Fog-gray funnel

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Fog-gray funnel
2008-11-22 Clitocybe nebularis.jpg

Nebelgrauer Fichterling ( Clitocybe nebularis )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Funnellings ( Clitocybe )
Type : Fog-gray funnel
Scientific name
Clitocybe nebularis
Batsch (1789) ex P. Kumm. (1871)

The fog-gray funnel , the fog or gray cap ( Clitocybe nebularis , syn. Lepista nebularis ) is a very common type of mushroom from the family of knight relatives . Other German names are Graukopf, Herbstblattl or Nebelgrauer Röteltrichterling . The common agaric fungus grows in autumn in the litter of deciduous and coniferous forests and likes to fructify in witch rings .

features

Macroscopic features

The thick-fleshed hat measures 5–20 cm in diameter. Young fruiting bodies have a domed, older specimen a flat and finally funnel-shaped recessed cap. The edge is often curled towards the stem or bent in a wavy manner. While the hat color turns out light ash-gray to white in dry weather, the hat takes on a darker, gray-brown color when it is damp; the edge is always a bit lighter. The surface is frosted a little whitish especially when young. The hat skin is smooth and peelable to the middle.

The underside of the hat is covered with about 60–90 white or yellowish, densely packed lamellae . They are 3–7 mm wide and broadly attached to the stalk or slightly descending.

The whitish stem often has fibrous grooves. It is 5–15 cm long and 1.5–5 cm wide, full-bodied, but only loosely pithy. With age, the stem usually hollows out. He is somewhat to clearly clubbed or cylindrical. There is white felt mycelium at the base .

Young specimens have white, firm flesh that becomes soft and spongy with age. Its strong, sweet, sometimes unpleasant smell is sometimes reminiscent of mold cheese , and the taste of the raw meat is usually rather unpleasant.

Microscopic features

The elliptical, colorless and smooth-walled spores measure 5.5–8 µm × 3.5–5 µm. The iodine color reaction is negative.

Species delimitation

It can be confused with the poisonous giant red rot . This first has yellow, later pink, distant lamellae as well as an unpleasant smell and prefers limestone soils in deciduous forests. Other funnels such as the poisonous white lead varnish funnel ( C. phyllophila ) have similarities . The fog-gray funnel differs from these mainly in its distinct, sometimes unpleasant, sweet, flour-like odor. Confusion is also possible with red chalk knights ( Lepista ), to which the fog gray funnel is occasionally added. The marbled red chalk knight ( Lepista panaeolus ) has similar colors . However, this species usually has concentrically arranged water spots on the hat and a weak flour-like odor. Some species of the brim funnels ( Leucopaxillus see left) can also show a certain similarity . However, these are mostly lighter in color and tend to get bigger.

Ecology and phenology

The fog-gray funnel often forms witch rings or arcs

The fog-gray funnel can be found in almost all locations. Muddy beech forests are particularly preferred. The forest communities in which the fungus occurs more frequently include woodruff beech , hair barley beech, hornbeam beech , fir-beech and oak-hornbeam forests and spruce forests. Among the near-natural occurrences, however, the populated biotopes represent almost exclusively deciduous forest communities. Young to middle-aged stands are preferred. The species is also rarely found outside of forests.

The species is very tolerant of the pH of the soil (soil vague ). However, it grows on fresh to moderately moist, not too nutrient-poor soils. Clay soils are often populated, sandy and gravelly as well as boggy and swampy areas are avoided.

The fruiting bodies appear relatively late in the year from September to November or December. They are often in groups and often form witch rings or arcs. The locations are more or less fouling-free soils or in the leaves and needles. The type enjoys performing together with habitual similar Rötelritterlingen on: Blewit ( Lepista nuda ) and Lepista Flaccida ( Lepista flaccida ), often overlap their fairy rings.

Sometimes the fruiting bodies of the fog-gray funnel are colonized by the parasitic sheath ( Volvariella surrecta ). An infestation manifests itself through deformed fruit bodies with a white mycelium coating , which can be found especially in late autumn.

distribution

The fog-gray funnel is widespread in the Holarctic meridional to boreal . It can be found in North America (USA), North Africa and all of Europe and is mostly common. In Europe the area stretches eastward to Belarus and in the north in Finland to the Arctic Circle . In Germany, the fungus is widespread everywhere and is only a little bit more patchy in the northwest.

Systematics

Albinotic forms are called L. nebularis var.  Alba . They have a white hat and a white stem. There is also Lepista singeri , which is distinguished by an upturned slat position and a slightly cream-colored hat. The species has been described from Norway, but has already been proven several times in Central Europe and Germany.

meaning

There are a lot of different opinions about the usability of the foggy gray funnel. Although it is tolerated by many people, it has often led to severe poisoning ( gastrointestinal syndrome ).

The heat-stable nebularin was extracted from the mushroom as early as 1954 . Nebularine a "genuine is cytotoxic adenosine - analogue and adenosine antagonist par excellence". Consumption of this mushroom is therefore often not recommended. Some current mushroom books recommend the fog cap as an edible mushroom that is worth trying. The German Society for Mycology has the fog cap in a “list of mushrooms with inconsistent food value” for mushroom species with which there are intolerances or which can only be considered edible mushrooms with restrictions

swell

literature

German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Leaf mushrooms I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Index Fungorum
  2. ↑ Cornelis Bas et al .: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. Vol. 3: Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands . CRC Press (US) 1995, page 45, ISBN 9-05410-616-6 .
  3. ^ Michael Jordan: The encyclopedia of fungi of Britain and Europe. Frances Lincoln, London (GB) 2004, page 148, ISBN 0-711-22379-3 .
  4. ↑ Dietmar Winterstein: Plea for the toxicity of the fog cap . In: Pharmaceutical newspaper online . GOVI-Verlag, Eschborn 2000, accessed on April 15, 2011 (applies to the entire paragraph).
  5. ↑ Misty gray funnel . Poisoning report at the DGfM (only applies to the previous sentence).
  6. ↑ Dr. Rita Lüder: Basic course mushroom determination: A practical guide for beginners and advanced learners . 4th edition. Quelle & Meyer, 2015, ISBN 3-494-01667-4 . .
  7. ↑ List of mushrooms with inconsistently assessed food value ( Memento from November 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive )

Web links

Commons : Clitocybe nebularis  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Nebelgrauer Fichterling  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations