Old Synagogue (Dresden)

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Semper Synagogue, lithograph by Ludwig Thümling , ca.1860

The Dresden Synagogue or Semper Synagogue , today also known as the Old Synagogue , was the synagogue of the Jewish community in Dresden, inaugurated in 1840 and destroyed in the November pogrom in 1938 . The neo-Romanesque building designed by Gottfried Semper was the first modern synagogue to have a uniform interior in the oriental style and was primarily used by Edwin Oppleras a model for numerous other synagogues. The synagogue had 300 seats for men and 200 for women, after the expansion in 1935 it offered 650 people. At the time of its completion it was the largest synagogue in Germany.

history

Semper Synagogue, view of the north side, woodcut printed in 1847 (status from 1840).
Semper Synagogue, cross section
Semper Synagogue 1910

prehistory

Jews are recorded in Dresden for at least the later 13th century. During the persecution of the Jews at the time of the Black Death in the middle of the 14th century and afterwards from 1411 they were expelled or killed, in 1430 they were completely expelled from Saxony. A first synagogue stood at the Judenhoff , later called Jüdenhof , roughly where the Johanneum is today. After the expulsions in 1416, the building fell to the city of Dresden, which used it as a powder store, clothing store and brewery from then until the end of the 16th century.

Only in the early 18th century were a few Jews allowed to resettle in Dresden. In the middle of the 18th century there was a small Jewish community that maintained a Jewish cemetery and a synagogue, at the end of the century there were around 1000 Jews in Dresden, but their number was due to the restrictive laws, especially the Jewish order of 1772, for which the Merchants and the guilds set in, fell sharply. Until 1835 Jews in Dresden were not allowed to learn a trade. In contrast, they were granted the right to build a synagogue as early as 1834.

Building history

From November 1835 onwards, efforts were made by the “Comité for the Construction of a Synagogue” to build a joint synagogue for the 680 Jews living in the city in place of the various, mostly private prayer rooms. In March 1837, a law was passed in Saxony that repealed some provisions discriminating against Jews - among other things, Jews could now obtain local citizenship in Dresden and Leipzig and purchase land - and in 1836 a new rabbi, Zacharias Frankel , was elected. Both were prerequisites for seriously tackling the construction of the synagogue and in May 1837 the intention to build the synagogue was approved by the government: First, the Jewish community turned to the Ministry of Culture in order to get a plot of land allocated free of charge: The ideas in this regard (including near Postplatz, south of Antonsplatz or near the Albertinum) were all rejected. The Jewish community began to collect money for the construction of a synagogue and on November 1, 1837 it acquired a plot of land on the edge of the city center, at the so-called Gondelhafen on a terrace above the Elbe, but in an extremely unfavorable location: limited by the gondola port in the west , Military construction yard in the north and Elbberg in the east. Nonetheless, the Jewish community paid 5000 thalers for it, of which 500 thalers were paid immediately, and another 2000 thalers after confirmation of purchase, the rest were secured by mortgage.

In April 1838, the architect Gottfried Semper, who teaches at the Dresden Art Academy and is known for his liberal political stance, was asked to plan the synagogue and, after a few drawings, was commissioned as soon as possible. For a modest fee of 400 Talers, Semper took on both the planning and the artistic construction supervision. Just two months later, the foundation stone was laid on June 21, 1838, in which numerous ministers and respected Dresden citizens also took part. Semper's orientation was the decision of the community that the church should be designed in a simple way, that the choir and organ should be dispensed with and that it should not cost more than 10,000 thalers. "The exemplary design sheet with site plan, floor plans, longitudinal section and elevations shows a cube-shaped, self-contained structure that provides a balanced space for the community inside."

Financing the building, which in the end was still 30,204 thalers expensive despite all the savings, turned out to be difficult because there were only a few financially strong donors among the 600 Dresden Jews. With the issue of shares and the sale of the seats in the future synagogue and cuts in the planning, construction was completed after two years. The construction work was in the hands of master bricklayer Christian Friedrich Spieß and master carpenter Christian August Neisse.

