a small region on the southeast and eastern coast of Kenya , from the Tana in the north to the Rabai Hills near Mombasa in the south. The distribution area is thus limited to the zone of coastal forests, preferred habitats of the species include closed forests and thickets with dense subsurface vegetation, and sometimes overgrown cultivated land. Overall, however, it is highly fragmented, the height distribution extends to 30 m above sea level. In the Arabuko Sokoke Forest , an approximately 420 km² area of ​​partly deciduous forests and with an annual rainfall of 600 to over 1000 mm immediately south of the Tana River, the golden elephant dog is often associated with Afzelia and Cynometra plant communities, in areas with Brachystegia growth was detected less often. The density of individuals is around 0.23 to 0.75 animals per hectare , which is significantly lower than that of the weevil rat ( Petrodromus tetradactylus ) , which also occurs here . Outside of the forest area, the golden elephant dog may only be found in around a dozen other locations, such as the Gedi ruins, a 44 hectare national monument south of Malindi . Here the density of individuals was around 1.6 animals per hectare in the 1970s.

It was originally assumed that the golden elephant dog also occurs in the Boni and Dodori national reserves north of the Tana. However, on-site investigations in the first decade of the 21st century showed that an independent, currently not yet described species of the elephant dog is widespread, which stands out from the other representatives of the genus due to its different colors.

Way of life

Territorial behavior

The Golden Proboscis Dog is diurnal with the main phase between 6.30 a.m. and 6.30 p.m., longer periods of rest can occur at lunchtime. These daily rest phases last about half a minute to half an hour, during which an animal lies or crouches. It lives exclusively on the ground and moves quadruped running or partially jumping, whereby it can be very fast with up to 27 km per hour ( cursorial ). The animals are always alert and have excellent sensory organs. The golden elephant spends the night in self-made nests. To do this, it digs out a shallow hollow 8 cm deep with the strong claws of its forefeet, into which it deposits leaves from the surrounding area. The resulting pile of leaves is then around 15 cm high and 50 cm in diameter. In the following two weeks it mostly collapses and can then hardly be distinguished from its surroundings, an entrance is usually not visible. Nest building usually takes place in the early hours of the morning and takes about two hours, either in one go or on several consecutive days. Overall, the construction of the shelter takes up an average of about 2.2% of the daily available time budget. Typically, an animal only uses the same nest for one or a few days in a row before moving. Apart from stretching in the morning and occasional scratching, hardly any particular comfort behavior has been proven. The typical "face washing" of the elephant shrews with the front paws has not yet been observed.

Individual animals use activity areas that are between 1.4 and 2 ha in size in the Gedi National Monument  , the average size is 1.7 ha. In contrast, in the Arabuko Sokoke Forest, a territory size of 1.1 to 5.3 ha was determined, With an average of 3.2 ha, males had larger territories than females with 2.3 ha. In addition, in males the size of the territory correlates positively with body size; in females there is no such effect. There are several nests spread over the territories; in contrast to the elephant shrews, the golden elephant dog does not create any special paths, only in the area of ​​very dense underground vegetation such paths can occasionally occur. The animals roam their areas daily, mostly to look for food, and sometimes even cross borders. Over a longer period of two to three weeks, however, there seem to be preferred areas of residence. The daily distances covered are on average 1030 m for males and 1121 m for females. The territories are marked with secretions from scent glands on the rump, but there are no specific places for this, rather this takes place continuously during the migration and foraging.

