Fuchs's ragwort

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Fuchs's ragwort
Fox's ragwort (Senecio ovatus)

Fox's ragwort ( Senecio ovatus )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Senecioneae
Genre : Field herbs ( Senecio )
Type : Fuchs's ragwort
Scientific name
Senecio ovatus
( G.Gaertn. , B.Mey. & Scherb. ) Willd.

The Fuchsian ragwort ( Senecio ovatus , even Senecio fuchsii ), and Fox ragwort , Fuchs groundsel or Bald Grove Ragwort called, is a plant species within the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). It is widespread in Europe .

description

illustration
Detail of a leaf
Detail of a flower head
Infructescence with pappus
Habit, leaves and inflorescence

Vegetative characteristics

Fuchs's ragwort is a perennial herbaceous plant that usually reaches heights of 60 to 180 cm. Subterranean runners are formed. The plants are usually quite slender and only branch upright in the area of ​​their inflorescence . The stem can be green or reddish in color, depending on the subspecies.

The stalked leaves of Fuchs's ragwort are undivided, elongated, lanceolate and about five times as long as they are wide; its edge is serrated. In the middle and upper leaves, both sides of the leaf base often run down the petiole as narrow wings. The leaves are bare or almost bare on both sides.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from the beginning of July to September depending on the subspecies (see under systematics). Depending on the subspecies, the cup-shaped inflorescences usually contain three or five (up to eight) yellow, female ray florets with a linear tongue and, depending on the subspecies, 3 to 16 yellow, hermaphrodite tubular florets . There are three to five outer bracts and eight to nine bracts (involucral sheets ) , depending on the subspecies .

The achenes have a pappus .

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 40.

ecology

The Fuchssche Greiskraut is a hemicryptophyte and a stem plant. The vegetative reproduction occurs through short underground runners .

From an ecological point of view, it is "cup flowers". The baskets show high UV reflection in the center and stand out clearly from the background, making them appear two-colored to the pollinators . Flower visitors are various insects such as flies, beetles and butterflies.

The totality of the pappus rays of a basket is reminiscent of an old man's head at maturity, which was decisive for the naming of the plant. The pappus rays serve as an umbrella flyer and water-catcher when the achenes spread. The fruit ripening begins in September.

Fuchs's ragwort is attacked by the rust fungus Puccinia senecionis with Aecien and Telien .

Occurrence

Fuchs's ragwort is widespread in the European low mountain ranges , in the Alps and also in the lowlands . In Austria very often in all federal states, in Germany northwards to the low mountain range threshold. The distribution in Switzerland is as extensive as in Austria. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises on the Hehlekopf in Vorarlberg to an altitude of 2056 meters.

Fuchs's ragwort is found in nutritious, shady and moist forests, especially mixed forests . It is a character species of Senecionetum fuchsii from the Sambuco-Salicion association, but also occurs in societies of the Fagion association or the Prunetalia order. On clear-cut areas in forests and forests, it is not uncommon for this plant to develop generatively and vegetatively, which is why it is categorized as a "lump plant" - similar to the narrow-leaved willowherb.

Systematics

The first publication under the name ( Basionym ) Jacobaea ovata took place in 1801 by Philipp Gottfried Gärtner , Bernhard Meyer and Johannes Scherbius in Oekonomisch-Technische Flora der Wetterau , Volume 3, p. 212. The new combination to Senecio ovatus (P.Gaertner, Meyer & Scherb .) Willd. published Karl Ludwig Willdenow 1803 in Species Plantarum , 4th edition, Volume 3 (3), p. 2004. Further synonyms for Senecio ovatus (G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.) Willd. are: Senecio fuchsii C.C. Gmel. , Senecio nemorensis subsp. fuchsii (CCGmel.) Ces. The specific epithet ovatus refers to the egg-shaped leaves. The name fuchsii honors one of the fathers of botany Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566).