Inauguration and use

The inauguration of the synagogue took place on Friday, May 8th, 1840 at 5 p.m., attended by members of the Jewish community as well as numerous guests of honor and members of the government and authorities. A garden concert that was supposed to take place at the same time had been banned and the performance at the royal court theater only began after the inauguration ceremony. The celebration was opened with music, followed by prayer leaders and the synagogue choir . In verse 7 of the 24th Psalm ( ELB ) "Rise, you gates, your heads, and arise, you eternal gates, that the King of glory may enter", Rabbi Zacharias Frankel and the community leaders moved into the new building with the Torah scrolls . After Frankel's blessing and the seven times traditional rounds through the synagogue at the inauguration of synagogues, the Torah scrolls were placed in the Torah shrine for the first time . The focal point of the festival was the following speech by Frankel The Sanctification of the House of God , in which he praised the synagogue as a symbol of the newly won freedom and for the unity among the Dresden Jews and also commented on the construction and the difficulties in its execution. Based on Psalm 42 ( ESV ), he described “the desire that drove us to the pious undertaking: we were not motivated by the desire to flaunt a stately home; We wanted to find a worthy place, our minds languished for a place where we show ourselves in pious union before God, where, like the deer in fresh water sources, we can find refreshment. ”A German-language chorale composed by Wolf Landau and the reading of the psalm 117 marked the end of the celebration.

Since the community did not have enough money to purchase the land up to the bank of the gondola port, the view of the synagogue was restricted by the development of the land on the river and the construction of the Carolabrücke with the Elbkai on the Terrassenufer and the filling of the gondola port.

The synagogue was renovated in the early 1870s. The components made of wood for cost reasons, the dome, arches of the gallery and columns were now made of stone, as originally planned by Semper, and a new organ was installed on the upper west gallery. The cracks caused by settlement phenomena very soon after the inauguration could also be removed.

In 1935 the extension of the extension (porch) on the west side was completed, the synagogue could now accommodate another 150 people.

Destruction, memorial and new building

New synagogue and memorial for the destroyed synagogue

In November pogrom of 9 to 10 November 1938, the synagogue was by members of the SA and other members of the Nazi looted and burned; However, the rushing fire brigade was prevented by SA and SS units from extinguishing the burning synagogue and could only prevent the fire from spreading to other buildings. The burned-out ruins were blown up on November 12, 1938, the costs of clearing the rubble were imposed on the Jewish community and most of it was dumped in Briesnitz . Some of the stones were used for the construction of the Meißner Landstrasse motorway slip road. Individual stones found were later built into the surrounding wall of the new synagogue . Dresden firefighters saved the Star of David designed by Semper from destruction and took it to the main fire station at Annenstrasse. In the spring of 1939, fireman Alfred Neugebauer finally took him to Prießnitzstrasse 22 and hid him there in the attic (officially he was considered destroyed). In 1949 Neugebauer was able to hand it over to Leon Löwenkopf , the chairman of the Jewish community in Dresden at the time . The Star of David was restored and attached to the dome of the Fiedlerstraße 3 synagogue , consecrated in 1950, and finally integrated into the entrance area of ​​the New Synagogue .

All other outbuildings were finally destroyed during the air raids on Dresden in 1945 and cleared during the clearing of large areas. When the Carolabrücke was rebuilt, large parts of the property were built over; the Jewish community did not receive any compensation for this.

Since April 22, 1975, about 50 meters from the old synagogue, a memorial stele by Friedemann Döhner in the form of a six instead of the usual seven-armed menorah has been commemorating the destruction of the synagogue and the murder of the Jews during National Socialism . The inscription reads:

“ Here stood the one built by Gottfried Semper in 1838–1840, by Chief Rabbi Dr. The synagogue of the Israelite Religious Community in Dresden was consecrated to Zacharias Frankel and destroyed by the fascists on November 9, 1938. "

As early as the early 1990s, under the changed social conditions, a new building of a synagogue was discussed, although one on the old square was initially not considered.

description

Semper Synagogue, cross section
Semper Synagogue, floor plan

In contrast to other parts of Semper's Dresden estate, his sheets on the synagogue's design have been preserved almost entirely. As early as April, Semper submitted a draft with a site plan, floor plans and sections, which were then essentially implemented. It was on the one hand a marked by geometric clarity massive construction with early Christian, Byzantine and Roman elements which, although extensive with its dome over the Baumitte and large, the sides arches to Christian churches, such as the Aachener Pfalzkapelle or San Vitale in Ravenna reminded, on the other hand this building is a unique building, like Semper's first Dresden Opera House or the Villa Rosa . Nonetheless, the building should also point to the Jerusalem temple and the oriental origin of the Jews, to which Semper linked with the square shape of the prayer room and the centering of the dome, reminiscent of oriental-Byzantine domed buildings, as well as with the design of the interior for the community .

“Both inside and outside, the building seemed ambiguous with regard to how the Jews themselves viewed their relationship to the society around them. The exterior of the synagogue has surely satisfied those Jews and Christians who wanted the Jews to appear as Germans, speak modern German, and change their secluded and poor way of life. The building was not hidden in a backyard ... which meant that the existence of the Jews was accepted ... It is perfectly understandable that the Dresden Jews felt insecure enough to endorse a draft that suggested that they were almost in public German and private were something different. Since there was a blatant difference between the outside and the inside of the synagogue, the synagogue community may well have adopted the idea of ​​that time that architecture should be an expression of nationality and race. "

The Dresden art historian Fritz Löffler , on the other hand, describes the building as a “further development of French revolutionary architecture” with “Romanesque basic forms and oriental domes”.

Semper Synagogue - east side

Exterior

The synagogue was a central building built on a square floor plan measuring 20 × 20 meters. It was directed exactly to the east, the west facade was presented with two octagonal tower-like porches with flat-arched domes crowned by stars of David , which were supposed to refer to the two columns Jachin and Boaz of the Solomonic temple . The north side was parallel to the bank of the Elbe, the entrance to the synagogue was on the south side of the porch, so the two towers did not emphasize the entrance to the synagogue. An octagonal tambour with a flat tent roof rose above the central area of ​​the central building , which at the same time served for natural illumination, as lateral illumination was restricted by the women's galleries. The facade was structured vertically with pilaster strips or buttresses . The arched portals and windows were designed in a historicizing style in the neo-Romanesque style, and an arched frieze in the cornice was also neo-Romanesque.

The plastered building had door and window frames made of sandstone, while the dome structure was made of wood. Above the synagogue entrance, the words of Psalm 118 were carved in the sandstone , "This is the gate to God, pious people go through". In the tympanum above the outer courtyard gate, it read in Hebrew : " May my house be called a house of devotion to all peoples".

Interior

Semper Synagogue, interior

Semper also planned the interior of the synagogue and resorted to “Moorish-Byzantine building and decorative forms”, which were supposed to symbolize the integration of the Oriental in Western Europe - for the first time in synagogue architecture.

“Here, there is no longer just an oriental element such as the horseshoe arch linked with excess medieval shapes, but rather architectural limbs, decoration and equipment are taken from Islamic art or modeled on it and combined to form a new unit. The synagogue in Dresden is the earliest example of a synagogue interior designed entirely in the oriental style. "

- Künzl

lobby

The main entrance to the synagogue was in the south of the two towers on its south side. From there a staircase led to the west to the women's gallery with 200 seats, to the east was the entrance to the southern nave of the synagogue room. Straight ahead, d. H. in a northerly direction one came into the vestibule (porch between the towers). This also served as a winter synagogue because it was the only heated room in the synagogue and also provided access to the prayer hall, which could be entered in this way from the vestibule in a west-east direction. In this porch there was also a hospital room, a toilet and a room for hiding . The synagogue servant's apartment was also located on the first floor of the porch .

Floor plan - square with four transverse arms

The interior, which is 20 by 20 meters square, was built on the plan of a Greek cross. The interior looked "very uniform and balanced". This was due to the fact that two components harmonized with one another. On the one hand, the architectural structure was clear and, on the other, the furnishings were uniform. Four pillars supported the high drum with dome, whereby these should remind of the four pillars of the monastery tent and the room up to the dome ceiling had a height of 23.5 meters. With the four pillars, which were arranged as a square, four cross arms of equal length were created, the middle of which was in turn covered by an eight-part vault, from the apex of which a bundle of rays emanated on a blue background.

Torah shrine

Torah Shrine (Aron ha-Qodesch)

In the eastern transverse arm was the Torah shrine ( Aron ha-Qodesch ), which was made of oak and was decorated with niellos and inlays . The design of the shrine was not an imitation of Islamic art forms, but a creation of Semper's own. The base of the shrine was coffered. Then the main body rose with two doors in the middle, which were framed by two pairs of columns and supported a large arch. The round arch was placed in a rectangle, with the gussets between the arch and the rectangle adorned with plant ornaments. With these shapes, Semper “modeled stylistically and not directly copied.” This is where the Torah scrolls donated by the Salomon and Levi Wallenstein brothers and the silver implements used to decorate them were located.

Prayer desk, candlesticks, traffic lights and organ

Eternal light ( Ner Tamid )

In front of the Torah shrine was a podium with the prayer desk ( bima ). The shrine was flanked on both sides by two seven-armed candlesticks ( menorah ). Several unmarried parishioners had donated a silver traffic light ( Ner Tamid ) that hung over the prayer desk of the prayer leader . This sounded "on ... mosque lamps." The two-storey, all-round women's gallery was attached to the other cross arms. An organ was set up in 1872 by the reformers within the Jewish community on the second gallery opposite the Torah shrine and was a legacy of the late community leader, Kommerzienrat Moritz Aaron Meyer, and a gift from his widow.

symmetry

All cross arms of the square (except for the one with the Torah shrine) were divided equally with round arches, pillars and the same two columns in three axes, where the two-story galleries were housed. Two pillars were placed between each of the four main pillars. So each side of the square was divided into three axes. The three axes created a “symmetry” that corresponded to the “Spanish-Moorish division of space”. The room concept shows a "unified basic idea".

Serrated arches

Each of these axes had painted arcades, which were decorated with "serrated arches in the style of the lion court in the Alhambra". On the one hand, the capitals are viewed as Moorish-Byzantine. So they should show a "Romanesque cube shape on a frieze of rolled leaves". On the other hand, the capital piece is said to quote the Alhambra in Granada.

The interior had a "rich, colorful decoration of Moorish motifs". Claus Zoege von Manteuffel describes the interior as follows:

“ The lower pillars were painted black and had bronze capitals. The beams and parapets of the galleries were painted in the manner of marquetry. The walls and pillars of the first floor also had a man-high imitation wood panel. Above that they were painted dark gray-green with Moorish-Byzantine ornaments. The blue dome showed a beam decoration ... "

- Claus Zoege from Manteuffel

See also

Web links

Commons : Alte Synagoge Dresden  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

literature

  • AJZ II, June 22, 1838 (letter from Dresden by BB), August 23, 1838; III, January 8, 1839; February 13, 1839.
  • Semper : The synagogue in Dresden. In: Allgemeine Bauzeitung. 12, 1847, ZDB -ID 211958-4 , p. 127, panels 105-107.
  • Robert Bruck : Gottfried Semper. In: Builder. 1, 1902/03, No. 8, ISSN  0005-674X , pp. 85-86.
  • Cornelius Gurlitt : Descriptive representation of the older architectural and art monuments of the Kingdom of Saxony . Issue 21–23: City of Dresden . Meinhold, Dresden 1903, p. 296.
  • Clauss Zoege von Manteuffel: The architecture of Gottfried Semper . Dissertation . Freiburg 1952, in the appendix "Provisional Catalog of Works" (MV Manteuffel directory).
  • Adolf Diamant: Chronicle of the Jews in Dresden. From the first Jews to the blossoming of the community and its extermination. With a foreword by Robert MW Kempner . Agora, Darmstadt 1973, ISBN 3-87008-032-9 .
  • Harold Hammer-Schenk : Synagogues in Germany . Volume 1: History of a building type in the 19th and 20th centuries. (1780-1933) . (= Hamburg contributions to the history of the German Jews. 8, 1). Christians, Hamburg 1981, ISBN 3-7672-0726-5 , pp. 308-347.
  • Fritz Löffler : The old Dresden - history of its buildings . EA Seemann, Leipzig 1981, ISBN 3-363-00007-3 .
  • Volker Helas: Architecture in Dresden 1800-1900 . Verlag der Kunst Dresden, Dresden 1991, ISBN 3-364-00261-4 .
  • Hannelore Künzl: Islamic style elements in synagogue construction of the 19th and early 20th centuries (= Judaism and the environment. Volume 9). Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1984, ISBN 3-8204-8034-X , pp. 161-185 .
  • Cordula Führer (Red.): Evidence of Jewish culture. Memorial sites in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg, Berlin, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia. (Series of publications by the foundation “New Synagogue Berlin - Centrum Judaicum”) . Tourist Verlag, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-350-00780-5 .
  • Carol Herselle Krinsky: Europe's synagogues. Architecture, history and meaning . Fourier, Wiesbaden 1997, ISBN 3-925037-89-6 .
  • Jürgen Helfricht : The synagogue in Dresden . Tauchaer Verlag, Dresden 2001, ISBN 3-89772-036-1 .
  • Kerstin Hagemeyer: Jewish life in Dresden. Exhibition on the occasion of the consecration of the new Dresden synagogue on November 9, 2001 . Saxon State Library - Dresden State and University Library, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-910005-27-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Nora Goldenbogen: Historical introduction . In: Education and meeting place for Jewish history and culture Saxony HATIKVA eV (Ed.): Search for traces - Jews in Dresden . 2nd Edition. Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-930802-11-2 , pp. 11-17 . , here: p. 11.
  2. ^ Günther Kirsch, Heike Liebsch: In the walls of old Dresden . In: Education and meeting place for Jewish history and culture Saxony HATIKVA eV (Ed.): Search for traces - Jews in Dresden . 2nd Edition. Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-930802-11-2 , pp. 20-35 . , here: p. 11.
  3. ↑ Akiva Posner, Annegret Nippa: Dresden . In: Michael Berenbaum, Fred Skolnik (Ed.): Encyclopaedia Judaica . 2nd Edition. tape 6 . Macmillan Reference USA, Detroit 2007, pp. 10-11 ( Online: Gale Virtual Reference Library ).
  4. ^ A b c Heidrun Laudel: The construction of the synagogue in Dresden (1838–1840) - a work by Gottfried Semper . In: Jüdische Gemeinde Dresden, Landeshauptstadt Dresden (Hrsg.): Once & now - On the history of the Dresden synagogue and its community . 2nd Edition. ddp Goldenbogen, Dresden. 2003, ISBN 3-932434-13-7 , pp. 22-47 . , here: p. 27.
  5. ↑ a b c Harold Hammer-Schenk: The architecture of the synagogue from 1780-1933 . In: Hans-Peter Schwarz (ed.): The architecture of the synagogue . Klett-Cotta, Frankfurt am Main. 1988, ISBN 3-608-76272-8 , pp. 185-191 .
  6. ^ Andreas Brämer: Rabbi Zacharias Frankel. Science of Judaism and Conservative Reform in the 19th Century . 2000, p. 135-141 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e Hannelore Künzl: Islamic style elements in synagogue construction of the 19th and early 20th centuries . Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1984, ISBN 3-8204-8034-X , pp. 162 to 175 .
  8. ^ Heidrun Laudel: The construction of the synagogue in Dresden (1838-1840) - a work by Gottfried Semper . In: Jüdische Gemeinde Dresden, Landeshauptstadt Dresden (Hrsg.): Once & now - On the history of the Dresden synagogue and its community . 2nd Edition. ddp Goldenbogen, Dresden. 2003, ISBN 3-932434-13-7 , pp. 22-47 . , here: p. 28.
  9. ↑ a b c d e Heidrun Laudel: Synagogue Dresden . In: Winfried Nerdinger, Winfried Oechslin (eds.): Gottfried Semper (1803–1879) - architecture and science . Prestel, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-7913-2885-9 , pp. 181-186 . , here: p. 183.
  10. ↑ a b c Carol Herselle Krinsky: Europe's synagogues. Architecture, history and meaning . Fourier, Wiesbaden 1997, ISBN 3-925037-89-6 , pp. 268-272 .
  11. ↑ which was apparently increased a little later, the final invoice shows a fee of 500 thalers.
  12. ↑ Of which 5150 thalers for the building site, 24.007 thalers for the building and 500 thalers for the Semper fee. Heidrun Laudel: The construction of the synagogue in Dresden (1838-1840) - a work by Gottfried Semper . In: Jüdische Gemeinde Dresden, Landeshauptstadt Dresden (Hrsg.): Once & now - On the history of the Dresden synagogue and its community . 2nd Edition. ddp Goldenbogen, Dresden. 2003, ISBN 3-932434-13-7 , pp. 22-47 . , here: p. 31.
  13. ^ A b c Heidrun Laudel: Synagogue Dresden . In: Winfried Nerdinger, Winfried Oechslin (eds.): Gottfried Semper (1803–1879) - architecture and science . Prestel, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-7913-2885-9 , pp. 181-186 . , here: p. 184.
  14. ↑ a b c d Kerstin Hagemeyer: Jewish life in Dresden. Exhibition on the occasion of the consecration of the new Dresden synagogue on November 9, 2001 . Saxon State Library - Dresden State and University Library, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-910005-27-6 , p. 69-76 .
  15. ↑ Zacharias Frankel: The sanctification of the house of God. Speech at the inauguration of the new synagogue in Dresden . Dresden 1840, p. 8 ( online ).
  16. ^ Fritz Löffler: The old Dresden - history of its buildings . EA Seemann, Leipzig 1981, ISBN 3-363-00007-3 , p. 381 .
  17. ↑ Heike Liebsch: Semper Synagogue and today's situation . In: Education and meeting place for Jewish history and culture Saxony HATIKVA eV (Ed.): Search for traces - Jews in Dresden . 2nd Edition. Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-930802-11-2 , pp. 36-46 . , here: p. 39.
  18. ↑ Heike Liebsch: Semper Synagogue and today's situation . In: Education and meeting place for Jewish history and culture Saxony HATIKVA eV (Ed.): Search for traces - Jews in Dresden . 2nd Edition. Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-930802-11-2 , pp. 36-46 . , here: p. 40.
  19. ↑ Marcus Gryglewski: “This fire is returning. It will go a long way and come to us again. ” In: Jüdische Gemeinde Dresden, Landeshauptstadt Dresden (Ed.): Once & Now - On the history of the Dresden synagogue and its community . 2nd Edition. ddp Goldenbogen, Dresden. 2003, ISBN 3-932434-13-7 , pp. 98-113 . , here: pp. 109–110.
  20. ↑ a b Manfred Lauffer, Dietmar Schreier: The Synagogue . In: Landeshauptstadt Dresden (Hrsg.): Lost churches of Dresden, destroyed churches. Documentation since 1938. 3., alter. Edition. Dresden. 2018, p. 18–21 ( dresden.de [PDF]). , here: p. 21.
  21. ↑ Cordula Führer (Red.): Evidence of Jewish Culture. Memorial sites in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg, Berlin, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia. (Series of publications by the foundation “New Synagogue Berlin - Centrum Judaicum”) . Tourist Verlag, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-350-00780-5 , p. 227 .
  22. ↑ Heike Liebsch: Semper Synagogue and today's situation . In: Education and meeting place for Jewish history and culture Saxony HATIKVA eV (Ed.): Search for traces - Jews in Dresden . 2nd Edition. Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-930802-11-2 , pp. 36-46 . , here: plan p. 36, text p. 43.
  23. ^ Art in public space . Information brochure of the state capital Dresden, December 1996.