Like other elephants, the male and female of the golden elephant dog form monogamous pairs. These couple bonds often last throughout life until one partner disappears or dies. The territories of the two tied animals usually completely overlap. Outside the mating season, however, there are hardly any joint activities. Each partner withdraws to rest in their own nest. Occasional meetings are followed by nose-to-nose contacts or mutual torso rubbing, and the female may also lie down in front of the male. The contacts often only last a few seconds, and aggressive behavior has not yet been observed. Sometimes a tied male also occupies the neighboring territory of a female whose partner has disappeared, in which case the male has more than one partner. But it only holds this territory until an unbound male appears and occupies it. Promiscuity can also occur in the short term when unattached animals of the opposite sex roam foreign territory. In the majority of cases, however, intruders are chased away by animals of the same sex. Aggressive behavior is expressed by an upturned nose and ears set forward, while the tail whips the ground every 2 to 3 seconds. Then the defender goes into a quick zigzag run, the pursuit then ends at his own territory border. The thickened skin on the rump in the area of ​​the golden yellow spot often protects the animals from being bitten by attackers. It is possible that the stain developed as a signaling organ and the thickened skin as a protective organ; the distinctive coloring focuses the opponent and directs his bite attack on a more protected area of ​​the body. Social interactions both with the respective partner and with other conspecifics fill about 3% of the daily workload.

nutrition

Golden elephant dog

The golden elephant feeds to a large extent on insects , but also on other invertebrates . According to studies of stomach contents from the Gedi National Monument, beetles make up over 20% of their food , and the animals eat both the larvae and the adult insects. Subordinate they also eat grasshoppers , spiders , ants , earthworms , hundredths and millipedes and termites , a very small portion also includes plant material. It is noticeable that the golden elephant dog consumes beetles, earthworms and termites in larger quantities on average than they naturally occur in the environment, so that it is apparently relatively selective here. Overall, the species feeds on slower invertebrates and less on fast-moving or flying ones. In addition, the majority of the prey is of small body size, exceptions are earthworms and millipedes, which can be 10 to 15 or 6 to 10 cm long. In the Arabuko Sokoke Forest , a positive correlation with the presence of spiders was found, especially in the dry season, with the increase in spiders, the population density of the golden elephant dog also increases and the individual territories become smaller.

The golden elephant looks for food on the ground. It runs slowly and uses its nose to probe. Sometimes it removes leaves or other objects with its front feet or digs with them in the dense leaf waste. The digging of small, oval holes 3 cm deep and 5 cm in diameter with the claws of the front feet to prey on earthworms has also been observed. In addition to the sense of smell , well-developed hearing is also used. The food is finally taken in with the long tongue, which can be stretched out up to 5 mm in front of the tip of the nose. Since the animals eat from the ground, up to 5% soil substrate can be found in the stomach in addition to the prey. The Golden Proboscis uses around 79% of its active time budget for foraging and eating.

Reproduction

Reproduction can take place all year round. With the beginning of the female's oestrus phase, which lasts for about one to two days, the male follows it. The male animal draws attention to itself with nasal nudges on the trunk and tries to mount the female. The sexual act is relatively short and lasts an average of two seconds, but is repeated up to half a dozen times, after which the two animals separate again. The female usually gives birth to a single young animal after a gestation period of around 42 days . The birth weight is about 80 g, the young animal is not very developed, only partially hairy and not able to walk. It spends the first two weeks in its own nest, the mother only visits it briefly, once or a few times a day, to suckle it. The sire is not directly involved in rearing it, but it may contribute indirectly by chasing away predators . Weighing around 180 g, the young leaves the nest for the first time and follows the mother for the next two to three days. At this point it is most likely weaned. In the following days it becomes more and more independent and is then rarely seen with the mother animal. As a rule, older young animals are tolerated in the parental territories, some studies in the Gedi ruins show that some remain there for up to 190 days after leaving the nest, sometimes together with the next generation. However, they often leave the parent animal's territory 5 to 20 weeks after the first nest excursion and establish their own. The mortality rate of young animals is relatively high, in the first 60 days it is 60%, after which it continuously decreases. The interval between two births averages 82 days, but it can be significantly shorter if the newborn does not survive. For the population in the Arabuko Sokoke Forest , it is assumed that the females only have offspring three times a year, while the females of the Gedi ruins may have five or six litters during the year. Life expectancy in the wild is four to five years, a single animal in human captivity lived to be over eleven years old, which is the longest known lifespan of elephants to date.

Predators and enemy behavior

Known predators of the Golden trunk pooch pose to the snake eagles counting Art Circaetus fasciolatus and possibly the Black Mamba . In the distribution area of the Golden snout puppy dog home to many predators such as genets , birds of prey and snakes . Investigations of their food residues have so far provided little evidence of their capture of the elephant species. The good sensory performance helps to protect against potential predators, so that an animal freezes at the slightest noise and searches its surroundings. In the case of immediate danger, it either runs slowly away from the predator's range of vision and regularly hits the ground with its tail every 1 to 3 seconds, or it flees in a fast run with long jumps, but also makes high jumps remember those of the springbok within the ungulates . The escape is continuously accompanied by drumming on the ground.

Parasites and commensals

The external parasites are predominantly ticks, especially of the Rhipicephalus genera , which often attack the ear region. Fleas of the genus Chimaeropsylla also parasitize the golden elephant dog.

There is a special relationship with the natal red chalk , an insectivorous bird from the Schmätzer group . This is often in the immediate vicinity of the golden elephant dog, sometimes less than 1 m away. As a rule, the bird benefits from the remains of insects left behind or from the soil excavated by the elephant species, or it catches faster insects that have escaped the golden elephant dog. Mutual aggressive behavior has not yet been observed.

Systematics

Internal systematics of elephants according to Heritage et al. 2020
 Macroscelididae  
  Macroscelidinae  
  Macroscelidini  


 Galegeeska


   

 Petrodromus


   

 Petrosaltator




   

 Macroscelides



  Elephantulini  

 Elephantulus



  Rhynchocyoninae  

 Rhynchocyon



Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The golden elephant dog is a species from the genus of the elephant dog ( Rhynchocyon ), which includes a total of five species. The elephants in turn form part of the family of elephants (Macroscelididae) within the order of the same name (Macroscelidea). The family represents a group of smaller mammals that are endemic to Africa . It is divided into a total of six genera and two subfamilies. The proboscis are the only members of the subfamily Rhynchocyoninae, which is thus monotypical . The elephant dogs comprise the largest forms within the elephants, their preferred habitats consist of dense forests. The second subfamily, the Macroscelidinae , includes the elephant shrews ( Elephantulus ), the proboscis ( Petrodromus ) and the genera Macroscelides , Galegeeska and Petrosaltator . Their representatives are characterized by their significantly smaller growth, and they also inhabit predominantly dry to sometimes desert-like regions. Molecular genetic studies suggest that the two subfamilies separated from each other in the Lower Oligocene , about 32.8 million years ago. A diversification of the genus Rhynchocyon then began in the late Middle Miocene about 9.7 million years ago.

Internal systematics of the proboscis dogs according to Carlen et al. 2017
 Rhynchocyon  

 Rhynchocyon chrysopygus


   


 Rhynchocyon stuhlmanni


   

 Rhynchocyon cirnei



   

 Rhynchocyon udzungwensis


   

 Rhynchocyon petersi





Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The golden elephant dog is considered to be monotypical , no subspecies are distinguished. Some scientists see the species as a daughter of the spotted proboscis dog ( Rhynchocyon cirnei ), which is justified with the indistinct speckled and striped pattern on the back of some individuals. Oldfield Thomas referred the golden elephant dog together with the red-shouldered elephant dog ( Rhynchocyon petersi ) in 1918 to the subgenus Rhinonax , the special characteristic of which he assumed was the missing maxillary incisors. However, since this feature occurs in all types of the elephant dog, the distinction in sub-genera is not recognized.

The first scientific description of the golden elephant dog was in 1881 by Albert Günther . He carried out this on three individuals who had a head-torso length of 25.5 to 28.5 cm and a tail length of 20 to 23 cm. They were given to him by John Kirk and came from a river valley near Mombaça , today's Mombasa . The closest occurrence of the species today is about 40 km north of the city.

