Sweet beech milkling

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sweet beech milkling
Sweet beech milkling (Lactarius subdulcis)

Sweet beech milkling ( Lactarius subdulcis )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Sweet beech milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius subdulcis
( Pers. ) Gray

The sweet beech milkling or sweetish milkling ( Lactarius subdulcis ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a fairly small Milchling with whitish to creamy yellow, unchangeable milk, which initially tastes sweetly mild and then often slightly bitter. The hat is dull red-brown in color, the hat skin is dry and the brim is roughly ribbed. The whitish and brownish-brushed stem base and the smell of leaf bugs are also typical. The Milchling usually grows relatively late in the year under beeches and is edible.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 3–7 cm wide and in young fruiting bodies initially arched, later spread out and then depressed. The hat often has a more or less distinct papilla in the middle. The hat color ranges from dull brown to chestnut brown, ocher leather-colored to dirty orange-brown. Often the hat is also somewhat hygrophan and tends to fade from the edge. Then it is colored cinnamon to ocher brown and sometimes also has a more flesh-brownish tone. The hat skin is not slimy, even in rain and damp weather, but looks like it is greased. When dry, it is matt to fine-velvety and in older specimens it is almost radially bumpy to wrinkled or slightly furrowed and pitted. The edge is often flat and roughly grooved, with the grooving usually only weakly developed

The moderately crowded lamellae are lighter than the hat, pale cream to pale flesh-colored and often have brownish spots. In old age they are also reddish to cinnamon in color.

The stem is 5–7 cm long and about 1 cm thick. It is similar to the hat but mostly lighter in color. It is more cinnamon brown to pale yellowish brown. Below the lamellas and at the base of the handle, it is usually lighter in color, so that the tip of the handle is creamy-yellowish-meat ocher and the base of the handle appears whitish-brownish. The base of the stem is often covered with a yellow-brown, felty mycelium.

The milk is watery-whitish or whey-like and does not change its color on a white paper tissue. The fruiting body smells of leaf bugs (sweetish-rancid). Some authors also describe the smell as rubbery or reminiscent of the potato bovist. The meat tastes mild, but often has a distinctly bitter aftertaste. The spore powder is whitish.

Microscopic features

The broadly elliptical to rounded spores are on average 7.4–8.2 µm long and 6.2–6.7 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and spore width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament is up to 1.5 µm high and consists of more or less numerous, coarse warts and ribs, most of which are connected to one another like a network. The hillock is inamyloid or irregularly amyloid in the outer part.

The club-shaped basidia are 32–54 µm long and 10–12 µm wide and usually carry four, but sometimes only two sterigms . The spindle-shaped to awl-shaped cheilomacrocystids are numerous and 23–36 µm long and 3.5–7.5 µm wide. The spindle-shaped pleuromacrocystids are sparse and 33–90 µm long and 5–10 µm wide.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is an oedotrichoderm and consists of ascending, more or less cylindrical hyphae ends that are 20–50 µm long and 3.5–4.5 µm wide. Beneath this are elongated to oval cells 6–12 µm wide.

Species delimitation

The Sweet Milkling is characterized by the following features: It has a red-brown hat with a greasy hat skin when wet, watery, whitish, mild to bitter milk and a more or less distinct bug odor. It also grows under beeches.

The Milchling can be confused with a number of brown-capped milklings:

  • The camphor milkling ( Lactarius camphoratus ) has a similar red-brown, somewhat hygrophanic hat that fades a little when drying. It can be easily distinguished by the maggi odor that occurs especially with dried mushrooms.
  • The possibly similar red-brown milkling ( Lactarius rufus ) has a clearly pungent-tasting milk and occurs in the coniferous forest.
  • The mostly pale, brownish-colored flutter-milkling ( Lactarius tabidus ) also has a watery white milk, which, however, turns clearly sulfur-yellow on white paper. The meat tastes mild at first and then clearly spicy.
  • The closely related oak milkling ( Lactarius quietus ) is similar and also smells of leaf bugs. It always has a dull, non- hygrophane and often slightly zoned hat and a creamy yellow milk that tastes more or less mild and has a bitter aftertaste. The Milchling always occurs under oaks.

It is also very difficult to tell the difference between the milklings from the Mitissimi section

  • The Milde Milchling ( Lactarius aurantiacus ) has an orange-brown, smooth, unzoned hat and a barely perceptible, uncharacteristic odor.
  • The orange-foxed milkling ( L. fulvissimus ), which has a bright orange-brown hat and non-reticulate-burr spores, is also very similar .
  • The red-belted wrinkled milkling ( Lactarius rubrocinctus ), which has a bitter-pungent flesh and differs microscopically in its skin anatomy, is also confusingly similar.

ecology

The sweet milkling is a strict mycorrhizal fungus of the European beech , at least in Central Europe . It is a character species of the domestic beech forests, which, however, together with its host can also occur in hardwood, mixed oak, fir and spruce-fir forests. It occurs on almost all soils, but prefers moderately to clearly fresh, medium-sized and neutral soils, which can be slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. The fruiting bodies are rarely found on "bare" ground, but almost always in the rotting leaves of the European beech.

The fruiting bodies appear quite late in the year, usually from September to November. The main season is September and October.

distribution

Distribution of the sweet milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The Sweet Milkling occurs in North Asia (West and East Siberia, Japan, Korea), North America (Canada, USA, Mexico), Jamaica, North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. The European area essentially corresponds to the distribution area of ​​the common beech. The species is temperate to sub-Mediterranean and occurs in western Europe from France to the Shetland Islands , in southern Europe from Spain to Bulgaria and in the north in all of southern Fennoscandinavia . In Eastern Europe, the Milchling was found in Ukraine and Slovakia.

In Germany, the sweet milkling is one of the most common milklings and is widespread from the Danish border to the northern Alps and is common almost everywhere. It is only rarer in the rather dry, continental areas. It is also widespread and frequent in Austria and Switzerland.

Systematics

The sweet beech milkling was first described in 1801 by Christian Hendrik Persoon as Agaricus subdulcis . In 1821 the British botanist and pharmacologist Samuel Frederick Gray placed it in the genus Lactarius , so that it received its current name. The Latin epithet " subdulcis " can be translated as pretty sweet. It is derived from the Latin prefix sub (something, pretty) and the adjective " dulcis " (sweet). It refers to the slightly sweet taste of the milk.

Inquiry systematics

The Sweet Milkling is placed in the Subdulces section. The representatives of this section have a dull, smooth hat surface with cloudy red-brown to pale brown colors. The milk does not discolour even on white paper.

meaning

The Sweet Milkling is edible and is appreciated by some mushroom friends. Usually it is only recommended as a mixed mushroom. If you want to eat larger amounts of this Milchling, it is better to boil it before preparation.

Remarks

  1. ↑ In the mycological literature , the term leaf bugs does not refer to a taxon , but is a non-specific term for various leaf-eating bugs from very different families. Many of these bedbugs have stink glands to deter their enemies, which give off that characteristic bug odor. Typical plant bugs, for example the Bunte leaf bug ( Elasmostethus interstinctus ) from the family of acanthosomatidae and the green shield bug ( Palomena prasina ) from the family of the stink bugs . But bed bugs from other genera or families are also known as leaf bugs.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Samuel Frederick Gray : A natural arrangement of British plants . according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown. Ed .: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy ,. Vol 1. London 1821, pp.  625 (English, online ).
  2. ^ Synonyms of Lactarius subdulcis. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
  3. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 90 .
  4. ^ Roger Phillips: Lactarius subdulcis. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on January 30, 2016 ; accessed on June 20, 2011 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
  5. ↑ a b Ewald Gerhart (Ed.): Mushrooms Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellas . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 299 .
  6. ^ A b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 426.
  7. ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 110.
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 194-195 (English).
  9. ↑ Lactarius subdulcis in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  10. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius subdulcis . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  11. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
  12. ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111:, 2010, p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  13. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  14. ↑ Interactive map of Lactarius subdulcis. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012 ; accessed on March 4, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.nbn.org.uk
  15. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved September 27, 2011 .
  16. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed September 27, 2011 .
  17. ↑ Christiaan Henrik Persoon: Synopsis methodica fungorum . sistens enumerationem omnium huc usque detectarum specierum, cum brevibus descriptionibus nec non synonymis et observationibus selectis. Henricum Dieterich, 1801 (Latin, Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
  18. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary . In: zeno.org . Retrieved March 4, 2012.

Web links

Commons : Süßlicher Buchen-Milchling ( Lactarius subdulcis )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Lactarius subdulcis. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and original Latin diagnosis).
  • Lactarius subdulcis. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on September 27, 2011 (Italian, good photos of the sweet beech milkling).