Sword plants

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Sword plants
Echinodorus 'Ozelot' (selection form)

Echinodorus 'Ozelot' (selection form)

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Frog-spoon-like (Alismatales)
Family : Frog-spoon family (Alismataceae)
Genre : Sword plants
Scientific name
Echinodorus
Rich. ex Engelm.

The sword plants ( Echinodorus ) form the most species-rich genus in the family of the frog-spoon plants (Alismataceae). The 28 to 32 species are common in the New World . Some species and their varieties are among the most popular ornamental plants in tropical freshwater aquariums .

description

Illustration from Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States , 1972 of the cellophane plant ( Echinodorus berteroi )

Appearance and leaves

The sword plants mostly include perennial herbaceous marsh and water plants . The entire leaves are arranged in a rosette. The compressed stem axis develops into a rhizome in older plants .

Flowering in detail of Echinodorus floribundus
Collective fruits from many nut fruits of the cellophane plant ( Echinodorus berteroi )

Generative characteristics

The inflorescence is the extended stem axis and is interrupted by nodes, which are called whorls and each have at least three or more flowers. The flowers of the genus Echinodorus are in contrast to the closely related arrow herbs ( Sagittaria ) hermaphrodite . The flowers are threefold. There are three sepals . The three petals are free. There are 9 to 25 stamens . The 15 to 250 free carpels are arranged in a spiral.

There are Nüsschen formed that contain the actual U-shaped seeds. These genus-typical fruits usually have a different number of glands between the ribs. The glands on the nuts are only missing in a few species.

Locations

The preferred habitat is very variable depending on the species, but the location is almost always sunny. Most species thrive in floodplains and on the banks of standing and flowing water, so they are typical swamp plants that can thrive temporarily or permanently under water. However, a few species are distinctly aquatic plants and can only survive underwater or if their location has fallen dry only in the form of their rhizomes.

Systematics and distribution

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of the heart-leaved sword plant ( Echinodorus cordifolius )
Habit, leaves, inflorescences and flowers of Echinodorus glaucus
Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Echinodorus grandiflorus
Habit, leaves and inflorescence of the panicle sword plant ( Echinodorus paniculatus )
Habit, leaves and inflorescences of the Osiris sword plant ( Echinodorus uruguayensis )

The name Echinodorus was first used by Louis Claude Marie Richard . The first valid description of the genus Echinodorus was made in 1848 by George Engelmann in Manual , p. 460.

Echinodorus species are native to the New World from the United States to Argentina and are found on Caribbean islands.

Since the latest revision , the genus Echinodorus contains only 28 to 32 species instead of around 64:

  • Cellophane plant ( Echinodorus berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett , Syn .: Echinodorus cordifolius var. Berteroanus (Balb. Ex Schult. & Schult. F.) Griseb. , Echinodorus rostratus (Nutt.) Engelm. , Echinodorus patagonicus Speg. , Echinodorus cordifolius var . lanceolatus (Engelm. ex S.Watson & Coult.) Mack. & Bush , Echinodorus berteroi var. lanceolatus (Engelm. ex S.Watson & Coult.) Fernald , Echinodorus berteroi var. patagonicus (Speg.) Rataj , Echinodorus berteroi subsp . patagonicus (Speg.) Rataj , Echinodorus longilineatus Rataj ): It is distributed from the central USA to South America.
  • Echinodorus bracteatus Micheli : It occurs from Costa Rica to Ecuador .
  • Heartleaf sword plant ( Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb. , Syn .: Echinodorus ovalis C. Wright , Echinodorus schlueteri Rataj ): It is from the central and southeastern United States to Paraguay common.
  • Echinodorus cylindricus Rataj : It is common in western Brazil.
  • Echinodorus decumbens Kasselm. : It occurs in the Brazilian state of Piauí .
  • Echinodorus densinervis Somogyi : It was first described from Brazil in 2011.
  • Echinodorus emersus Lehtonen : It was first described in 2009 and occurs from Ecuador to Bolivia .
  • Echinodorus floribundus (Seub.) Seub. : It iswidespreadin the Neotropics .
  • Echinodorus gabrielii Rataj : It occurs in the Brazilian state of Pará .
  • Echinodorus glandulosus Rataj : It is widespread in northeastern Brazil.
  • Echinodorus glaucus Rataj : It is distributed from Bolivia to Brazil.
  • Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli (Syn .: Echinodorus argentinensis Rataj ): It occurs in northwest Florida and is distributed from southern Brazil via Paraguay and Uruguay to northern Argentina .
  • Grisebach's sword plant also Black sword plant called ( Echinodorus grisebachii Small , Syn .: Echinodorus amphibius Rataj , Echinodorus gracilis Rataj , Echinodorus amazonicus Rataj , Echinodorus bleherae Rataj , Echinodorus parviflorus Rataj , Echinodorus peruensis , Echinodorus eglandulosus Holm Niels. & RRHaynes , Echinodorus grisebachii var. minor Kasselm. ): It is widespread in the Neotropics.
  • Echinodorus heikobleheri Rataj : It wasfirst describedin 2004 from the Brazilian state of Roraima .
  • Horizontal sword plant ( Echinodorus horizontalis Rataj ): It is common in tropical South America.
  • Echinodorus inpai Rataj : It occurs in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso .
  • Echinodorus lanceolatus Rataj : It is common in Brazil.
  • Echinodorus longipetalus Micheli : It is widespread in South America.
  • Echinodorus longiscapus Arechav. : It iswidespreadin Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina .
  • Echinodorus macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli : It is distributed from Bolivia to Brazil.
  • Leopoldina sword plant or wavy-leaved sword plant ( Echinodorus major (Micheli) Rataj , Syn .: Echinodorus martii var. Major Micheli ): It is widespread in Brazil.
  • Echinodorus palifolius (Nees & Mart.) JFMacbr. (Syn .: Echinodorus virgatus (Hook. & Arn.) Micheli ): It occurs in the Mexican state of Nayarit and in northeastern Brazil to Minas Gerais.
  • Rispige sword plant ( Echinodorus paniculatus Micheli ): It is widespread in the Neotropic.
  • Echinodorus pubescens (Mart. Ex Schult. F.) Seub. ex warm. : It is widespread in Brazil.
  • Echinodorus reptilis Lehtonen : It was first described in 2009 and is widespread in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.
  • Echinodorus scaber Rataj : It is widespread in Central and South America.
  • Winged sword plant ( Echinodorus subalatus (Mart. Ex Schult. F.) Griseb. , Syn .: Echinodorus intermedius (Mart. Ex Schult.f.) Griseb. , Echinodorus ellipticus var. Ovatus Micheli , Echinodorus martii Micheli nom. Superfl., Echinodorus longistylus Buchenau , Echinodorus andrieuxii (Hook. & Arn.) Small , Echinodorus subalatus var. minor F.J.Mey. , Echinodorus andrieuxii var. longistylus (Buchenau) Rataj , Echinodorus subalatus subsp. andrieuxii (Hook. & Arn.) RRHaynes & Holm-Niels . ): It is widespread from Mexico and Cuba to tropical South America.
  • Echinodorus trialatus Fassett : It iswidespreadfrom Panama to Brazil.
  • Echinodorus tunicatus Small : The beak-leaf sword plant , whichoften occurs together with Echinodorus horizontalis,iswidespreadfrom Costa Rica to South America.
  • Uruguay sword plant also Echinodorus Osiris called ( Echinodorus uruguayensis Arechav. , Syn .: Echinodorus aschersonianus Graebn. , Echinodorus opacus Rataj , Echinodorus osiris Rataj , Echinodorus portoalegrensis Rataj ): She's from Brazil to Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina and Chile widespread.