Threat and protection

The existence of the golden elephant dog is endangered. The largest known population is in the Arabuko Sokoke Forest . The removal of wood for construction and fuel material is one of the decisive threat factors. In the Cynometra populations, this leads to a decline in the leaf layer on the ground, to the opening of the canopy and to the loss of opportunities for the species to retreat. Trapping also has a strong influence. This does not necessarily take place on the golden elephant dog itself, whose meat is considered unpleasant to taste, but rather on the elephant , which is easier to catch, but the former often gets caught in the traps laid out. According to studies in the 1990s, the Giriami captured up to 3150 individuals in the forest area annually with a total biomass of around 1.7 t, which corresponds to around 8 individuals per square kilometer and year. With an individual density of a maximum of 0.75 animals per hectare, this was classified as justifiable at the time. However, between 1993 and 1996 the estimated number of individuals in the Arabuko Sokoke Forest fell from 20,000 to 14,000, the population decline was accordingly around 30%. Since then, hunting has declined significantly because of the patrols of the national park authorities, but still occurs in the border area of ​​the protected area. Outside of the forest area, the golden elephant dog can only be found in around a dozen other forest spots, all of which may not be larger than 1 km². The populations there are seen as threatened because of their small number of animals, as random events such as forest fires could lead to the disappearance of the animals. It is currently unclear whether they actually occur in all forest patches. The group in the Gedi ruins, which was intensively investigated in the 1970s, did not contain more than 70 individuals at that time, today it is estimated at around 20. The IUCN classifies the Golden elephant shrew as "high risk" ( endangered one). The species is represented in the Arabuko Sokoke National Park , among others .

In human care, the golden elephant dog is extremely seldom cared for. The animals kept in Frankfurt am Main between the 1970s and 1990s are the only known zoo population so far, but with which no breeding success has been achieved.

literature

  • Stephen Heritage: Macroscelididae (Sengis). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 206-234 (p. 227) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
  • Galen B. Rathbun: Rhynchocyon chrysopygus. Mammalian Species 117, 1979, pp. 1-4
  • Galen B. Rathbun: The social structure and ecology of Elephant-shrews. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie Beiheft 20 (Advances in Behavioral Research), 1979, pp. 1-76
  • Galen B. Rathbun: Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Golden-rumped Giant Sengi (Golden-rumped Elephant-shrew). In: Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Michael Hoffmann, Thomas Butynski, Meredith Happold and Jan Kalina (eds.): Mammals of Africa Volume I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. Bloomsbury, London, 2013, pp. 283-284

