Water dock
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Water dock ( Rumex aquaticus ) illustration by Jacob Sturm |
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| Rumex aquaticus | ||||||||||||
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The water dock ( Rumex aquaticus ), outdated also called water monk rhubarb , is a species of the species of dock ( Rumex ).
description
The dock is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of between 0.8 and 2 meters.
The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is about as long as the leaf blade. The basal sheets are elongated and triangular-egg-shaped with a length of up to 45 centimeters and a width of about 25 centimeters. The spider base is deeply heart-shaped with rounded basal lobes. In the upper half of the leaf, the leaf margin is almost straight and the leaf tip is often pointed or pointed. The edge of the leaf blade is finely wavy and dark green in color. The secondary leaf sheaths are fringed brown.
The flowering period extends from July to August. The very dense panicle inflorescence often takes up half the length of the stem on the main axes (i.e. up to 1 meter long!) And the many flowers are usually arranged in overlapping clusters. The flowers are hermaphroditic.
The Valven are at a length of 5-9 mm and a width of 4 to 7 millimeters triangular-egg-shaped with rounded or trimmed reason. Their edge is calloused and greenish to reddish brown in color. The fruits are stalked, with the stalks slightly thickened just below the fruit. The nuts that develop are between 3.4 and 3.8 mm long and light brown in color.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 120, 140 or about 200.
Occurrence
The water dock is native to Asia and Eastern Europe . The western border of its main area runs through the western Rhine-Main area , on the northern Upper Rhine and east of the Black Forest main ridge . The European southern border runs through the Alps and on the Balkan Peninsula . The northern European border is at the North Cape . To the east, the distribution area extends through all of Siberia to the Pacific, in Russia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Mongolia and in the People's Republic of China . There are also natural occurrences in Japan . There are neophytic occurrences in North America . Area fragments can be found in Scotland , central France , Saarland and the Caucasus .
The water dock thrives best on moist to wet, temporarily flooded or dammed soils in the area of meso- to eutrophic waters. The soils are mostly alkaline and gritty to clayey. The water dock can also be found on nutrient-rich fen soils .
Rumex aquaticus mostly grows in reed beds or high forbidden meadows , especially on stream and river banks as well as on ditches and still waters . Fen areas in flood troughs in the area of wet meadows are also less common, especially when they are temporarily flooded. It is a character species of the Phalaridetum arundinaceae, but also occurs in other societies of the Magnocaricion, Filipendulion or Agropyro-Rumicion associations.
Systematics
The name Rumex aquaticus was first published by Carl von Linné in 1753 .
According to herbarium evidence, the water dock forms natural hybrids with curled dock ( Rumex crispus ), river dock ( Rumex hydrolapathum ) and stump-leaf dock ( Rumex obtusifolius ) . The bastard with river dock is not uncommon in areas where both species occur; in habit it is more similar to the river dock.
Danger
The water dock is not considered endangered throughout Germany. However, the population of the Wasser-Ampfers has declined sharply in many places due to river barriers. In the Upper Rhine area and in the Neckar area, the species is one of the species that is becoming extinct. There are only very small residual populations left there. On the red lists of endangered vascular plants of the federal states, it is listed as endangered (hazard category 3) in Saxony-Anhalt , Saarland and Baden-Württemberg . In Brandenburg , North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate , it is highly endangered (hazard category 2). In Berlin it is considered critically endangered (hazard category 1). The dock has become extinct in Hamburg (hazard category 0).
use
Plant parts contain abundant oxalic acid , which in large quantities is harmful to human health, especially to those with kidney disease. After cooking, however, the content of oxalic acid is noticeably reduced and the plant can be eaten prepared similar to spinach .
The water dock has medicinal benefits, the root drug helps against stomach upset and diarrhea. An extract from the root heals various skin diseases. The powdered "root" can be used as a toothpaste substitute.
literature
- Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 2nd, supplemented edition. tape 1 : General Part, Special Part (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta): Lycopodiaceae to Plumbaginaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3322-9 , pp. 556-559 .
- Li Anjen, Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Sergei L. Mosyakin: Rumex. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X , pp. 336 (English, online ). (in English ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 328.
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 336, digitized
Web links
- Rumex aquaticus L., water dock. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Distribution map for Germany. In: Floraweb .
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Water dock . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Rumex aquaticus at Plants For A Future
- Rumex aquaticus L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved October 5, 2015.
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swed.)
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