There are about three subspecies of the species Senecio ovatus :

  • Common chestnut ( Senecio ovatus (G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.) Willd. Subsp. Ovatus ): The nominate form forms runners 5 to 15 cm long. The green or reddish stems are hairy or hairless, but not downy. The inflorescence shafts are 10 to 25 mm long. There are three to four outer bracts and eight to nine bracts. There are 8 to 14 tubular flowers and usually five (four to eight) ray flowers. The flowering period extends from late July to September. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 40.
  • Alpine fox ragwort ( Senecio ovatus subsp. Alpestris (Gaudin) Herborg , Syn .: Senecio alpestris Gaudin ): The runners are 3 to 10 cm long. The stem is hairy in the lower and middle part at least below the leaf axil. The inflorescence shafts are thinner and 5 to 15 mm long. There are seven to eight bracts available. There are three to eight tubular flowers and usually only three (two to four) ray florets. The flowering period extends from the beginning of July to August. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 40.
  • Senecio ovatus subsp. stabianus (Lacaita) Greuter , (Syn .: Senecio stabianus Lacaita , Senecio nemorensis subsp. stabianus (Lacaita) Pignatti ): It occurs only in Italy and perhaps in Albania.

Toxicity

All species of the genus Senecio are poisonous due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids , most of which are liver-damaging and carcinogenic. A mutagenic effect has also been demonstrated for Fuchs's ragwort . The symptoms of poisoning usually appear very late, i.e. after weeks or months. Poisoning can also occur through honey or cow's milk . Poisoned honey tastes bitter and usually discourages further consumption. The cattle avoid Senecio species on the pasture, but not in the hay , where the poison is retained. High levels of ragwort can also cause severe damage to livestock. Very high doses also lead to immediate, sometimes fatal, poisoning, particularly in small mammals. Horses and cattle are particularly at risk .

Although the alkaloids are usually very poisonous to insects , there are some insect species that spend their entire life cycle on Senecio species. These include the moth species Jacob's herb or blood bear ( Tyria jacobaeae ), fairy bear ( Callimorpha dominula ) and brown bear ( Arctia caja ) from the bear moth family (Arctiinae). Your caterpillars ingest the toxins without harm and even store them. This gives them a bitter taste and protects them from predators.

Folk medicine

Fuchs's ragwort, also known as "Wundkraut" in the Middle Ages, was previously used as a remedy for excessive menstrual bleeding or bleeding from the mucous membranes. However, since it contains liver-damaging pyrrolizidine alkaloids like all other ragwort species and there is also a risk of confusion with similar ragwort species, its use is not recommended today.

literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 14th edition. tape 2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
  • Otto Schmeil, Jost Fitschen (greeting), Werner Rauh, Karlheinz Senghas: Flora of Germany and its neighboring areas. 84th edition. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1968.
  • Urania plant kingdom . Volume 3: Flowering Plants 1, 1st edition. Urania, Leipzig 1991, ISBN 3-332-00367-4 .
  • Urania plant kingdom . Volume 4: Flowering Plants 2, 1st edition. Urania, Leipzig 1994, ISBN 3-332-00497-2 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 310-311 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ https://heilkraeuter.de/lexikon/fuchskre.htm Description of the plant from Eva Marbach Verlag , accessed on August 4, 2018
  2. ↑ a b c Senecio ovatus subsp. alpestris (Gaudin) Herborg, pre-alpine fox's ragwort. In: FloraWeb.de.
  3. ↑ a b c Senecio ovatus subsp. ovatus (G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.) Willd., Fuchs's ragwort (subspecies). In: FloraWeb.de.
  4. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  954 .
  5. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p.  310-311 .
  6. ↑ Peter Zwetko: The rust mushrooms Austria. Supplement and host-parasite directory to the 2nd edition of the Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Part, Book 1, Uredinales. (PDF; 1.8 MB).
  7. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 620.
  8. ↑ New combination scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  9. ↑ Senecio ovatus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 28, 2013.
  10. ↑ a b c Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore). : Senecio ovatus In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. in Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009, accessed on February 28, 2013.
  11. ↑ a b Senecio ovatus at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  12. ↑ a b c Fuchs's ragwort as a poisonous plant.

Web links

Commons : Ragwort ( Senecio ovatus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files