Smack

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Smack
Lawn Schmiele (Deschampsia cespitosa)

Lawn Schmiele ( Deschampsia cespitosa )

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Genre : Smack
Scientific name
Deschampsia
P.Beauv.

The Schmielen ( Deschampsia ) are a genus of plants within the sweet grass family (Poaceae). The 40 species are distributed almost worldwide from the sub-arctic and sub-Antarctic to the temperate areas. The name Schmielen led to the naming of swampy terrain as Schmiedel .

description

Lawn Schmiele leaves ( Deschampsia cespitosa ) with ligula
Illustration of the Antarctic Schmiele ( Deschampsia antarctica )

Vegetative characteristics

Deschampsia species are usually perennial , rarely annual herbaceous plants . They usually grow as clump-forming grasses. They rarely form short runners . The renewal shoots grow up within the leaf sheaths (intravaginally). The stalk has ridged, bald knots .

The alternate leaves are divided into leaf sheath and leaf blade. The leaf sheaths are open at the base. The ligule is a membranous border. The simple leaf blades are rolled up or folded up in the bud position . Later they are flat to bristle-shaped, clearly ribbed and rough on the top, hardly ribbed on the underside.

Generative characteristics

The relatively large panicle inflorescence is loose during anthesis , otherwise contracted and dense. The panicle branches branch off in pairs to ten from the main axis and are angular and rough. The 2 to 8 millimeters long and laterally flattened spikelets usually contain two, more rarely one to three flowers. All flowers are hermaphroditic and fall out of the remaining glumes at maturity . The spikelet axis is hairy on the edges and has a stalk-shaped extension above the upper flower. The two glumes are almost identical and about the same length as the flower. They are pointed, keeled, membranous, and rough on at least the median nerve of the upper half. The lower glume is single-nerved, the upper one- to three-nerved, which is also slightly longer and wider than the lower. The lemmas are five-veined, membranous and rough or smooth. At the top they are trimmed and have four teeth that can themselves be serrated. An awn sits on the back of the lowest quarter or in the middle . This is straight and hardly protrudes beyond the lemma, or it is hidden between the glumes, or it is kneeling and clearly protrudes above the lemma. The palea are two-veined and shorter than the lemma. They have a lanceolate shape, are rounded at the top or two-pointed, and are tender-skinned. There are three stamens . The ovary is egg-shaped and bald. The two pens are terminally and wear tight feathery scars that protrude from the flowers to the side.

The caryopsis is 2 to 3 millimeters long, glabrous and loosely covered by the husks. The embryo is a fifth to a quarter as long as the fruit. The navel is punctiform to narrow-elliptical and basal.

Systematics and distribution

Antarctic Schmiele ( Deschampsia antarctica ) in the Antarctic (Collins Glacier)
Antarctic Schmiele ( Deschampsia antarctica ) in the Antarctic (Petermann Island)
Illustration of Deschampsia kingii
Deschampsia nubigena in Hawaii (Maui)
Deschampsia nubigena on Maui in Haleakala National Park

The genus Deschampsia was established in 1812 by Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois . The generic name Deschampsia honors the French doctor, naturalist and botanist Louis-Auguste Deschamps (1765–1842). Synonyms for Deschampsia P.Beauv. are: Airidium Steud. , Avenella Bluff ex Drejer , Campella Link , Czerniaevia Turcz. ex Griseb. , Lerchenfeldia Schur nom. superfl., Monandraira É.Desv. , Podionapus Dulac , Vahlodea Fr. , Erioblastus Honda ex Nakai .

The genus Deschampsia belongs to the tribe Poeae or Aveneae in the subfamily Pooideae within the family Poaceae .

The genus Deschampsia is distributed almost worldwide from the sub-arctic and sub-Antarctic to the temperate areas. A particularly large number of species occur in the southern hemisphere. There are 16 species in southern South America and four species on Tristan da Cunha alone . Front in Central Europe come: Lawn Schmiele ( Deschampsia cespitosa ), Bodensee-Schmiele ( Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. Rhenana ), Deschampsia flexuosa ( Deschampsia flexuosa ), rushes Schmiele ( Deschampsia media ), bristle Schmiele or bog Schmiele ( Deschampsia setacea ).

