Giant Rötling

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Giant Rötling
2005-09-25 Entoloma sinuatum cropped.jpg

Giant Rötling ( Entoloma sinuatum )

Systematics
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Red bloom relatives (Entolomataceae)
Genre : Red rot ( Entoloma )
Subgenus : Entoloma subg. Entoloma
Type : Giant Rötling
Scientific name
Entoloma sinuatum
( Pers  .: Fr. ) P. Kumm.

The Riesen-Rötling ( Entoloma sinuatum ) is a type of mushroom from the family of Rötling relatives . Within the genus it is assigned to the subgenus Entoloma , which mainly contains species with stately, knightly fruit bodies. It is poisonous and can be confused with the edible May knight ( Calocybe gambosa ) , for example .

features

Macroscopic features

The hat becomes 5–20 cm wide. It is not hygrophan and tinted ivory or light gray-brown to pale lilac-gray. Its surface is smooth and bare or speckled or speckled. In addition, it is silky and shiny and has ingrown fibers in a network-like arrangement. The brim of the hat is thin and initially curved, later wavy. The thin hat skin is removable. The meat of the hat is thick and coarse. The lamellae are whitish at first, then yellowish for a long time and finally flesh-pink due to the spores . With a maximum of 1.5 cm, they are noticeably short. They are rigid, stand little crowded and are connected at the bottom with cross veins. The spore powder is reddish in color. The white stem becomes 4–16 cm long and 6–35 mm thick. Its surface is fibrous, grooved and shiny. The stalk is frosted at the tip and tomentose at the base. Its interior is spongy and eventually hollow. The smell and taste are flour-like with an unpleasant sourish-radish-like, sometimes also sweetish note.

Microscopic features

At the basidia measure 27–35 × 7.5–9.5 µm. 4 spores mature on each of them  . The 5- to 7-sided spores are (sub) isodiametrically to slightly heterodiametrically shaped and measure 8-11 (-11.5) x 7-9 (-9.5) micrometers. The quotient of length and width is 1.0–1.3, on average 1.2. There are no cystids on the edges of the lamellae, but buckles are common everywhere on the transverse walls of the hyphae . The pigment in the hat top layer is intracellular.

Species delimitation

Due to the smell of flour or cucumber, which is typical for both species, and the similar color, it can be confused with the edible Mairitterling ( Calocybe gambosa ). The edible mushroom , however, has white and particularly crowded lamellae in all ages and usually fructifies earlier in the year. It can also be confused with the fog-gray funnel-shaped cone ( Clitocybe nebularis ), which usually occurs later than the giant red oet. It has a sweet smell and quite crowded lamellae. They are never pink in color and white when young. Both types have elliptical spores and lighter colored spore powder. Other red blooms are usually smaller than the giant red bloom. The pale brown Rötling ( E. sepium ), like the May knight, usually appears earlier in the year. It is edible. The poisonous white-stemmed rötling ( E. lividoalbum ) has a hygrophan hat.

Ecology and phenology

The Riesen-Rötling is in light deciduous forests, which are mostly in the climax stage . Preference meso and hygrophile and calcareous beech , beech-fir and oak-hornbeam forests . Sometimes the fungus can also be found on the edges of forests, hedges, meadows, parks and similar biotopes. The species colonizes fresh, moist to alternately wet, loamy, more or less heavily gelled limestone brown and parabrown soils or gley soils . These are well supplied with bases and moderately nutrients. The fungus forms a mycorrhiza with deciduous trees. These are primarily beeches , followed by oaks .

The fruiting bodies appear from August to October, rarely later or even in early summer. They often form witch rings .

distribution

The Riesen-Rötling can be found in the Holarctic , where it is submeridional to temperate . It can be found in North America (Canada, USA), Europe and North Asia ( Asia Minor , Japan). In Europe, the area extends from the Benelux countries and France in the west to Estonia and Belarus in the east and south to Spain, Italy, Bulgaria and Romania and north to Denmark and southern Norway. In the southern and central parts, the fungus is more common than in the north-western regions.

In Germany, the species is very patchy to be found scattered in all federal states. In the north-west of Lower Saxony, in Schleswig-Holstein and in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, it can only be found very rarely.

Systematics

In the past E. sinuatum was seen without yellowish lamellas and with an ocher hat, which often has light gray spots. In contrast, E. eulividum was delimited. In the meantime, both forms have been combined into one species.

Poisonous effect

Consumption of the giant red blouse can lead to severe or even fatal poisoning. It is a gastrointestinal intoxication . The course is particularly severe and acutely life-threatening in young children as well as older and weaker people. In contrast to other fungi that cause this syndrome, the latency period is quite long in red flukes; in the case of the giant red blouse, the symptoms appear after about 4 hours. This manifests itself as nausea, diarrhea and vomiting, together with colic and cramp-like abdominal pain. The severity of these symptoms often results in severe fluid loss through vomiting and diarrhea . This is accompanied by a loss of electrolytes ( magnesium , potassium , calcium ), which causes muscle cramps and sometimes life-threatening circulatory disorders. Poisoning patients usually have to be cared for in the intensive care unit and given fluids and electrolytes. In addition, accepting a threat to life often leads to anxiety with sweats and a feeling of coldness. The symptoms usually subside after 1 to 2 days, with no after-effects.

In southern countries poisoning with this mushroom is relatively common; 10 percent of all cases are caused by this red ridge. The compound vinylglycine is assumed to be the cause of the poisonous effect . The mushroom also contains lectins , which specifically cause the blood cells of blood group A to clump together . It also works as an insecticide on fruit flies .

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Bruno Hennig, Hanns Kreisel, Edmund Michael: The most important and most common mushrooms with special consideration of the poison mushrooms . In: Handbook for mushroom lovers . 5th edition. tape 1 . VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena 1983, p. 220 .
  2. ↑ Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 4: Agarics. Part 2: Entolomataceae, Pluteaceae, Amanitaceae, Agaricaceae, Coprinaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Strophariaceae. Mykologia, Luzern 1995, ISBN 3-85604-040-4 , p. 104.
  3. ↑ Erhard Ludwig: Descriptions . The larger genera of the Agaricales with colored spore powder (except Cortinariaceae). In: Mushroom Compendium . tape 2 . Fungicon, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-940316-01-1 (723 pages, German with English summaries, 17 × 24 cm, contains 48 new taxa and 16 new combinations).
  4. ^ A b Jürgen Guthmann, Christoph Hahn, Rainer Reichel: Pocket dictionary of mushrooms in Germany. A competent companion for the most important species . 1st edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01449-4 , p. 142 f .

Web links

Commons : Riesen-Rötling  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files