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Francesco Rovero, Galen B. Rathbun, A. Perkin, T. Jones, DO Ribble, C. Leonard, RR Mwakisoma and N. Doggart: A new species of giant sengi or elephant-shrew (genus Rhynchocyon ) highlights the exceptional biodiversity of the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. Journal of Zoology 274 (2), 2008, pp. 126-133
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Galen B. Rathbun: Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Golden-rumped Giant Sengi (Golden-rumped Elephant-shrew). In: Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Michael Hoffmann, Thomas Butynski, Meredith Happold and Jan Kalina (eds.): Mammals of Africa Volume I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. Bloomsbury, London, 2013, pp. 283-284
  3. ↑ a b c d Clare D. FitzGibbon: Comparative ecology of two elephant-shrew species in a Kenyan coastal forest. Mammal Review 25 (1/2), 1995, pp. 19-30
  4. ↑ a b c d e Clare D. FitzGibbon: The adaptive significance of monogamy in the golden-rumped elephant-shrew. Journal of Zoology 242, 1997, pp. 167-177
  5. ↑ a b Galen B. Rathbun: Evolution of the rump region in the Golden-rumped elephant-shrew. In: Duane A. Schlitter (Ed.): Ecology and taxonomy of African small mammals. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 6, 1978, pp. 11-19
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Galen B. Rathbun: Rhynchocyon chrysopygus. Mammalian Species 117, 1979, pp. 1-4
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h Stephen Heritage: Macroscelididae (Sengis). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 206-234 (p. 227) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  8. ^ A b Clare D. FitzGibbon and Galen B. Rathbun: Surveying Rhynchocyon elephant-shrews in tropical forest. African Journal of Ecology 32, 1994, pp. 50-57
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Galen B. Rathbun: The social structure and ecology of Elephant-shrews. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie Beiheft 20 (Advances in Behavioral Research), 1979, pp. 1-76
  10. ^ A b C. FitzGibbon and GB Rathbun: Rhynchocyon chrysopygus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. ( [1] ); last accessed on July 5, 2015
  11. ↑ Samuel Andanje, Bernard Risky Agwanda, W. Grace Ngaruiya, Rajan amine and Galen B. Rathbun: Sengi (Elephant shrew) observations from Northern coastal Kenya. Journal of East African Natural History 99 (1), 2010, pp. 1-8
  12. ^ Rajan Amin, Galen B. Rathbun and Samuel Andanje: Conservation concerns for Afrotheria in northern coastal Kenya. Afrotherian Conservation 8, 2011, pp. 15-16
  13. ^ Gea Olbricht: Longevity and fecundity in sengis (Macroscelidea). Afrotherian Conservation 5, 2007, pp. 3-5
  14. ↑ LJ Fourie, JS du Toit, DJ Kok and IG Horak: Arthropod parasites of elephant-shrews, with particular reference of ticks. Mammal Review 25, 1995, pp. 31-37
  15. ↑ a b Steven Heritage, Houssein Rayaleh, Djama G. Awaleh and Galen B. Rathbun: New records of a lost species and a geographic range expansion for sengis in the Horn of Africa. PeerJ 8, 2020, p. E9652, doi: 10.7717 / peerj.9652
  16. ^ Mike Perrin and Galen B. Rathbun: Order Macroscelidea - Sengis (Elephant-shrews). In: Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Michael Hoffmann, Thomas Butynski, Meredith Happold and Jan Kalina (eds.): Mammals of Africa Volume I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. Bloomsbury, London, 2013, pp. 258-260
  17. ↑ a b c G. B. Corbet and J. Hanks: A revision of the elephant-shrews, Family Macroscelididae. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural history) Zoology 16, 1968, pp. 47-111
  18. ^ HA Smit, B. Jansen van Vuuren, PCM O'Brien, M. Ferguson-Smith, F. Yang and TJ Robinson: Phylogenetic relationships of elephant-shrews (Afrotheria, Macroscelididae). Journal of Zoology 284, 2011, pp. 133-143
  19. ↑ Elizabeth J. Carlen, Galen B. Rathbun, Link E. Olson, Christopher A. Sabuni, William T. Stanley and John P. Dumbacher: Reconstructing the molecular phylogeny of giant sengis (Macroscelidea; Macroscelididae; Rhynchocyon). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 113, 2017, pp. 150-160
  20. ↑ Oldfield Thomas: Notes on Petrodromus and Rhynchocyon. The Annals and magazine of natural history 9 (1), 1918, pp. 364-370 ( [2] )
  21. ^ Albert Günther: Notes on the species of Rhynchocyon and Petrodromus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1881, pp. 163-164 ( [3] )
  22. ↑ Clare D. FitzGibbon, Hezron Mogaka and John H. Fanshawe: Subsistence Hunting in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya, and Its Effects on Mammal Populations. Conservation Biology 9 (5), 1995, pp. 1116-1126
  23. ↑ Grace Wambui Ngaruiya: Assessment of the range and population of golden-rumped elephant-shrew (Rhynchocyon chrysopygus) in the northern coastal forests of Kenya. Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, 2009
  24. ↑ Zoo animal list ( [4] ); last accessed on June 15, 2015
  25. ^ Galen B. Rathbun and Laurie Bingaman Lackey: A brief graphical history of sengis in captivity. Afrotherian Conservation 5, 2007, pp. 7-8

Web links

Commons : Golden Trunk Dog  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files