The genus Deschampsia includes about 40 species:

  • Deschampsia airiformis (Steud.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex BDJacks. : It is distributed from central to southern Chile and southern Argentina .
  • Deschampsia amurensis Prob .: The species first described in 2015 occurs in Russia's Far East.
  • Deschampsia angusta Stapf & CEHubb. : It is common in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kenya and Uganda .
  • Antarctic Schmiele ( Deschampsia antarctica É.Desv. ): It occurs from southern South America to Antarctica .
  • Deschampsia argentea Lowe : It occurs in Macaronesia .
  • Deschampsia aurea (Munro ex Wedd.) Saarela : It occurs in Ecuador.
  • Deschampsia baicalensis Tzvelev : It wasfirst describedfrom Siberia in 2010.
  • Deschampsia barkalovii Prob. & Tzvelev : It occurs in Sakhalin.
  • Deschampsia berteroniana (Kunth) F. Meigen : It occurs from Chile to the province of Mendoza in Argentina.
  • Deschampsia bolanderi (Thurb.) Saarela : It occurs in Oregon, Washington and California.
  • Lawn Schmiele ( Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv. ) (Syn .: Deschampsia austrobohemica Deyl , Deschampsia gaudinii ( K. Richt .) Landolt , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. Alpicola Chrtek & V. Jirásek , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. Austrobohemica ( Deyl) Conert , Deschampsia cespitosa . subsp gaudinii K.Richt. there Depending author a different number of subspecies:):
    • Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. cespitosa (Syn: Deschampsia caespitosa P.Beauv. orth. var., Deschampsia wahlenbergiana Scheele nom. superfl., Deschampsia brachyphylla Nash nom. illeg., Deschampsia curtifolia Scribn. nom. superfl., Deschampsia pumila (Griseb.) Ostenf. nom. illeg., Deschampsia ambigua (Michx.) P.Beauv. , Deschampsia laevigata (Sm.) Roem. & Schult. , Deschampsia doniana Gray , Deschampsia biebersteiniana Schult. , Deschampsia glomerata G.Don. , Deschampsia pulchra Nees & Meyen , Deschampsia latifolia Hochst. Ex A.Rich. , Deschampsia aenea Trin. Ex Griseb. , Deschampsia grandis Besser ex Griseb. , Deschampsia alpigena Schur , Deschampsia andraei Schur , Deschampsia montana Schur , Deschampsia versicolor Arv.-Touv. , Deschampsia andina Phil. , Deschampsia rhenana Gremli , Deschampsia penicillata Kirk , Deschampsia arctica (Spreng.) Merr. , Deschampsia alpicola Rydb. , Deschampsia chinensis Y.Yabe , Deschampsia confinis (Beal) Rydb. , Deschampsia pungens Rydb. , Deschampsia breviaristata (Husn.) Rouy , Des champsia convoluta (Legrand) Rouy , Deschampsia turczaninowii Litv. , Deschampsia crassifolia Font Quer & Maire , Deschampsia paramushirensis Honda , Deschampsia aleutica Tatew. & Ohwi , Deschampsia borealis (Trautv.) Roshev. , Deschampsia sukachevii (Popl.) Roshev. , Deschampsia mackenzieana Raup , Deschampsia anadyrensis V.N.Vassil. , Deschampsia komarovii V.N.Vassil. , Deschampsia neumaniana Hyl. , Deschampsia ivanovae Tzvelev , Deschampsia gredensis (Gand.) Castrov. , Deschampsia austrobohemica Deyl , Deschampsia multiflora P.C.Kuo & ZLWu , Deschampsia tzvelevii Prob. , Deschampsia vodopjanoviae O.D. Nikif. , Deschampsia altaica (Schischk.) ODNikif. , Deschampsia submutica (Trautv.) ODNikif. , Deschampsia orientalis (Hultén) ​​BSSun , Deschampsia kaschinae Stepanov , Deschampsia kurilensis (Kawano) Tzvelev & Prob. , Deschampsia gaudinii (K. Richt.) Landolt , Deschampsia hispanica (Vivant) Cervi & Romo , Deschampsia hybridogena Tzvelev , Deschampsia refracta subsp. gredensis (Vivant) Cervi & Romo , Deschampsia media subsp. hispanica (Vivant) O.Bolòs, Masalles & Vigo , Deschampsia media var. iberica (Cervi & Romo) O.Bolòs & Vigo , Deschampsia cespitosa var. longiflora Beal nom. superfl., Deschampsia cespitosa var. argentea Gray , Deschampsia cespitosa var. vivipara Gray , Deschampsia cespitosa var. colorata Griseb. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Grandiflora Trautv. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Brevifolia Griseb. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Variegata Opiz , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Wibeliana Griseb. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Setifolia (WDJKoch) Griseb. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Pallida (Klett & Richt.) Godr. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Alpina Schur , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Brachyphylla Schur , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Latifolia (Hochst. Ex A.Rich.) Hook. f. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Coarctata rule , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Glauca rule , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Andraei (Schur) Simonk. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Maritima Vasey , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Arctica Vasey , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Strictior Kurtz , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Confinis Beal , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Montana (Schur) Vasey ex Beal , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Gaudinii (K.Richt .) Husn. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Breviaristata Husn. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Macrantha Hack. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Coreensis Hack. ex Nakai , Deschampsia cespitosa var. borealis (Trautv.) Trautv. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Altissima Volkart , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Festucifolia Honda , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Minor Kom. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Microstachya Roshev. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Mannii C.E. Hubb. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Oliveri C.E. Hubb. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Altaica Schischk. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Atlantis Maire , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Pungens (Rydb.) B.Boivin , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Intercotidalis B.Boivin , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Crassifolia (Font cross & Maire) Maire , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Abbei B. Boivin , Deschampsia cespitosa var. mackenzieana (Raup) B.Boivin , Deschampsia cespitosa var. alpicola (Rydb.) Á.Löve, D.Löve & BMKapoor , Deschampsia cespitosa var. pulchra (Nees & Meyen) Nicora , Deschampsia cespitosa var. komarovii (VNVassil.) Tzvelev , Deschampsia cespitosa var. orientalis Tzvelev , Deschampsia cespitosa var. submutica (Trautv.) Tzvelev , Deschampsia cespitosa var. exaristata Z.L.Wu , Deschampsia cespitosa var. congesta (font cross) Ehr.Bayer & G.López , Deschampsia cespitosa var. hispanica (Vivant) Cebolla , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. alpina (L.) Tzvelev nom. illeg., Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. brevifolia (R.Br.) Tzvelev nom. illeg., Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. gaudinii K. Richt. , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. festucifolia Honda , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. orientalis Hultén , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. borealis (Trautv.) Tzvelev , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. anadyrensis (VNVassil.) Á.Löve & D.Löve , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. paramushirensis (Honda) Tzvelev , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. turczaninowii (litv.) Tzvelev , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. gredensis Vivant , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. hispanica Vivant , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. alpicola Chrtek & V. Jirásek, Lejeunia , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. pyrenaica Romo , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. austrobohemica (Deyl) Conert , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. ivanovae (Tzvelev) SMPhillips & ZLWu , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. Sukachevii (Popl.) Chiapella & Prob. )
    • Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. alpina (L.) Tzvelev
    • Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. beringensis (Hultén) ​​WELawr. (Syn .: Deschampsia beringensis Hultén )
    • Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. bottnica (Wahlenb.) Tzvelev (Syn .: Deschampsia bottnica (Wahlenb.) Trin. )
    • Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. brevifolia (R.Br.) Tzvelev (Syn .: Deschampsia brevifolia R.Br. )
    • Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. glauca (Hartm.) Hartm. (Syn .: Deschampsia glauca Hartm. , Deschampsia cespitosa var. Glauca (Hartm.) Lindm. Nom. Illeg.)
    • Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. mezensis (Senjan.-Korcz. & Korcz.) Tzvelev
    • Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. obensis (Roshev.) Tzvelev (Syn .: Deschampsia obensis Roshev. )
    • Elbe-Rasenschmiele ( Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. Paludosa (Schübl. & G.Martens) GCSClarke , Syn .: Deschampsia wibeliana (Sond. Ex WDJKoch) Parl. )
    • Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. parviflora (Thuill.) Dumort.
    • Bodensee-Schmiele ( Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. Rhenana (Gremli) Kerguélen , Syn .: Deschampsia rhenana Gremli , Deschampsia littoralis (Gaudin) Reut. , Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. Littoralis (Gaudin) K.Richt. , Deschampsia littoralis (Gaudin) Reut. )
    • Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. scardica F.K.Mey.
    • Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. septentrionalis Chiapella : It occurs in subarctic America.
    • Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. wilhelmsii (Steud.) Tzvelev
  • Deschampsia chapmanii Petrie : It occurs from New Zealand to Macquarie Island .
  • Deschampsia christophersenii C.E. Hubb. : This endemic occurs only on the island of Tristan da Cunha .
  • Deschampsia chrysantha (J.Presl) Saarela : It occurs from Peru to northwest Argentina and central Chile.
  • Deschampsia cordillerarum Hauman : It occurs from Chile to the Argentine province of Mendoza .
  • Deschampsia danthonioides (Trin.) Benth. : It occurs from Alaska to the Mexican states of Baja California and Chihuahua .