Since, according to the most recent revision of the genus Echinodorus, the small stolon-forming species have been separated into an independent genus Helanthium , the following species, for example, no longer belong to the genus Echinodorus :

Use in the aquarium hobby

Most species of the genus can only be used sensibly in large aquariums, as they quickly reach considerable proportions. However, aquatic plant nurseries have now bred a number of varieties that remain much smaller. Many of these cultivated forms also have attractive reddish leaf colors, while the wild forms are mostly light green to medium green.

Common Echinodorus hybrids include the “Ozelot” variety, from which the small-stature varieties with large spots “Rainers Felix” and “Rainers Kitty” bred by Thomas Kaliebe also come.

Most of the commercially available species are quite undemanding if there is sufficient space and good lighting, do not have any special requirements for the water and thrive well at the temperatures usual for aquariums in living spaces. Some species from temperate areas can withstand a temporary cooling down to around 10 ° Celsius and can therefore be grown temporarily in outdoor ponds. Tropical species, on the other hand, can still cope with temperatures around 30 ° Celsius and are ideal for aquariums with the particularly warm discus cichlids and angelfish , which also like to spawn on their leaves.

swell

literature

  • Samuli Lehtonen, Leeana Myllys: Cladistic analysis of Echinodorus (Alismataceae): simultaneous analysis of molecular and morphological data. In: Cladistics , Volume 24, Issue 2, 2008, pp. 218-239. doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-0031.2007.00177.x
  • Samuli Lehtonen: An integrative approach to species delimination in Echinodorus (Alismataceae) and the description of two new species. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 63, Issue 4, 2008 published 2009, pp. 525-563. JSTOR 20649602
  • Hans-Georg Kramer: Plant aquaristics á la Kramer. Tetra-Verlag, Berlin-Velten 2009, ISBN 978-3-89745-190-2 , pp. 122-131.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Bernd Greger: Plants in the freshwater aquarium. Birgit Schmettkamp Verlag, Bornheim 1998, ISBN 3-928819-16-X .
  2. ↑ a b c Christel Kasselmann : aquarium plants. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; 2nd edition 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 .
  3. ^ Echinodorus Online
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Echinodorus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  5. ^ Hans-Georg Kramer: Plant aquaristics á la Kramer. Tetra-Verlag, Berlin-Velten 2009, ISBN 978-3-89745-190-2 , p. 128 f.
  6. ↑ Christel Kasselmann: Echinodorus Rainers Felix, Rainers Kitty. In: Claus Schaefer, Torsten Schröer (Hrsg.): The large lexicon of aquaristics. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-7497-9 , p. 342.

Web links

Commons : Sword Plants ( Echinodorus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

further reading

  • LQ Matias: O Gênero Echinodorus (Alismataceae) no domínio da caatinga Brasileira. In: Rodriguésia - Revista do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal, Jardim Botânico e Estaçao Biologica do Itatiaya , Volume 58, 2007, pp. 743-774.