  24. ↑ Heike Liebsch: Semper Synagogue and today's situation . In: Education and meeting place for Jewish history and culture Saxony HATIKVA eV (Ed.): Search for traces - Jews in Dresden . 2nd Edition. Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-930802-11-2 , pp. 36-46 . , here: p. 43.
  25. ^ Heidrun Laudel: The construction of the synagogue in Dresden (1838-1840) - a work by Gottfried Semper . In: Jüdische Gemeinde Dresden, Landeshauptstadt Dresden (Hrsg.): Once & now - On the history of the Dresden synagogue and its community . 2nd Edition. ddp Goldenbogen, Dresden. 2003, ISBN 3-932434-13-7 , pp. 22-47 . , here: p. 30.
  26. ↑ Carol Herselle Krinsky: Europe's synagogues. Architecture, history and meaning . 1997, p. 271 .
  27. ↑ a b c Fritz Löffler: The old Dresden - history of its buildings . EA Seemann, Leipzig 1981, ISBN 3-363-00007-3 , p. 398, image no. 492 .
  28. ^ Volker Helas: Architecture in Dresden 1800-1900 . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1991, ISBN 3-364-00261-4 , p. 184 .
  29. ↑ Hannelore Künzl: Islamic style elements in synagogue construction of the 19th and early 20th centuries (= Judaism and the environment. Volume 9). Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1984, ISBN 3-8204-8034-X , pp. 161-185 . , here pp. 161–162.
  30. ↑ cf. Hannelore Künzl: Islamic style elements in synagogue construction of the 19th and early 20th centuries (= Judaism and the environment. Volume 9). Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1984, ISBN 3-8204-8034-X , pp. 161-185 . , here pp. 173–174.
  31. ↑ a b cf. Cordula Führer (Red.): Evidence of Jewish culture. Memorial sites in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg, Berlin, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia. (Series of publications by the foundation “New Synagogue Berlin - Centrum Judaicum”) . Tourist Verlag, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-350-00780-5 , p. 224 .
  32. ↑ cf. Hannelore Künzl: Islamic style elements in synagogue construction of the 19th and early 20th centuries (= Judaism and the environment. Volume 9). Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1984, ISBN 3-8204-8034-X , pp. 161-185 . , Pp. 167-168.
  33. ↑ a b Hannelore Künzl: Islamic style elements in synagogue construction of the 19th and early 20th centuries (= Judaism and the environment. Volume 9). Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1984, ISBN 3-8204-8034-X , pp. 161-185 . , here p. 171.
  34. ^ Kerstin Hagemeyer: Jewish life in Dresden. Exhibition on the occasion of the consecration of the new Dresden synagogue on November 9, 2001 . Saxon State Library - Dresden State and University Library, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-910005-27-6 . , Pp. 74–75 (Synagogue in Dresden. The sacred cabinet and the lamp with eternal light)
  35. ↑ a b Hannelore Künzl: Islamic style elements in synagogue construction of the 19th and early 20th centuries (= Judaism and the environment. Volume 9). Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1984, ISBN 3-8204-8034-X , pp. 161-185 . , here p. 173.
  36. ↑ a b Hannelore Künzl: Islamic style elements in synagogue construction of the 19th and early 20th centuries (= Judaism and the environment. Volume 9). Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1984, ISBN 3-8204-8034-X , pp. 161-185 . , here p. 169.
  37. ^ Kerstin Hagemeyer: Jewish life in Dresden. Exhibition on the occasion of the consecration of the new Dresden synagogue on November 9, 2001 . Saxon State Library - Dresden State and University Library, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-910005-27-6 . , P. 74 (Inauguration ceremony of the newly built synagogue of the Israelite community in Dresden on May 8, 1840)
  38. ↑ Quoted from Volker Helas: Architektur in Dresden 1800-1900 . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1991, ISBN 3-364-00261-4 , p. 184 . : "BvD, p. 149." Source by Helas: BvD = The buildings, technical and industrial plants of Dresden (BvD), Dresden 1878, p. 148–150. There p. 149.
  39. ↑ Quoted from Volker Helas: Architektur in Dresden 1800-1900 . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1991, ISBN 3-364-00261-4 , p. 184 . : "Manteuffel, p. 44".

Coordinates: 51 ° 3 ′ 8.1 ″  N , 13 ° 44 ′ 48.1 ″  E