  • Deschampsia domingensis Hitchc. & Ekman : It only occurs in the Dominican Republic .
  • Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro : It is widespread from Alaska to Mexico and in southern South America.
  • Deschampsia eminens (J.Presl) Saarela : It occurs in three varieties from Colombia to southern South America.
  • Deschampsia gracillima Kirk : It occurs in Tasmania , on the South Island of New Zealand and on the Auckland Islands .
  • Deschampsia gulariantzii Prob. & Tzvelev : It occurs in Russia's Far East.
  • Deschampsia hackelii (Lillo ex Stuck.) Saarela : It occurs in Argentina.
  • Deschampsia hultenii Prob., Tzvelev & Chiapella : It occurs in Kamchatka.
  • Deschampsia ircutica Tzvelev & Prob. : It occurs in southern Siberia.
  • Deschampsia kingii (Hook. F.) É.Desv. : It occurs from central and southern Chile to southern Argentina.
  • Deschampsia klossii Ridl. : It occurs in New Guinea and the Lesser Sunda Islands .
  • Deschampsia koelerioides rule : It occurs from Afghanistan to Siberia and to the western Himalayas.
  • Deschampsia laguriensis Prob. & Tzvelev : It occurs in Sakhalin.
  • Deschampsia laxa Phil .: It occurs from southern Chile to the Argentine province of Chubut .
  • Deschampsia leskovii Tzvelev : This species, first described in 2010, occurs in northern European Russia.
  • Deschampsia liebmanniana (E. Fourn.) Hitchc. : It occurs in Mexico.
  • Deschampsia looseriana Parodi : It occurs in central and southern Chile.
  • Deschampsia magadanica Tzvelev & Prob. : It occurs in the northern Far East Asian Russia.
  • Binsen-Schmiele ( Deschampsia media (Gouan) Roem. & Schult. , Syn .: Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. Subtriflora (Lag.) Ehr.Bayer & G. López ): It occurs from Central Europe to Morocco and to the Caucasus .
  • Deschampsia mejlandii C.E. Hubb . : It occurs on the island of Tristan da Cunha .
  • Deschampsia mendocina Parodi : It occurs in the Argentine province of Mendoza .
  • Deschampsia mildbraedii Pilg. : It comes in Cameroon before
  • Deschampsia nubigena Hillebr. : It occurs in Hawaii.
  • Deschampsia ovata (J.Presl) Saarela : It occurs from Ecuador to Bolivia.
  • Deschampsia parvula (Hook.f.) É.Desv. : It occurs in southern South America, on the Falkland Islands and on Anvers Island in the Subantarctic.
  • Deschampsia patula (Phil.) Skottsb. : It occurs from central and southern Chile to southern Argentina.
  • Deschampsia podophora (Pilg.) Saarela : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and northwestern Venezuela.
  • Deschampsia pseudokoelerioides Prob. & Tzvelev : It occurs in southern Siberia.
  • Deschampsia pusilla Petrie : It occurs on the South Island of New Zealand.
  • Deschampsia robusta C.E. Hubb. : This endemic occurs only on the island of Tristan da Cunha .
  • Deschampsia sajanensis Prob. & Tzvelev : It occurs in southern Siberia.
  • Deschampsia seledetzii Tzvelev & Prob. : It occurs in southern, Far Eastern Asiatic Russia.
  • Bristle-Schmiele or Moor-Schmiele ( Deschampsia setacea (Huds.) Hack. ): It occurs in northern and western Europe.
  • Deschampsia shiretokoensis Tzvelev & Prob. : The species first described in 2015 occurs on Hokkaido.
  • Deschampsia shumshuensis Prob. & Tzvelev : It occurs on the Kuril Islands.
  • Deschampsia sichotensis Prob., Tzvelev & Chiapella : It occurs in Russia's Far East.
  • Deschampsia susumanica Prob. & Chiapella : It occurs from eastern Siberia to Russia's Far East.
  • Deschampsia tenella Petrie : It occurs in New Zealand.
  • Deschampsia venustula Parodi : It occurs from Chile to western Argentina.
  • Deschampsia wacei C.E. Hubb. : This endemic occurs only on the island of Tristan da Cunha .

Some authors do not belong to the genus Deschampsia :

literature

  • Hans Joachim Conert: Deschampsia. Pp. 302-317. In: Gustav Hegi : Illustrated flora of Central Europe. 3rd edition, Spermatophyta : Volume I: Angiospermae. Monocotyledones 1 (2). Poaceae (real grasses or sweet grasses) , part 3, Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, Hamburg, 1987, ISBN 3-489-52320-2 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Deschampsia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  2. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names. of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin of the Free University Berlin Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-946292-10-4 . DOI: 10.3372 / epolist2016
  3. ^ Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  4. ↑ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive (CD-Rom), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  5. ↑ Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great zander. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  6. ^ WD Clayton, K. T Harman, H. Williamson: GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora . 2006ff., Accessed July 18, 2008
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n B. Valdés, H. Scholz, supplemented by E. Raab-Straube, G. Parolly, 2009: Poaceae (pro parte majore). Datasheet Deschampsia at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .

Web links

Commons : Schmielen ( Deschampsia )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files