Black-fronted sapphire hummingbird

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Black-fronted sapphire hummingbird
Black-fronted sapphire hummingbird ♂

Black-fronted sapphire hummingbird ♂

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Genre : Basilinna (genus)
Type : Black-fronted sapphire hummingbird
Scientific name
Basilinna xantusii
( Lawrence , 1861)

The black forehead Sapphire Hummingbird ( Basilinna xantusii ) or black face sapphire is a species of bird in the family of hummingbirds (Trochilidae). Its distribution area includes areas in the southern part of Baja California . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The black-forehead sapphire hummingbird reaches a body length of about 8 to 9 cm, with a weight of 3.2 to 4 g. The male's medium-sized straight beak is red with a black tip. The head is blue-black with a white line behind the eyes over the black cheeks. The throat glitters green, while the chest and belly are cinnamon-colored reddish brown. The neck and back are green, the wings dark purple. The square tail is light purple with a chestnut tint, with the central control feathers lined with green. Females appear a little more dull in color than males, have a black upper bill and a little red at the base of the lower bill. The top of the head is matt green instead of black. The underside, including the throat, is yellow-brown, the brown eye line is bordered by a white line above. The tail is predominantly reddish brown, but the central control feathers are green and the outer ones have dark subterminal markings and lighter spots. The plumage of the females shines most in summer and autumn and appears most dull in spring. Fledglings resemble the females in appearance, but have some green on the throat.

Behavior and nutrition

The animals like to live in pine and oak forests. In winter they get their nectar mainly from the flowers of the strawberry trees belonging kind Arbutus peninsularis . Other nectar sources belonging to the genus Castilleja belonging kind Castilleja bryantii belonging to the Labiatae belonging kind Lepechinia hastata that the asparagus plants belonging to styles Lepechinia hastata and Behria tenuiflora belonging to the lobelia belonging kind Lobelia laxiflora , to Calliandra belonging kind Calliandra peninsularis and the miracle flower ( Mirabilis jalapa ). In the foothills of the mountains, they like to visit the Fouquieria diguetii species, which belongs to Fouquieria , as it blooms for several months. They collect insects from pines and oaks .

Vocalizations

The vocals consist of a varying, lively, scratchy to cracking, occasionally even beeping warbling chirping. In addition, the birds emit a dry, cackling rattle that is reminiscent of the sounds of the blue-throated broad-billed hummingbird ( Cynanthus latirostris ), but sounds a bit faster and brighter. High, metallic-sounding chi-ti , ti-tink or chi-tiik tones, which they utter 2 to 3 times, are also part of their repertoire. They also make sounds similar to the purple-forehead sapphire hummingbird ( Basilinna leucotis ), which sound like individual tiik tones or quick chatter with si ti-ti-ti-ti-ti - or chi-ti ti-ti-ti - Listen to sounds. As they attack other birds, they give off a higher sharp siik .

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the black-forehead sapphire hummingbird

In the foothills they come in different habitats u. a. in pine and oak forests with Quercus devia and Mexican nut pines at altitudes between 1800 and 2200 meters in the Sierra de La Laguna . In the Sierra de La Laguna they are also present in evergreen foothills with thorny scrub, scrubbed bushes, trees and columnar cacti. They love water, streams and canyons . Therefore they are mostly not found in the lower altitudes with desert, in which the violet-headed elf ( Calypte costae ) occurs. Even in the coldest weather, you can meet them on the highest mountains of the foothills. It can also be seen in orchards and artificially irrigated undergrowth. Occasionally it also appears on the coast near San José del Cabo or Todos Santos , but not in the thorn bush savannah near La Paz . On Isla Cerralvo it can only be found in higher regions.

Reproduction

In the Sierra de la Giganta, the black-fronted sapphire hummingbirds breed from February to at least April. They build their nests relatively low above the ground in various tree species such as poplar, willow, avocado or lemon trees. In the Sierra de La Laguna they build nests from July to September, mostly in smaller pines. The nest is relatively large and consists of fine plant cuttings, dry flower heads, plant fibers, pieces of tree bark and lichen that are connected with cobwebs. In California one found on an avocado tree and Prunus ilicifolia subsp. lyonii each have a nest. The clutch consists of two eggs. The breeding season is 15 to 16 days, with only the female breeding. The nestlings fledge at around 20 to 22 days.

migration

They are considered resident birds , although there have been some reports of migratory movements north to southern California.

Systematics

The black-browed sapphire hummingbird is considered monotypical . Long the species was assigned to the genus Hylocharis Boie , 1831. Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that the species is to be classified together with the purple-forehead sapphire hummingbird ( Basilinna leucotis ( Vieillot , 1818)) in the genus Basilinna Boie , 1831.

Etymology and history of research

Originally, George Newbold Lawrence described the black-browed sapphire hummingbird under the name Amazilia Xantusii . The type copy was sent to the Smithsonian Institution by János Xántus (1825-1894) and came from Cabo San Lucas . In 1831 Friedrich Boie introduced the new generic names Basilinna and Hylocharis . " Basilinna βασιλλινα " is the Greek word for "queen". The species name is dedicated to its collector.

Hylocharis is made up of the Greek words "hylē ὑλη " for "forest" and "charis, charitos χαρις, χαριτος " for "grace, grace, beauty".

literature

  • Peter Evans Scott, Guy Maxwell Kirwan, Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal, David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Xantus's Hummingbird (Basilinna xantusii). In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • George Newbold Lawrence: Description of three new species of Humming-birds of Genera Heliomaster, Amazilia, and Mellisuga . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 7 , 1860, p. 107-111 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Friedrich Boie: Comments on species and some ornithological families and clans . In: Isis von Oken . tape 24 , 1831, pp. 538-548 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frank Garfield Stiles III, James Vanderbeek Remsen Jr, Jimmy Adair McGuire: The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny . In: Zootaxa . tape 4353 , no. 3 , 2017, p. 401-424 , doi : 10.11646 / zootaxa.4353.3.1 .
  • Edward Clive Dickinson, Leslie K. Overstreet, Robert Jack Dowsett, Murray Duncan Bruce: Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology . Aves Press Limited, Northampton 2012, ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5 .

Web links

Commons : Black-fronted Sapphire Hummingbird ( Basilinna xantusii )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Peter Evans Scott u. a.
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  3. ↑ Frank Garfield Stiles III a. a., p. 404
  4. ↑ George Newbold Lawrence, p. 109.
  5. ^ Friedrich Boie, p. 546.
  6. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 69.
  7. ↑ George Newbold Lawrence, p. 110.
  8. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 197.

Remarks

  1. ↑ For the publication date, see Edward Clive Dickinson et al. a. P. 175 f.
  2. ↑ Boie arranged the genus the purple end sapphire Kolibri ( Basilinna leucotis ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus leucotis ), the white-throated Hummingbird ( Leucochloris albicollis ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus albicollis ), the white neck Kolibri ( Florisuga mellivora ( Linnaeus , 1758)) (Syn: Trochilus mellivorus ) which Glitzeramazilie ( Amazilia fimbriata tephrocephala ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus tephrocephalus ), the Blauschwanz Emerald Hummingbird ( Chlorostilbon mellisugus ( Linnaeus , 1758)) (Syn: Trochilus leucogaster ) and the black-breasted mango ( Anthracothorax nigricollis ( Vieillot , 1817)) (Syn: Trochilus albus ).
  3. ↑ Boie arranged the genus the Rotkehl sapphire Kolibri ( Hylocharis sapphirina ( Gmelin, JF , 1788)) (Syn: Trochilus sapphirinus and Trochilus latirostris ), the Weißkinn sapphire Kolibri ( Hylocharis cyanus ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus cyanus ), the Red-Sabrewing ( Campylopterus falcatus ( Swainson , 1821)) (Syn: Trochilus lazulus ), the blue-chinned sapphire ( Chlorestes notata ( Reich , 1793)) (Syn: Trochilus cyanotropus ) and the blue head Kolibri ( Cyanophaia bicolor ( Gmelin, JF , 1788)) (Syn: Trochilus bicolor ) to. In the case of T. cyanotropus , Boie probably confused Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied's T. cyanogenys and not his name Procnias cyanotropus for fork-tailed kotinga .